Bagas Anggitya Widihatmoko

Wahyu Mahendra

First, city's structural development contrasts Yogyakarta's past and present which can be observed from malls and hotels spreading. On the surface, present Yogyakarta has more malls than the past Yogyakarta. People start to do shopping in malls as it is cleaner compared to the traditional market. In addition, due to tourism demand, present Yogyakarta become a tourism city and has more hotels than past Yogyakarta which had fewer hostels, motels, and homestays. 

Second, there is a vivid change on the environment of past and present Yogyakarta. The past Yogyakarta had more green areas than present Yogyakarta, because green cultivation is done to open up areas for building hotels, malls, and office building. Also, the look of past Yogyakarta seemed to have more trees than present Yogyakarta, because the trees are cut down and replaced by huge and tall billboards for commercial. 

Third, past and present Yogyakarta have a significant change in terms of culture. It can be seen on its youngster interests and peculiar souvenirs. In fact, fewer youngsters in present Yogyakarta are able to play Yogyakarta’s traditional music instruments than in past Yogyakarta. It is possible to happen since the youngsters think that the foreign cultures are more interesting than their own traditional culture. Furthermore, past Yogyakarta’s souvenirs had less assimilated by foreign culture than souvenirs of present Yogyakarta. Many Yogyakarta’s souvenirs now such as batik is in forms of modern caps, sweaters, and bags, which indicates the decrease of interest to Yogyakarta’s traditional culture. 

Three major differences of past and present Yogyakarta are the city’s structural development, environment, and culture. Yogyakarta’s traditional heritage will probably “gone” and “disappear” due to modernization. It is better to preserve Indonesian own cultures rather than spreading foreign cultures as it is passed through generations

Reference list:

Putra, H. (2001). Remembering, Misremembering and Forgetting: The Struggle over "Serangan Oemoem 1 Maret 1949" in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 29(3), 471-494. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23653961

Dicha F. Setiawan

22 June 2016

 

Another transformation of Yogyakarta is its environment. In past, Yogyakarta’s traffic situation was quiet because total of vehicles was less than now. However, nowadays, the traffic situation is more crowd due to a lot both of locals and tourists are using vehicles. This increasing totals of vehicles impact to pollutions, like air and voice pollution. People Yogyakarta in the past which still used traditional vehicle that is not bring the pollutions. Meanwhile, nowadays people use modern vehicle which using machine that bring the pollutions. In addition, the green areas has change which the past Yogyakarta has larger areas than now.

Finally, the significant transformation of Yogyakarta is culture. Yogyakarta in the past had a lot of own cultural heritage, such as ceremony, folk drama, and song. On the other hand, nowadays, this cultural heritage is likely disappear time by time due to western culture enter to Indonesia. In addition, the past Yogyakarta still had a traditional market which sell a traditional foods especially gudeg. In contrast, nowadays when the malls reign the market which sell modern foods, people prefer to buy that one, such as fast food.

Each regions have their own transformation, especially Yogyakarta which transform in terms of city’s structural development, environment, and culture. This transformation is really needed by the people if that can make a city more better. However, the transformation should keep the cultural heritage still exist in future.

Reference:

Putra, H. (2001). Remembering, Misremembering and Forgetting: The Struggle over "Serangan Oemoem 1 Maret 1949" in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 29(3), 471-494. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23653961

Ramadhan Anhas
21 June 2016

          June 29th, 1949 was a historical date when Yogyakarta had returned back to Indonesia (Putra, 2001). From the history it can be seen that Yogyakarta plays an important role in Indonesia. Based on this importance, Yogyakarta is titled as a special region which has a lot of tourism places. As a city of interest, and can be said as a 'special' country, Yogyakarta with its Sultanate type of government has undergone lots of changes. By reviewing past and present time Yogyakarta has changed in terms of city’s structural development, environment, and culture.

The first change which can be detected is the city’s structural development. Yogyakarta used to have traditional market in the past to consume daily needs which is nowadays a lot of mall in Yogyakarta has been substituted the role of traditional one. In the past, people in Yogyakarta go to the traditional market to full fill their primary and secondary needs. In current situation, malls have taken the role of traditional market. People in Yogyakarta now prefer more to go to the nearby mall to buy the needs instead of going to traditional market because malls probably have convenience atmosphere, clear, and secured.

