SYNTAX by Monica Beatriz Calles Gómez

WHAT IS SYNYAX?

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The word “syntax” comes originally from Greek and literally means “a putting together” or “arrangement.”

Study of how words and morphemes combine to form larger units such as phases and sentences.

SYNTACTIC RULES

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Syntactic rules are the principles and guidelines that dictate how words and phrases can be combined to form grammatically correct sentences in a language. These rules govern various aspects of sentence structure, including word order, phrase structure, agreement, tense, and other grammatical features.

A GENERATIVE GRAMMAR

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Is a formal system used in linguistics to describe the set of rules that generate all possible grammatical sentences in a language. It provides a framework for understanding how speakers of a language produce and understand an infinite number of sentences using a finite set of rules.

EXAMPLES GENERATIVE GRAMMAR

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Charlie broke the window and The window was broken by Charlie.

In traditional grammar, the first is called an active sentence, focusing on what Charlie did, and the second is a passive sentence, focusing on The window and what happened to it. The distinction between them is a difference in their surface structure, that is, the different syntactic forms they have as individual English sentences.

SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS

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Syntactic analysis, also known as parsing, is the process of analyzing the structure of sentences to determine their grammatical components and relationships.

In syntactic analysis we use some conventional abbreviations for the parts of speech

Examples are N (= noun), Art (= article), Adj (= adjective) and V(= verb). We also use abbreviations for phrases, such as NP (= noun phrase) and VP (= verb phrase). In English, the verb phrase (VP) consists of the verb (V) plus the following noun phrase (NP).

PHASE STRUCTURE RULES

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Also known as phrase structure grammar, are a set of rules that describe the hierarchical structure of sentences in a language.

PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES FOR A SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF ENGLISH:

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*S → NP VP: This rule states that a sentence (S) consists of a noun phrase (NP) followed by a verb phrase (VP). It captures the basic syntactic structure of an English sentence, where the subject (NP) precedes the predicate (VP).

*NP → Det N: This rule specifies that a noun phrase (NP) can consist of a determiner (Det) followed by a noun (N). It describes the structure of noun phrases such as "the cat" or "a dog," where the determiner specifies the reference of the noun.

*VP → V NP: This rule indicates that a verb phrase (VP) can consist of a verb (V) followed by a noun phrase (NP). It describes the structure of verb phrases such as "chased the cat" or "ate the food," where the verb is followed by its object.

*VP → V: This rule allows for the formation of intransitive verb phrases consisting only of a verb (V), without an object. It describes structures such as "slept" or "walked."

LEXICAL RULES

cg19012 — 2024-05-13 17:14:30 UTC

Lexical rules are linguistic rules that govern the formation and behavior of individual words in a language. Unlike phrase structure rules, which describe the hierarchical structure of sentences, lexical rules focus on the internal structure and properties of words themselves.

TREE DIAGRAMS

cg19012 — 2024-05-13 17:16:12 UTC

One of the best ways to create a visual representation of underlying syntactic structure is

through tree diagrams. We can use the symbols introduced earlier to label parts of the tree

when we create a representation of how each part fits into the underlying structure of

phrases.

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