NEW ZEALAND & AUSTRALIA by NATASYA AINA SOFFIAN STA MARIA

NATASYA AINA SOFFIAN STA MARIA

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2021833908

NADYA AWANI BINTI YA'AKUB

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2021453974

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1.0 Introduction

New Zealand
Australia

2.0 Demographic of Speakers

Australian Speaker
New Zealand Speaker

3.0 Background on the English history

English history of New Zealand
English history of Australia

4.0 Analysis of Variations

Phonemic variation
Prosodic variation
Lexical variation

5.0 Reflection & Conclusion
6.0 References

Part II: Personal Written Reflection

1.1 Map of New Zealand

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Compromises of 2 islands which are North Island and South Island
Capital City: Wellington
Provinces:

Northland
Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty
Gisborne
Hawke's Bay
Taranaki
Manawatu-Whanganui
Wellington
Tasman
Nelson
Marlborough
West Coast
Canterbury
Otago
Southland

1.2 National Flag of New Zealand

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Parliament legislated the New Zealand flag on June 12, 1902. Under this flag, New Zealand became a dominion on September 26, 1907 and a completely independent state on November 25, 1947 (Smith, 2017).

According to New Zealand Government (n.d) as of December 2021, these are the demographics data on New Zealand.

Population: 5,127,200 people
Median age: 37.9 years
Gender:

Males - 2,544,600 people
Females - 2,582,600 people

Based on New Zealand Government (n.d), following 2018 Census.

Race:
European - 70.2%
Maori - 16.5%
Asian - 15.1%
Pacific peoples - 8.1%
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African - 1.5%
Other ethnicity - 1.2%

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2.1 English History of New Zealand

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The English language was founded in New Zealand by settlers in the 19th century. It is one of the newest native varieties of the English language, one that has only grown and emerged in prominence in the last 150 years (Wikipedia, 2022).

The debate about the origin of New Zealand English is closely related to a discussion about the origin of Australian English. In fact, most of the time the argument is the same, English in New Zealand is simply a form of Australian English have things in common to apply (Bauer, 2008).

4.1 Phonemic Variation

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Short vowel e

[5:28] At timestamp of 5 minutes and 28 seconds, the sentence "The bad apple has turned black" was transcribed to the RP IPA version as ðə bæd ˈæpl hæz tɜːnd blæk. The word blæk is pronounced differently by the Kiwi speaker, Morgan. The Kiwi speaker would pronounced it as blək. Thus, resulting in a different short vowel sound.

Vowel distinction

[7:11] At timestamp of 7 minutes and 11 seconds, the sentence "I had six scenes in the chick flick film" was transcribed to the RP IPA version as aɪ hæd sɪks siːnz ɪn ðə ʧɪk flɪk fɪlm. The word sɪks is pronounced differently by the Australian speaker and as per normal by the Kiwi speaker. The Australian speaker would pronounced it as siːks since the way the Kiwi speaker pronounces sound like the Australian's 'schwa'<ə>.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRN4w3ZI_NQ

1.3 Map of Australia

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Australia is the world's smallest continent and one of the world's largest countries, located in the Southern Hemisphere between the Pacific and Indian seas.
Canberra, Australia's capital, is situated between the larger and more important economic and cultural cities of Sydney and Melbourne in the southeast.
Australia is separated;
from Indonesia to the northwest (Timor & Arafura)
from Papua New Guinea to northeast (Coral Sea & Torres Strait)
from New Zealand to the southeast (Tasman Sea)
from Antarctica in the far south (Indian Ocean)

Total Area: 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,300 sq mi)

Population: nearly 26 million

1.4 National Flag of Australia

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The Australian flag is based on the British Blue Ensign, which features a blue field with the Union Jack in the upper hoist quarter, a big white seven-pointed star (the Commonwealth Star), and a representation of the Southern Cross constellation, which consists of five white stars (one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars).

The Australian Blue Ensign was chosen as the national flag over the Union Jack as a result of the country's engagement in World War II.
The new flag was approved by the British Sovereign on February 14, 1954.

(Smith, W. 2020)

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2.2 Australia's English History

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After the colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788, Australian English began to deviate from British English. The settlement's primary purpose was to serve as a correctional colony. The majority of the British convicts brought to Australia were from large English cities, such as London Cockneys. Many of the first immigrants were free settlers, military officers, and administrators, as well as their families.
Australians spoke with a distinct accent and lexicon, influenced heavily by Cockney.
The borrowing of words, spellings, concepts, and usages from North American English, known as "Americanization," began during the goldrushes and was exacerbated by a significant influx of US military men during World War II.