Second one is the environment. Yogyakarta in the past time used to have such a clean environment just like the green area were a lot cultivated rather than Yogyakarta in current situation. Yogyakarta in the past had a lot of green area which was mostly surrounded by trees and bushes. Currently, trees in Yogyakarta has been demolished due to the modern buildings are established around. That condition can lead the increasing of pollution in Yogyakarta.

The last is the culture of Yogyakarta has changed as time goes by. In the past, people in Yogyakarta were doing a lot of commemoration ceremony, one of it is a night of vigil (tirakatan). Almost of the ritual commemoration was held repeatedly in order to respect their elder from long past. Unlike in the past, Yogyakarta people now not really concern of doing such ritual, people more tendency to do their own work instead of doing the ritual commemoration.     

A lot of changes in Yogyakarta from past to Yogyakarta nowadays in term of structural development, environment, and culture because of modernization. It might be somehow can affect Yogyakarta development. It will be more honorable if people Yogyakarta can keep the heritage while modernization is happening.      

Reference,

 

Putra, H.(2001). Remembering Misremembering and Forgetting: The Struggle Over ”Serangan Oemoem 1 Maret 1949 “In Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social science, 29(3), 471-494. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23653961

 

Wahyu Mahendra

 June 21st,2016 
:D

One of the changes is in Yogyakarta's structural development. In the past, traditional market like Beringharjo became a well-known place in Yogyakarta which provided little convenience, but can give people low-priced products. Unlike traditional markets, in present Yogyakarta, malls can be found in every spot, which slowly erode the importance of traditional market with its lights and expensive prices. The mix between Javanese and colonial interior and exterior design of traditional markets in Yogyakarta can be easily contrasted with the malls that uphold more convenience and eye-catching design for customers .

Second is the environment. In the past, Yogyakarta only surrounded with a lot of old buildings that mostly with Netherland colonial architecture. But now, you can see lots of hotels everywhere. Previously, Yogyakarta was known as the city of art, and can be found in every spot. Unlike in the past, today’s art in that city slowly disappear. Pedi cab and old bicycle were the main transportations in the past. Nowadays, a lot of motorcycle and car that produce awful traffics.

Last is about culture. Yogyakarta also was known as the city of culture. In the past, there were lots of cultural performances like dance, traditional painting, attraction, etc. Today, people interests slightly disappear or may not available anymore. Nowadays café, pub, or club can be found everywhere and sometimes have great attention to tourist’s interest in Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta sultanate regulations formerly were strict people. But now much more flexible and does not burden the people.

People need to learn from Yogyakarta that modernization is needed in order to develop better city development, environment, and culture. But they should consider about to keep the cultural heritage and historical elements to stay alive for future generations.

Reference,

Putra, H.(2001). Remembering Misremembering and Forgetting: The Struggle Over ”Serangan Oemoem 1 Maret 1949 “In Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social science, 29(3), 471-494. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23653961

            One of the transformation in Yogyakarta is the city’s structural development. Traditional market was very popular in the past, visitors from both local and tourist came to this place to buy daily needs and souvenirs. These days, Malls in Yogyakarta already designed with a very good design, technology, and sell many things to attract visitors, and because of that, they choose malls to buy everything they need. In the past, there are many green areas in Yogyakarta, this is where visitors walking around for the natural atmosphere in Yogyakarta. Nowadays, those green areas are replaced with hotels and the green areas are becoming extinct in Yogyakarta.

            The second transformation in Yogyakarta is the city’s environment from rural to big modern city and the traffic condition. Yogyakarta was not a big city in the past, it was only a rural that has many agricultural and plantation for Indonesia’s needs. As the modernization, Yogyakarta keep developing their place and make a tourism place from the heritage they have until it is becoming a big and modern city that has easy access from one place to another and with a well-developed technology. On the other hand, the traffic condition of Yogyakarta was very quiet in the past, because the access was still hard and there are not many visitors in Yogyakarta. At the current time, visitors are increasing and even though the access in Yogyakarta is easy, there are too many vehicles and the traffic become very crowded and traffic jam happened everywhere.

