Cheat sheet - Final Proyect by Jaqueline Alejandra Urbalejo Ramírez https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5 Jaqueline Alejandra Urbalejo Ramírez a01707309 en-us 2021-11-23 00:24:47 UTC 2025-11-02 08:57:21 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f407.png Passive Voice :p a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907204918 *The thing reciving the action is the subject of the sentence*

]]> 2021-11-23 00:30:45 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907204918 Present perfect continuous :) a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907211190 Formula:
have/has PRESENT form + BEEN (past participle) + GERUND (‘ing’ verb)
IMPORTANT
We use expressions of time like SINCE & FOR  with the PPC to express how long something has been happening. 

Other expressions like AGO are not used with the PPC  and are instead used with other tenses like the SIMPLE PAST. 



]]> 2021-11-23 00:35:01 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907211190 Present Perfect :* a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907217237 - Use PP for events at an indefinite time before now 
- use: always, once/twice/many times, never and before
Formula:
Subject+ have/has + past participle of the verb

]]> 2021-11-23 00:39:22 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907217237 Present continuous :3 a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907221809 Formulas:
Affirmative (pronoun + be + verb -ing)
Negative  (pronoun + be + not + verb -ing)
Interrogative (be + pronoun + verb- ing)

]]> 2021-11-23 00:42:43 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907221809 Present for habits <3 a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907223793 Use of expressions like ‘twice a week’, ‘early’, and ‘regularly’. These are ADVERBIAL  expression that are often used with this function.



]]> 2021-11-23 00:44:08 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907223793 Vocabulary - Beauty a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907227777 Concept of beauty ]]> 2021-11-23 00:46:57 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907227777 Past tense a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907230680 ADVERBIAL  EXPRESSIONS are often used with this tense. 

We also use prepositional phrases that start with ‘at’, ‘on’, and ‘in’.



]]> 2021-11-23 00:48:58 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907230680 Past continuous/progressive a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907233826 The simple past and past continuous are often used together. They are both specific tenses, but the continuous tense refers to a very specific time or events happening at parallel times/interrupted actions (the words ‘while’/‘when’ are used in these cases).
In the past continuous the gerund (verb in ‘ing’ form) is used, but only with ACTION VERBS (run, kick, yell, etc) not STATIVE VERBS (know, believe, imagine…).

]]> 2021-11-23 00:51:17 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907233826 Past perfect a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907238052
  • We use it together with the past tense to indicate a sequence of events.
  • We use it together with adverbial expressions of time/prepositions like: before, after, already, yet, for, since, and until.
  • It is used in the third conditional form.
    • ]]>     2021-11-23 00:54:18 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907238052     Past perfect continuous a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907239462
  • We use it together with the past tense.
  • Like with the past continuous, we tend to use the word ‘when’ with this tense.
  • We use it in reported speech.
  • Some time expressions we use with it are: for (+ time), since, when, until, and before.  
    • ]]>     2021-11-23 00:55:16 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907239462     Vocabulary - Minorities a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907241756 Glass Ceiling: The term "glass ceiling" refers to the sometimes-invisible barrier to success that many women come up against in their careers. 

    Minority: Any small group in society that is different from the rest because of their race, religion, or political beliefs, or a person who belongs to such a group.

    Majority: a number or percentage equaling more than half of a total

    Sexism: discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls, just for being women. 

    Racism: a belief that race is a fundamental determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

    Prejudice: an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, sex, religion, etc. Unfounded opinion, usually negative.

    Stereotype: A widely oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. 

    Segregation: The institutional separation of an ethnic, racial, religious, or other minority group from the dominant majority.

    Race: the term race is used to define groups with common hereditary characteristics into which some animal species are subdivided.

    Ethnicity: an ethnic group; a social group that shares a common and distinctive culture, religion, language. 


    ]]>     2021-11-23 00:56:51 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907241756     Vocabulary - Linguistics a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907243817
  • Metalanguage:
    •  a form of language or set of terms used for the description or analysis of another language.
  • Morphology: 
    • the study of the forms of things.
  • Syntax: 
    • arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
  • Phonetics:
    • Phonetics, the study of speech sounds and their physiological production and acoustic qualities.
  • Phonology:
    • Phonology, the study of the sound patterns that occur within languages.
  • Semantics
    • Semantics, the philosophical and scientific study of meaning in natural and artificial languages.
  • Pragmatics
    • Pragmatics, In linguistics and philosophy, the study of the use of natural language in communication; more generally, the study of the relations between languages and their users.
  • Neurolinguistics
    • Neurolinguistics, the study of the neurological mechanisms underlying the storage and processing of language.
  • Sociolinguistics
    • Sociolinguistics, the study of the sociological aspects of language. The discipline concerns itself with the part language plays in maintaining the social roles in a community.
  • Language Acquisition
    • The ability to speak was regarded by Descartes as the single most important distinction between humans and other animals
  • Historical Linguistics
    • Historical linguistics, the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of phonological, grammatical, and semantic changes, the reconstruction of earlier stages of languages, and the discovery and application of the methods by which genetic relationships

    • ]]>     2021-11-23 00:58:13 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907243817     PTE General PRACTICE - Dictation a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907246238 2021-11-23 00:59:47 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907246238 PTE General PRACTICE - Listening a01707309 https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907266101 2021-11-23 01:13:21 UTC https://padlet.com/a01707309/3bh533ejfe0nqnv5/wish/1907266101