1. Borrowing

2. Calque

Definition:

Borrowing is the direct transfer of a word or expression from one language into another without translation. The borrowed word is often integrated into the target language, sometimes with minor phonetic or orthographic adjustments.

Essentially, it's taking a word as it is.

Spanish to English Examples:

1. Jalapeño: A type of chili pepper.

2. Mosquito: From the Spanish "mosquito," meaning "little fly."

3. Taco: Directly from the spanish word taco.

4. Macho: This word is used in English to describe a strongly masculine, often aggressive, man.

5. Poncho: is a loose, sleeveless cloak made of a single piece of fabric with a hole for the head, traditionally worn in Latin America for warmth or rain protection.

   
   

2. Calque

Definition:

A calque, is a phrase or expression that is translated literally, word-for-word, from one language into another. It involves taking the structure and components of a source language expression and translating them directly into the target language.

It is a form of borrowing, but one where the components of the phrase are translated.

Spanish to English Examples:

• Luna de miel → Honeymoon: "Luna" (moon) and "miel" (honey) are translated literally.

• Rascacielos → Skyscraper: "Rascar" (to scrape) and "cielos" (skies) are translated directly.

• Perro caliente → Hot dog: "Perro" (dog) and "caliente" (hot)

• Baloncesto -> Basketball: "Balon" (ball) and "cesto" (basket)

• Fin de semana → Weekend (literally “end of week”)

• 1. S.L: Kimchi →T.L: Kimchi

• 2. S.L: Kombucha →T.L: Kombucha

• 3. S.L: Internet → T.L: Internet

• 4. S.L: Global →T.L: Global

• 5. S.L: Robot →Robot

  
  

Calque: It is actually a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word translation. The term calque is borrowed from French and it derives from the verb calquer which means to copy, to trace.

• 1. S.L: Rascacielos → T.L: Skyscraper

• 2. S.L: Solución de compromiso→T.L: Compromise solution

• 3. S.L: Casa Blanca →T.L: White House

• 4. S.L: Teléfono inteligente → T.L: Smartphone

• 5. S.L: Perros calientes → T.L: Hotdogs

By Hidekel Barría: 4-822-2252

1. El concierto fue en la plaza central. = The concert was held in the central plaza

2. Nos reuniremos en la cafetería a las 9 a.m. = We will met in the cafeteria at 9 o’clock.

3. Diana le gusta comer tacos todos los días. = Diana loves to eat tacos everyday.

4. En esta casa hay demasiados mosquitos. = In this house, there is a lot of mosquitoes.

5. Burrito = burrito

Calque: it's a form of borrowing that retains the structure of the source language's syntagm while translating its individual elements. It often retains the structure of the original language while introducing new terms into the target language. This method is commonly used to create new expressions that reflect the source language's meaning.

1. Sangre azul = blue blood

2. Luna de miel= honeymoon

3. Ropa interior= underwear

4. El cuerpo docente en la universidad está altamente cualificado para atenderles. = The teaching staff at the uni is high qualified to serve you.

5. Teléfono móvil= Mobile phone

By: Icsamary Guerra / 4-822-2041

Examples:

1. Software: Is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks

2. Robot: Is the intersection of science, engineering and technology that produces machines, called robots, that replicate or substitute for human actions.

3. Ballet: Dance style

4. Karaoke: A form of entertainment where people sing along to pre-recorded music.

5. Taco: Mexican dish

Calque: Is actually a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word translation.

Examples:

1. Skyscraper: Rascacielos

2. Wordbook: Diccionario

3. Basketball: Baloncesto

4. Honeymoon: Luna de miel

5. Bushmeat: Carne de animales silvestres

Borrowing Definition: Borrowing is a translation technique where a word or phrase from one language is directly taken and used in another language without translation. This often occurs when there is no equivalent term in the target language, or when the borrowed term is widely recognized and accepted in the new language.

Examples:

1- Empanada – "These empanadas are delicious!"

2- Ceviche – "We had ceviche at the seafood restaurant."

3- Margarita - "I'll have a margarita on the rocks, please."

4- Salsa - "She loves dancing to salsa music."

5- Yoga → Yoga (the practice of physical and mental exercises)

Calque Definition: A calque is a translation technique where a foreign expression is translated literally into the target language, maintaining the original structure and meaning. This often involves translating the components of a phrase word-for-word.

Examples:

1- Public relations" (English) → "Relaciones públicas" (Spanish)

2- ""Reloj de arena" (Spanish) → "Hourglass" (English)

"Reloj de arena" literally translates to "sand clock," which becomes "hourglass" in English.

3- Paseo marítimo → Seafront (literal translation: “seaside walk”)

4- Estrella de mar → Starfish (literal translation: “star of the sea”)

5- Sacar de quicio → Take out of joint (literal translation: “take out of anger” or “take out

of composure”)

Borrowing
It is a technique that involves taking words directly from another language
1 Pizza - pizza
2 internet - internet
3 futball - futball
4 Banana - Banana
5 Karaoke - Karaoke

Borrowing

• What it is: Think of borrowing like inviting a word from another language to come live in your own. You take the word as it is, without changing its form. It's often done when there's no perfect equivalent in the target language or when the borrowed word carries a certain cultural flavor.

