Hypothesis: At this moment the best way to resolve the energy deficiency in big countries is through nuclear energy; at the same that it’s necessary improve the renewable energy technologies because renewable energies currently aren’t efficient. Also, engineers must create standards to determine when some infrastructure is resilient, so it can be implemented in the factors to consider when a building will be built, it helps to reduce energy necesity and create more dinamic residence. 

The present work deals with two problems: how to improve sustainable development through alternative energy and resilient infrastructure. Both problems are technical problems related with directly with engineering. In this sense, we try to offer some general solutions to these problems. 

In the world, currently, the best way to resolve the energetical crisis is with nuclear energy, and do it work along with renewable energies, but in some countries, it is very difficult due to significantly fewer technical hand workers and the high costs of nuclear plants constructions, and at the same time, renewable energies present some difficulties as high inefficiency and high cost of energy production. Those problems can be solved with new materials to extract more energy or reduce production costs. On the other hand, resilient infrastructure requires standards for its best development, so all companies can adapt their infrastructure to minimize problems such as bad evacuations or move the building more efficiently to another place. 

Renewable energy sources have several limitations in their daily use, these depend entirely on geographical location and climatic conditions; namely, the volatility and unpredictability of energy are the main limitations and difficulties of energy generation. In addition, electrical networks in a certain location can only receive a certain amount of power without causing overloads or stability disturbances in the energy generators.  

When comparing the power generation capacity of renewable energy sources with fossil fuel energy generation. They are not able to generate the same amount of energy. They produce less energy (Agboola, 2014, as cited in Maradin, 2021). In addition, they also require more square meters to produce the same amount of energy in gigawatt hours. They are also less efficiency: efficiency is defined as the ratio of energy generation between the usable output energy per unit of time and the energy value of the energy resource delivered to the generating entity at the same time

In Basque Country buildings sector produce a large amount of waste and water, ground and air pollution. It is responsible for 40% of the CO emission, 60% of raw material use, 50% of water use, 35% of waste generation, and a large occupation of lands.  In addition, in Europe people spend 90% of their time under the roof. A poor design or bad construction methods can reduce the life period of the building and elevate the cost construction. Therefore, the change of build buildings method can reduce costs

- Attractive, durable, functional, accessible, comfortable and healthy to live in and use, promoting well being with everything that is in contact with them. 

- Efficient in relation to the use of resources, in particular in relation to the consumption of energy, materials and water, favoring the use of renewable energies, needing little external energy for its proper functioning, making adequate use of rain and groundwater and properly managing wastewater, using environmentally friendly materials that can be easily recycled or reused and that do not contain hazardous products and that can be safely deposited. 

- Economically competitive, especially when taking into consideration the long life cycle associated with buildings, which involves aspects such as maintenance costs, durability and resale prices of buildings.

In the case of Costa Rica, being in the tropics, it requires architectural techniques that are very different from those of other latitudes. Faced with this situation, architect Bruno Stagno developed a sustainable architecture applied to the entire tropics, thus generating an accessible and functional bioclimatic alternative. With the use of all possible natural resources, bioclimatic and sustainable buildings can be created. In addition, the Tropical Architecture Institute contributed with the national standard "Requirements for Sustainable Buildings in the Tropics" (RESET), which corresponds to a guide that allows the certification of sustainability of buildings and is included in the international standards.

Maradin D. (2021). Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy Sources Utilization. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 

Ente Vasco de la Energia. (2006). Guía de edificación sostenible para la vivienda en la Comunidad Autonónoma del Pais Vasco. http://habitat.aq.upm.es/lbl/guias/pva-2006-guia-edificacion-sostenible-euskadi.pdf 

Observatorio de la Vivienda Sostenible (OVIS). (s.f). Arquitectura tropical: Diseño de edificaciones sostenibles. https://www.tec.ac.cr/documentos/desarrollo-sostenible

Observatorio de la Vivienda Sostenible (OVIS). (s.f). Resumen del estado de la nación en desarrollo sostenible 2016. https://www.tec.ac.cr/documentos/desarrollo-sostenible 

 

A poor design or bad construction methods can reduce the period life of the building and elevate the cost of maintenance.  

With demographic growth, population distribution did not follow an orderly process or a precise densification logic. These processes pushed the population to live farther away from urban centers, which in turn generated the geographic separation of the main urban functions: work and residence. Therefore, naturally, this standard must be improved because every day there are changes in climate conditions, better technologies for buildings, and demographic changes. All those factors require attention and those chances necessary are seen in infrastructure (OVIS, Resumen del estado de la nación en desarrollo sostenible 2016).