‣ What is it? 

• These laws created the notion that “separate is equal” 

• They prevented the black community from integrating into society (schools, public facilities, housing, jobs, etc.) 

• These laws enabled blacks to be subjected to violence as well  

◦ Racially Restricted Covenant 

‣ What is it? 

• Racially restrictive covenants refer to contractual agreements that prohibit the purchase, lease, or occupation of a piece of property by a particular group of people, usually African Americans. Racially restrictive covenants were not only mutual agreements between property owners in a neighborhood not to sell to certain people, but were also agreements enforced through the cooperation of real estate boards and neighborhood associations.

• The practice of private, racially restrictive covenants evolved as a reaction to the Great Migration of Southern blacks.

‣ How did this further discrimination? 

• Racially Restricted Covenants enabled blacks to be pushed into what would eventually become ghettos and poor neighbors; they were prevented from integrating and improving their socioeconomic statuses (public schools) 

◦ After finally having abolished slavery, the 13-15th Amendments freed slaves, made them citizens, and granted them the right to vote. Yet their incorporation into society as free people wasn’t easy nor fast. The first to ignore these changes completely were the southern states; they weren’t just slow to move to incorporate former slaves into society—they wanted to stop it at all costs. Even though slavery had been made illegal, and former slaves officially had the right to vote and be citizens, the southern states stopped at nothing to make sure former slaves didn’t receive the rights they had just been granted. Even though slavery was illegal and blacks had been granted the right to vote, this didn’t stop some states from applying state law that encroached upon that sneakily. White primary elections were incorporated, which meant only whites could vote in Democratic Party primary elections. A poll tax meant blacks had to pay a separate fee in order to cast their vote. Literacy tests were applied, which were long written exams that required having extensive convoluted knowledge of American history in order to pass and be “deemed worthy” to vote. Plessy v. Ferguson had the worst effect of all, for it was the case that legalized segregation as “separate but equal” thus making it acceptable. It seemed as if freeing the slaves and passing the amendments did almost nothing at all, for the discrimination they experienced day to day was unthinkable, and perhaps produced worst effects for the violence it incited.

Title II of the Civil Rights Act 1974 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin in certain places of public accommodations like hotels, restaurants and places of entertainment. This combats discrimination because it abolishes the segregation in public areas, where African Americans can no longer be denied services because if their race. This opens up the possibilities for African American to go if they are looking for a restaurant or other entertainment facility. 

Title VII of the civil rights act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of sex, race, color, national origin, and religion. This “ends” discrimination in the workplace because supposedly employers can no longer deny workplace rights to women and minorities. 

Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade racial discrimination by places of public accommodation if their operations affected commerce. The Heart of Atlanta Motel in Atlanta, Georgia, refused to accept Black Americans and was charged with violating Title II. This combats discrimination because private businesses can no longer discriminate. 

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal agency that administers and enforces civil rights laws against workplace discrimination. This is a government agency designed to combat discrimination.

discriminatory voting practices. This act significantly changes the desrimination in voting and allows for people of all races to participate in voting. Minority - majority districts fight discrimination because they predominantly minority and therefore give a voice to the minorities in areas concerning districts such as voting. Because the minorities are the majority in these districts, their votes are not squished or discriminated against.

It established female sports teams in college and greatly increased the amount of girls participating in high school sports teams. 

Since Title IX, there’s been a growth in the number of women who participate in sports, recieve scholarships, and benefit from increased budgets.

It established female sports teams in college and greatly increased the amount of girls participating in high school sports teams. 

Since Title IX, there’s been a growth in the number of women who participate in sports, receive holarships, and benefit from increased budgets.