            The last transformation in Yogyakarta is the city’s culture that is from the absolute sultan to the modern culture. In the past, Yogyakarta was called as “the city of art” in Indonesia, because of the culture that was really dependent with the sultan preference. Nowadays, the art of the sultan seems decreased compared to the past, because there are new comer from all over the place, not just from locals. In addition, Sultan was really strict in manner of his/her people in the past, since the people that live in Yogyakarta was only from locals and their beliefs are same with the sultan. Right now, there are many visitors from outside Yogyakarta, so the absolute rules and manners of sultan have become flexible since not all people in Yogyakarta is the locals, the rules and manners are still there but not as strict as in the past.

            So, the transformation that happened in Yogyakarta are the city’s structure development, environment, and culture. The structure development is transformed from traditional market to malls and the green areas are replaced with hotels. Environment in Yogyakarta is transformed from a rural to a big modern city with many traffic problems. The culture of Sultan in Yogyakarta has became more flexible since there are tourists in it. Yogyakarta will keep developing their city and I hope Yogyakarta will never forget their old cultures, because it is the Yogyakarta’s uniqueness.

Putra, H. (2001). Remembering, Misremembering and Forgetting: The Struggle over "Serangan Oemoem 1 Maret 1949" in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 29(3), 471-494. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23653961

Bagas Anggitya Widihatmoko

First, homeschooling and school-based education often differ in implications to their students’ socialization. In a survey, 57.7% parents choose school-based education for the socialization opportunities (Korkmaz, 2014). In general, school-based education students are better in socialization rather than homeschooled students. It is apparent because school-based education students experience many differences from types of people, as this opportunity affects in how to behave in front of different people. In addition, homeschooled students have fewer friends comparing with school-based education students. This is possible as the student can be friend with many other students.

Second, homeschooling and school-based education have a difference in terms of educational freedom. homeschooled students can choose what to learn while school-based education students cannot. It is because there are plenty curricula to pick in school-based education, but sometimes parents have a lack of knowledge about the curricula and start to be confused. While, with less preparation, parents can easily choose which curricula perfectly fit with their family.

Third, school-based education and homeschooling have a perceptible different in terms of students’ family closeness. Homeschooled students are closer to their family than school-based education students because homeschooled students spend more time with their parents and family in their home. While school-based education students have to manage time between for family and friends. 

In brief, students’ socialization, educational freedom, and students’ family closeness are the big differences between school-based education and homeschooling. There is no good nor bad education in this world, but it is only matter of which educations will really suit to the people. It is better for parents to choose the type of school for their kids’ education wisely, and pick which one really suits the most. 

 

Reference List

Korkmaz, H., & Duman, G. (2014). Public Understanding about Homeschooling: A Preliminary Study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3891-3897. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.861

Houston, R., & Toma, E. (2003). Home Schooling: An Alternative School Choice. Southern Economic Journal, 69(4), 920-935. doi:1. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061658 doi:1

 

Dicha F. Setiawan

28 June 2016

The first differences is student's social condition that has a stereotype of introvert and doesn't like to interact with many people. Actually students that applied in home schooling have normal social conditions and behaviors, they choose home schooling because of religious reasons, ignorance of individual differences, and maybe the student has special needs/disability. On the other hand, students that applied in public school have more socialization opportunities and if they have social problems, they can consult face to face with teacher, so their social condition are usually good. Students that applied in home schooling can be caused by bullying that can be happened in public school, they choose home schooling to avoid bullying that can make their moral down. Students that learn on school are often to do bullying on each others, because all students are different and bullying happened because they cannot accept differences. 

The second differences is teacher's effectiveness in terms of how to go to the location and to make the students better. Teacher in home schooling system will travel to the students house depends on what subject the student will learn, so the teacher that unrelated to subject will have day off. Different with home schooling, teacher in school system must come to the place everyday either the teacher will teach or not, sit in the office until the school time over. Teacher in home schooling are more efficient, because the class is the house and it is only student, teacher and book, so student can focus more with the study subject. It is different with school system, that there are many students gathered in one class and only one teacher that teach them, teacher need to pay attention to all students, not just one student and the results are laid back. 

The third differences is learning condition in the class and the method used in the class. Home schooling class is in house, especially the student room or living room, because it is the best place where both student and teacher can comfortably do teaching and learning one on one. On the other hand, Meanwhile, school system use classroom with many students and one teacher, students required to appreciate other students have befriends with them. Home schooling has a flexible method, student can adjust the class time and the class is fully at home, and the class is usually monotone. Different with home schooling, school method is really strict about time, school made the schedule of the class and the class is usually held in the classroom, except the PE class or if there is a visit to other places. 