(Wikispeedia, 2022)

4.2 Prosodic Variation

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What is Prosodic Variation?
Prosody (/ˈprɒsədi, ˈprɒzədi/) is concerned with elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of syllables and larger units of speech, including linguistic functions such as intonation, stress, and rhythm.
Also known as suprasegmentals (Wikipedia, 2022)

Intonation
At the first 3 minute (3:09), the speakers both spoke the same sentence which was "Did he say we can play today?" (dɪd hiː seɪ wiː kæn pleɪ təˈdeɪ) with a slight different intonation. In the video, Candice Moll, the
Australian speaker, ended the sentence with a slight rise intonation compared to Morgan Bradley, the New Zealand speaker.

Pitch and Volume
Throughout the video, it is seemed that the Aussie speaker, Candice Moll, be talking in a high pitch and she also seemed to be talking in a unique slang and shortened the words whereas the Kiwi, Morgan Bradley, had always be talking using a softer pitch which can be heard very clearly.

Australian Speaker

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CANDICE MOLL

Gender : Female

Age : 68 years old

Born : Australia

Occupation : Actress, Producer, Writer

Candice Moll had acted in various of films such as Real Rob (2015-2017), The Fairies (2005-2009), Married with Secrets (2016-2017) and The Treason (2013)

New Zealand Speaker

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MORGAN BRADLEY

Gender: female

Born: New Zealand

Height: 5' 6' (1.68 m)

Occupation: Actress, Writer, Director, Singer

Morgan Bradley is the daughter of farming parents, Robert and Sharon Bradley. Morgan attended Hagley Theatre Company in 2009 which attained her a spot in the sought after Unitec Institute - Bachelor of performing and Screen Arts

At 20 years of age Morgan answered an advert to audition for a children's show. She won the part, along with the hearts of Kiwi kids and quickly became recognized with her show, Kidzone with Morgan

4.3 Lexical Variation

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What is Lexical Variation?
Lexical variation is most visible when speakers of different varieties have different names for very common objects or concepts.

To put into discussion, the words may be different among the Kiwi speaker and the Australian speaker however, both of them have the same object or the same meaning in mind. The vocabulary that is being taken for analysis are corner shop, flip flops and cool box, from Billyonaire on Youtube.

The first word is corner shop /ˈkɔː.nə ˌʃɒp/. According to the Cambridge Dictionary (n.d), it is defined as a small shop that is located at the corner of the road that sells a variety of necessities such as food and other things which are often needed . In New Zealand English, it would be called a dairy /ˈdeə.ri/ while in Australian English it would refer to it as the corner shop, similar to British English.

The second word is flip flops /ˈflɪp.flɒp/. Based on the Cambridge Dictionary (n.d), flip flops is defined as an open shoe, usually made of rubber, with a V-shaped strap running between the big toe and the toes next to it. In New Zealand English, it would be called as jandals /ˈdʒændəl/ which means japanese sandals while in Australian English, it would be called as thongs /θɒŋ/ or it could also be referred to as pluggers.

The last word is cool box /ˈkuːl ˌbɒks/. Cool box is a container or a box that has a lid which functions as keeping food and drinks cold a significant period of time (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d). Cool box is called as a chilly bin ˈʧɪli bɪn in New Zealand English and an esky /ˈes.kiː/ in Australian English.

Lexical Variation: Corner shop

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New Zealand English - Dairy
Australian English - Corner shop

Lexical Variation: Flip flops

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New Zealand English - Jandals
Australian English - Thongs

Lexical Variation: Cool box

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New Zealand English - Chilly bin
Australian English - Esky

New Zealand Speaker

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KATE

Gender : Female

Born : New Zealand

Occupation : English teacher

Australian Speaker

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Walter Lee

Gender : Male

Born : Australia

Occupation: Broadcaster, Voice actor

Walter Lee is currently a host for a program called Sounds of Korea where it talks about traditional Korean music by taking a closer look at various music-related topics every week.

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Overall Reflection & Conclusion

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In a nutshell whilst completing this e-Portfolio, it is identified that the New Zealand English shares a significant amount of similarities with Australian English however there is also differences in the language variation. Linguists have proposed two important theories to explain the similarities between Australian and New Zealand accents: the "Mixing Bowl" theory and the "single origin" theory. Proponents of the Mixing Bowl theory believe that the new accent evolved from a mix of dialects and accents of former immigrants to New Zealand and Australia. On the other hand, those who believe in single-origin theory believe that both Kiwi and Australia are derived from certain variants of British English. Their accents must be similar, as they had similar immigrant groups.

To illustrate phonemic variation, there is a difference in short vowel e and vowel distinction. Moreover, the discussion also identified differences of the prosodic component between New Zealand English and Australian English through their intonation, pitch and volume. Lastly, New Zealand English and Australian English differ in terms of word structure however still hold the same meaning. An example discussed is cool box.

Personal Written Reflection (NATASYA AINA SOFFIAN STA MARIA)

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3.1 First Video

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3.2 Second Video

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Personal Written Reflection (NADYA AWANI BINTI YA'AKUB)

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