2. Short summary of the article

3. key words with translation

4. link to the article

http://padlet.com/wall/nazarlitvin

I only made some corrections.

Please pay more attention to Passive Voice

Summary

The author stars by describing Rex - the Bionic Man, which has almost all the organs of a man, only artificial. The leading UK roboticists, Richard Walker and Matthew Godden Godden from Shadow Robot , have made it from prosthetics. They can make even a synthetic blood circulatory system and artificial pancreas!

Finally, the author says, that If the Bionic Man can be built again in five years, Walker predicts that we will be even more stunned by what prosthetic technology can do for our bodies.

List of keywords

alarming- тревожный

villain - злодей

remove - удалять

reveal -  показывать, раскрывать

mutilated - изуродованный

appall - ужасать, потрясать

marvel - чудо; восхищаться, изумляться

replace - заменять

featuring - с участием

pioneering  - новаторский

edge - край

research - исследование

currently - в настоящее время

artificial - искусственный

boast - гордиться

limb - конечность

pancreas - поджелудочная железа

kidney - почка

spleen - селезенка

propose - предлагать, выдвигать

showcase - демонстрировать

conventional - обычный, традиционный

residual - остаточный

gripping - захват

explain - объяснять

effectively - эффективно

supply - снабжать

rise - возрастать

soak up - впитывать

replicate - повторять

predict - предсказывать

by what - тем, что

Please, pay attention to my corrections 

(I couldn't understand 1 sentence - try to change it)

The author gives information about egg minder - kitchen gadget that can help us identify shelf-life of eggs and alert about that. The author describes how work this device works. Also (we/it/the device?) have possibility of interaction with a smartphone, which means it can send notifications about the shelf-life and if you need to buy some eggs. Gadget problem is in it's price - 69$. If you like the idea of using smartphone to keep track of food, forget to buy eggs or worried about safe for consumption, the Egg Minder might be a sound investment. Keywords expiration - окончание replenish - пополнять struggler - отставший pictoral - яркий representation - представление dispose - размещать appreciate - оценить tray - лоток assumption - предположение thresholds - предел compare - сравнить shelf-life - срок годности adjust - регулировать implemented - реализованы Link: http://reviews.cnet.com/specialty-appliances/quirky-egg-minder/4505-17885_7-35832552.html

Can you find in the text two reasons why people could buy this device?

JUST LEAVE THE LINK HERE

Summary

Keywords

branching - ветвление

rival - соперник, конкурент

breakthrough - прорыв, достижение, открытие

defence - защита

Bandwidth - пропускная способность

handicap - препятствие, помеха

vulnerability - уязвимость

Link to the article: http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chinas-tianhe2-is-fastest-supercomputer/article4823551.ece

(password protected)

Cars, robots and 3D printers: Ford is combining all three of these cool toys into one high-tech car manufacturing process. Called Ford Freeform Fabrication Technology (F3T), it may pave the way for more innovative car designs and even let drivers choose their own custom car designs. F3T uses computer aided design (CAD) files, just like 3D printing technologies. But unlike additive manufacturing processes that build up material like plastic or metal, the F3T machine presses flat sheet metal into three-dimensional car parts. To accomplish this, Ford engineers use a computer program that translates their CAD files into a series of instructions, called "tool paths," that can be interpreted by the robot controlling the F3T machine. The robot, in turn, tells the F3T machine's arms — each of which holds a giant stylus — what to do with the sheet metal. The styluses press down on the metal over and over again along the same path, creating grooves and, eventually, a 3D car part. Die manufacturing requires that Ford design and construct dies, which are basically heavy metal molds, and then attach these dies to machines that stamp out sheet metal parts. Matt Zaluzec, senior technical leader of Ford's research facility, said it can take weeks just to create one prototype part. The process of creating an entire concept car takes months, as well as hundreds of thousands of dollars. In comparison, it takes just hours for an F3T robot to create a custom part. Ford estimates that the F3T method is about 60 times faster than traditional the die-casting methods once used for prototyping. The company believes the new, faster method will help improve vehicle research and development (R&D) processes. And quicker R&D means greater flexibility and potentially greater innovation for Ford's designers and engineers.
Keywords

accomplish - достичь 

manufacturing - производство

estimates - оценки

flexibility - гибкость

interpreted - интерпретируется

additive - добавка

your individual work is done and accepted

Computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions called program and then carry out them. The modern world of high technology could not be possible without computers. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout our society. They are used for the storage and handling of data, secret governmental files, information about banking transactions and so on.

Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports. Using of different databases and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources.

There are two main types of computers, analog and digital, although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type, because this type of computer is widely used today. That is why I am going to tell you about digital computers.

Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine: on or off, high voltage or low voltage or — in the case of numbers — 0 or 1 or do-called binary code. The speed at which the computer performs this simple act is called computer speed. Computer speeds are measured in Hertz or cycles per second. A computer with a «clock speed» of 2000 MHz is a fairly representative microcomputer today. It is capable of executing 2000 million discrete operations per second. Nowadays microcomputers can perform from 800 to over 3000 million operations per second and supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain speeds of many billions of cycles per second.

Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle. Except two main types of computers, analog and digital there are eight generations of digital computers or processing units. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086.

The second generation central processing unit was represented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. The third generation is Intel 80386, used in IBM PC AT 386. The microprocessors of the fourth generation were used in computers IBM PC AT 486. There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75, 90,100 and 133. Few years ago appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations. They are much more powerful and can perform from 2000 to over 3000 million operations per second.

Vocabulary:

electronic device —

электронное устройство
to receive — получать, принимать
set of instructions — набор/свод инструкций
to carry out — выполнять
society — общество
storage — хранение
handling — обработка
transaction — операция
to enhance — повышать, увеличивать
essential — существенный
tool — инструмент, орудие
network — сеть
source — источник
analog — аналоговый
digital — цифровой
ability — способность, возможность
to determine — определять
voltage — напряжение
discrete operation — дискретное действие
to perform — выполнять, осуществлять
defense — оборона, защита
to attain — достигать
amount of data — объем данных
except — за исключением, кроме
processing unit — вычислительное устройство

Summary

This text is about the history of computers, from its beginning to the present day. The author speaks of two types of computers today: analog and digital. He reveals the term "computer speed", and talks about how they have evolved. Then it is about eight generations of digital computers and processors, as they are powerful and what a huge step that made ​​mankind discovered such funds.

Internet and Modern Life

The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundred of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.

The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching.

Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the

information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people.

Most of the Internet host computers are in the United States of America. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundred of millions of users and their number is growing.

Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc.

In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable, alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.

But saving money is only the first step and not the last one. There is a commercial use of this network and it is drastically increasing. Now you can work through the internet, gambling and playing through the net.

However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security.

When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Notwith-standing, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.

Vocabulary:

Summary

This tex about the history of the Internet, the author writes that the beginning was the position of the Americans, it was a military experiment, in order to provide themselves with communication channels in case of nuclear war. Technology that you use in this case is called - packet switching. He also notes that the most popular service is the "elektronka" more text discusses that there are problems with the protection of the Internet. Then, the author points out the purposes for which use the Internet.

When music was a physical item – a vinyl record, a tape or a CD – ownership could be verified and quality could be assured. In the last decade, music progressively morphed into little more than a file which can be easily shared and edited. Now, the vast and rapid technological advances being catalysed by three dimensional printing could see this phenomenon repeated for a much wider range of products.

The 3D printing industry is predicted to be worth over $8bn globally by 2020. Physical items, mass produced and bought in outlet stores, will become replicable and editable by anyone with knowledge of computer-aided drawing and access to a 3D printer. 

Already, 3D printing technology is being used to manufacture a wide array of items – from auto parts and prototypes to human skin and organs. In a world where mass-manufacturing takes place on scales never seen before, 3D printing is starting to spell big changes for the way the world thinks about production. This inevitably means we will face new frontiers in global trade as well.

The technology underlying 3D printers has been around since the 1970s, but the devices have come into prominence only in recent years, as patent expiry and new innovation have led to drastic decreases in the price of the devices. To fully appreciate the way 3D printing might impact our lives, consider this: in under an hour, your $2,000 3D printer can turn a couple of metres of coiled plastic filament into anything from jewellery and artworks to gadgets and kitchen tools. By far the more significant applications of 3D printing are in industry. At that scale, the material can be plastic, wood, glass, metal and more. Industrial 3D printers can use as many as 10 materials at a time to make complex, multi-component objects relatively cheaply.

It is too early to describe the emergence of 3D printing as a new industrial revolution (although The New Scientist has done just that). But as the technology becomes faster, cheaper and more sophisticated, it will have wide-reaching impacts on industry and the global economy.

A more efficient 3D printing process would allow industry an opportunity it never had before: for production on the small-scale to be as efficient as large scale production. Think about it: using the techniques of traditional manufacturing, the production of one-off items and prototypes is very costly or impossible as the absence of specialised machines and moulds makes production labour-intensive. This labour-intensity has driven many types of production offshore. The flight of relatively low-skilled manufacturing jobs to nations with lower wage rates and a comparative advantage in manufacturing has been one of the largest structural economic shifts over the past 30 years.