So, the differences between home schooling and public school can be seen from student's social, teacher's effectiveness, and learning condition. Students have their own reason to apply in home schooling, and it is different with students that applied in school to have more social opportunities. Teacher need to go to the student's house to do the class in home schooling system, while teacher need to go to the school and teach in classroom or waiting inside the teacher office in school system. Home schooling condition is very flexible for time, and only one on one session with teacher even though it is monotone, while school system is packed with students and only one teacher, yet the class is not very monotone. For me, all kinds of education method is fine, we can learn anywhere not just in class but outside the class as long as what we learn is positive and useful for our future. 

References : 

Houston, R., & Toma, E. (2003). Home Schooling: An Alternative School Choice. Southern Economic Journal, 69(4), 920-935. doi:1. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061658 doi:1 
 

Korkmaz, H., & Duman, G. (2014). Public Understanding about Homeschooling: A Preliminary Study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3891-3897. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.861 

 

Bagas Anggitya Widihatmoko 

28 June 2016 

First, homeschool and public school can affect the way of student to adapt to the environment. In home school, students will feel protected from cruel social intercourse. Rather than in public school, there are many types of it that can affect the students’ socialization with the environment. However, with covered environment of homeschool, student will have difficulties to adapt or socialize with the public. Unlike public schools, the students will have more chances to know the other students and making more friends in order to increase socialization.

Second, both systems have difference teaching efficiency, based on the following curriculum applied by the each system. In homeschool, the curriculum is flexible. The parents and students may choose which curriculum is more convenient. Different with the public school that very strict relatively. Because the curriculum for public school is already arranged by the educational government. Teaching efficiency in home school is supported by parents worthy design of the way of study. Because it will make the learning time more well-suited with the student. 

Last, both systems also give different time management for students, in order to arrange students’ time with another activity. In home school, the parent and student will have a chance to decide the timetable more flexible and well-matched with the students’ daily activities. Unlike the public school, the timetable is close-fitting for students. Because it is affected from the following curriculum. In homeschool, student may choose informal activity as the first occupation than formal activity like study. Disparate with public school, usually the schedule of every activity in school already arranged. Study first, then informal activity is the last.

So, the differences between home school and public school can be compared to seeing the perspective in social environment, teaching efficiency and time management. There is lot of critics about the positive and negative impact if the parents choose home school for their children than public school. Even some parents put their attention to the flexibility and convenience of their children to study rather than public school. In homeschool, the parents become the main teacher in students’ home beside the school teacher. Some countries are already applied it as a legal educational system. So, that’s why some scientists predict that home school students may extend up to 3 million in this decade at the end (Houston & Toma, 2003). All kind of learning activities is needed, but it depends on the students to keep focus on study if they need to be educated and become a better generation in the future.

References:

Houston, R., & Toma, E. (2003). Home Schooling: An Alternative School Choice. Southern Economic Journal, 69(4), 920-935. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061658

Korkmaz, H., & Duman, G. (2014). Public Understanding about Homeschooling: A Preliminary Study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3891-3897. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.861

Gede Bujana

One obvious difference between home school and public school is education systems. Parents usually spend more tuition fee in home school than in public school. In home school, tuition fee is determined by parents and the fee can be spend for private teacher and home-schooled student needs such as, books and computer. However, public school’s tuition fee is usually determined by school itself, and the fee is variety depends on quality of that school. In addition, home-schooled student can choose what curricula that they needs are. However, in public school, the student just follow the curricula based on the school curricula applied. Moreover, home-schooled student is flexible to choose a time to learn. Nevertheless, public-schooled student cannot choose and they have to follow school’s rules and regulations. Furthermore, home-schooled student can choose whatever uniform that they want to wear, such as free cloth or pajamas. On the other hand, the public-schooled student have to wear the uniform that specified by the school. 

Other aspect of difference between home school and public school is school environment. In home school, home-schooler can freely choose a place that they want to learn especially at home. However, public-schooler learn in classroom and cannot learn in home except holiday. In addition, class atmosphere in home is more conducive than in school. Home-schooler can easily focus and concentrate with their learning than public-schooler and make home-schooler get more achievement than public-schooler (Coleman & Hoffer, 1987; Steinberg, Brown, & Dombusch, 1996). Moreover, peer pressure in home school is less than in public school. In home school, the schooler have no competitor which can make them down and under pressure. However, in public school, the schooler has many rivals which can make them under pressure but can bring them well in future life (Wells & Crain, 1994).