• Examples:

  1. Spanish: "Me gusta el croissant con mantequilla." English: "I like the croissant with butter." (We often use "croissant" as is in English)

  2. Spanish: "Vamos a ver un partido de fútbol." English: "Let's go see a fútbol game." (While "soccer" is more common in the US, "fútbol" is understood and used in some contexts)

  3. Spanish: "Necesito un smartphone nuevo." English: "I need a new smartphone." (This term is widely used in English)

  4. Spanish: "El chef preparó una cena deliciosa." English: "The chef prepared a delicious dinner." (We've adopted "chef" into common English usage)

  5. Spanish: "Quiero ir de shopping." English: "I want to go shopping." ("Shopping" is used as is, even though it originates from English)

Calque

• What it is: A calque is like building a new word in your language using the structure of a word from another language. You translate the individual parts of the word literally, creating a new term.

• Examples:

  1. Spanish: "baloncesto" (basket + ball) English: "basketball"

  2. Spanish: "rascacielos" (scrape + sky) English: "skyscraper"

  3. Spanish: "luna de miel" (moon + of + honey) English: "honeymoon"

  4. Spanish: "primer ministro" (first + minister) English: "prime minister"

  5. Spanish: "agua mala" (bad + water) English: "jellyfish"

• What it is: Think of borrowing like inviting a word from another language to come live in your own. You take the word as it is, without changing its form. It's often done when there's no perfect equivalent in the target language or when the borrowed word carries a certain cultural flavor.

• Examples:

  1. Spanish: "Me gusta el croissant con mantequilla." English: "I like the croissant with butter." (We often use "croissant" as is in English)

  2. Spanish: "Vamos a ver un partido de fútbol." English: "Let's go see a fútbol game." (While "soccer" is more common in the US, "fútbol" is understood and used in some contexts)

  3. Spanish: "Necesito un smartphone nuevo." English: "I need a new smartphone." (This term is widely used in English)

  4. Spanish: "El chef preparó una cena deliciosa." English: "The chef prepared a delicious dinner." (We've adopted "chef" into common English usage)

  5. Spanish: "Quiero ir de shopping." English: "I want to go shopping." ("Shopping" is used as is, even though it originates from English)

Calque

• What it is: A calque is like building a new word in your language using the structure of a word from another language. You translate the individual parts of the word literally, creating a new term.

• Examples:

  1. Spanish: "baloncesto" (basket + ball) English: "basketball"

  2. Spanish: "rascacielos" (scrape + sky) English: "skyscraper"

  3. Spanish: "luna de miel" (moon + of + honey) English: "honeymoon"

  4. Spanish: "primer ministro" (first + minister) English: "prime minister"

  5. Spanish: "agua mala" (bad + water) English: "jellyfish"

Borrowing is a translation technique that involves taking a word or phrase directly from the source language without translating it. This is often done when there is no exact equivalent in the target language or when the borrowed term is widely recognized.

Examples (Spanish → English):

1. Tortilla → Tortilla

2. Fiesta → Fiesta

3. Guacamole → Guacamole

4. Plaza → Plaza

5. Siesta → Siesta

Calque

A calque (or loan translation) is a technique where a phrase or expression is translated literally from the source language into the target language, maintaining the structure of the original words.

Examples (Spanish → English):

1. Rascacielos → Skyscraper

2. Luna de miel → Honeymoon

3. Ciencia ficción → Science fiction

4. Mapa mental → Mind map

5. Ratón de biblioteca → Library mouse (though "Bookworm" is more natural in English)

Examples

1. Pizza

   SL: Can I have a piece of pizza, please?

   TL: Me puede dar un pedazo de Pizza, por favor?

2. Animal

   SL: I saw an animal get in through that gate

   TL: Vi un animal entrar por esa puerta.

   Calque.

3. Television

   SL: My television isn´t working anymore.

   TL: Mi televisión ya no esta funcionando.

4. China

   SL: China is one of the biggest country in Asia.

   TL: China es uno de los paises mas grandes de Asia.

5. Visa

   SL: I need a visa to enter in the country.

   TL: Necesito una visa para entrar al pais.

   Calque: Is a translation technique that involves a word or phrase from one language into another word-for-word.

   1. Volleyball

      SL: To play volleyball you need to be tall and have a lot of experience.

      TL: Para jugar voleibal necesitas ser alto y tener mucha experiencia.

   2. Classroom

      SL: The classroom is a mess and dirty.

      TL: El aula de clases es un desastre y esta sucio.

   3. Toothpaste

      SL: I went to the store to buy a toothpaste

      TL: Fui a la tienda para comprar una pasta de dientes.

   4. Voicemail

      SL: Instead of tex me why don´t you send me a voicemail.

      TL: En lugar de enviarme un mensaje de texto, ¿por qué no me envías un mensaje de voz?

   5. Nightlife

      SL: You need to sleep, instead of having a nightlife.

      TL: Necesitas dormir, en vez de tener una vida nocturna.

Examples from Spanish to English:

1. Churro - Churro (A fried dough pastry)

2. Rodeo - Rodeo (A competitive event with horseback riding and cattle roping)

3. Tornado - Tornado (a violent windstorm)

4. Piñata - Piñata (A decorated container filled with candy, popular at parties)

5. Patio - Patio (An outdoor area, often behind a house)

Calque: Is when we translate a phrase word-for-word from one language to another. Sometimes, these translations sound natural, but other times they can feel a bit strange if the structure isn’t typical in the target language.

Examples from Spanish to English:

1. Lavado de cerebro - brainwash (a literal way to describe manipulating someone’s thoughts)

2. Doble cara - two-faced ( someone who acts differently in different situations)

3. Fin de semana - weekend (literally ‘’end of the week’’)

4. Luna de miel - honeymoon ( A sweet ay to describe the time right after a wedding)

5. Mano derecha - right hand (as in a trusted person)