The advent of widespread 3D printing makes it possible for some forms of one-off manufacturing and prototyping to return. For 3D printers, it doesn’t matter if one item or one thousand items are produced; the price of production per item remains constant.

As a result, 3D printing has the capability of bringing the design process and the manufacturing process closer together. With greater ease of innovation, small and medium-sized enterprises will be able to experiment more readily with new ideas, and then see the fruits of their creativity produced quickly and with fewer hurdles than at present. This is not to say, of course, that 3D printing will ever completely replace assembly lines or machining. It will more likely serve to complement, rather than compete with traditional manufacturing.

It also brings challenges, like when plans were released for a working gun which could be produced by anyone with access to a 3D printer – an issue covered in a very recent 60 Minutes piece by Ray Martin. This, like many web-based developments, is incredibly difficult for government to regulate and monitor effectively.

This goes further than just the question of intellectual property. 3D printing and similar technologies have led to a further blurring of the lines between goods and services. There are challenges for global trade as a result, associated with measurement, assigning property rights and responsibility for quality assurance. But the opportunities dwarf the challenges. As the WTO observed in its 2013 World Trade Report, the possibility to edit and create physical objects through 3D printing will feed the burgeoning global middle class desire for variety and individuality in their goods. This is just one of many technological advances challenging us to change our way of thinking about international trade and economic growth. Advances in robotics, data sharing and medical technology are others.

Australia needs to set itself up to take advantage of the opportunities presented by these new technologies. By defining our role in new global value chains and mastering the technology via investment in education and broadband, we can use our greatest asset – the creativity, adaptability and innovation of our population – to create a new generation of broad-based prosperity here at home.

Summary

This text is about 3d printing and its problems in our time. On the one hand 3D printers help humanity in many ways, accelerating the production of many products, but on the other hand it allows the person to produce weapons at home that may lead to bad consequences.

Keywords

labour-intensive - трудоемкий

readily - легко

assurance - уверенность

significant - значительный

inevitably - неизбежно

Scientists have shrunk a transistor to the size of a single atom, bringing closer the day of microscopic electronic devices that will revolutionise computing, engineering and medicine.

Researchers at Cornell University, New York, and Harvard University, Boston, fashioned the two "nano-transistors" from purpose-made molecules. When voltage was applied, electrons flowed through a single atom in each molecule.

The ability to use individual atoms as components of electronic circuits marks a key breakthrough in nano-technology, the creation of machines at the smallest possible size.

Prof Paul McEuen, a physicist at Cornell, who reports the breakthrough in today's issue of Nature, said the single-atom transistor did not have all the functions of a conventional transistor such as the ability to amplify.

But it had potential use as a chemical sensor to any change in its environment.

The most popular sources of entertainment and information are the press, radio, tv, and movies.The press plays an important part in the life of society.Millions of Americans in their free time read newspapers.The English word ‘newspaper’ does not really.Describe everything that you can read in this kind of publication.Newspapers include not only stories about recent events (news), but opinions, advertising, and other non-news items.The first American newspaper was called Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic.This paper was first published in Boston in 1690.Now there are about 2,600 newspapers published in the USA.The New York Times, the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times are three of the most important daily papers that describe foreign and domestic news.The radio does not interfere with your activities.You can listen to the radio while doing some work about the house, reading a book or driving a car.On the radio one can hear music, plays, news, and different commentary and discussions called ‘forums’.At a forum several authorities exchange views on social, economic and political problems.A peculiar feature of the American radio is soap opera.It is a sentimental serial drama that describes domestic problems and which is for housewives.Soap opera is usually broadcast every day.Most people find soap opera boring.There ate a lot of games on the radio.They are called ‘panel games’.Radio brings also cultural and educational programs.Many programs are made up of classical music.Television is a ‘chewing gum for ears and eyes’.There are many serials on TV in the USA.They appeared in the 1950s.TV games- attract a large audience, too.During TV quiz programs TV viewers answer different questions.There is a lot of education on television.For example, you can take a TV course in history, political economy, management, banking and in many other subjects, or learn a foreign language by TV.Educational TV films and programs are shown in schools and colleges as a part of the curriculum.

Vocabulary

describe -описывать

foreign- иностранный

interfere- вмешиваться

peculiar - своеобразный

sentimental - сентиментальный

broadcast - вещать

curriculum - учебный план

entertainment - развлечения

include  - включать

exchange - обмен

several -несколько

authorities - власти

Summary

The text of the mass media today. The author describes several different types of information in the mass media such as radio, newspapers, TV. He tells that include these types of mass media, assumes that each of them is unique, and human exposure differently. Is a description of what can be gleaned from them useful. As the story goes on the wrong in mass media, about what people call boring and vice versa.