Last aspect of difference between home school and public school is social issues. The home-schooled student do less social interaction than public-schooled student. In home school, the student will not preoccupied with activity by inside or outside school organization which can increase their social interaction. However, in public school, the student join the organization and do more interaction with other. In addition, impact of social interaction can be seen in how much friends that student has. Home-schooled student will get a few friends or even no friend if they are not do interaction with other. However, public-schooled student will get more friend than home-schooled student. Moreover, bullying is extremely crucial and give bad impact for student academic development. Indeed, home school can prevent the bullying than public school.

In summary, there are some differences between home school and public school in terms of education, environment, and social. Despite the differences, actually home school and public school have same goal to bring forward education. In addition, role of parents is really needed to choose wisely whether home school or public school for their children. However, the most important is a willingness of the children itself to learn for better future.­

Houston, R., & Toma, E. (2003). Home Schooling: An Alternative School Choice. Southern Economic Journal, 69 (4), 920-935. doi:10.2307/1061658. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1061658

Korkmaz, H., & Duman, G. (2014). Public Understanding about Homeschooling: A Preliminary Study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3891-3897. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.861

Ramadhan Anhas
28 June 2016

The World Bank (2014).World Bank and Education in Indonesia. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from world bank: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/indonesia/brief/world-bank-and-education-in-indonesia

Block, H. (2004). Performance in Home Schooling: An Argument against Compulsory Schooling in the Netherlands. Internasional Review of Education, 50(1), 39-52.

Riki Pebri
June, 23 2016

 

Theoretical work on the claim for alternative types of schooling began around 1970 (Stiglitz in Kurzman & Duman, 1974). Education in current situation has two form of Schooling system, which are Home Schooling and Public schooling. Recently, Home Schooling is chosen by the parent because of several reasons such as family concern about public school and parents personal interest. On the other hand, Public school is still become a prime choice to get an education degree because its already proven since long time ago. Nevertheless, both home schooling and public schooling have its own characteristics in term of place, social life, and regulation.

   One of thing that can be concerned is about the environment. Basically, home schooling is privately held in the house which is differently served with public school. Home schooling is chosen because of its place. Some strict family consider their children to school in home, besides, it is easy to coordinate with children and the teacher. Thus, parents can observe what is their children doing and done. Unlike home schooling, public school is opened for every student and have its own building which in some cases the place is far away from the student’s house, and commonly one who responsible to guard the student is the teacher, so, it’s possible for parent loss observe of their children.

 Second one is student may experience different social life. Home schooling provides more secured association with life because parents probably control all over the activity. In some cases, children who have home schooling somehow will feel far away with one of the same age as the them. In addition, the children who have home schooling will lack of society interaction, because most of the time learning is taken place privately in the house, probably, when they have to interact with outsider it might have took time a while to be familiar. Compared to home schooling, student from public school somehow can habitually interact with people around them, beside they have a lot of friend with the same age, they probably know the staff from the school as well, such as the teacher, security, office-man, and other. 

Last but not least, both school have its own regulation, but they may be differently stated. Home schooling is usually controlled by the parents, so the regulation can be set up as the parents wish. It’s probably good for the children have such a relax rule not really strict, just like considering about the time of learning and days taken a week. In contrast, public school usually have its own concrete regulation which already written. Student have no choice except following the school’s rule, otherwise, they will be expelled if they disobeyed the regulation.

In conclusion, both school system have different characteristics in term of place, social life, and regulation. Both school system might have their own effect to the children. However, its better for parents to consider the chosen system with agreement of their children in order it can be the best for both children and parents.

References,

Lubienski, C. Whither the Common Good? A Critique of Home Schooling. Peabody Journal of Education, Vol 75, No. 1/2, The Home Education Movement in Context, Practice, and Theory (2000), pp. 207-232.  

 Robert, G., Houston, Jr, & Eugenia, F. Home Schooling: An Alternative School Choice. Southern Economic Journal, Vol 69, No.4 (Apr.,2003), pp 920-935

Korkmaz, H., Duman, G. Public Understanding about home schooling : A preliminary Study. ScienceDirect Journal, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 (2014)3891-3897.