https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp Review for Test en-us 2022-01-25 14:38:26 UTC 2025-11-14 23:14:21 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9ec.png ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011346481 A permanent change in DNA caused by mutagens. Sometimes mutations can affect a single nitrogen base.]]> 2022-01-25 14:46:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011346481 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011358628 1. Silent mutations: No effect because the amino acid didn't change
2. Beneficial mutation: Mutation that allows humans to digest dairy products.
3. Genetic disorder: Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia
4. Cancer: result of mutation in a gene controlling cell division rate]]> 2022-01-25 14:50:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011358628 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011371564 Gene:
-small
-point & frameshift
-piece of DNA
-1 gene

Chromosome:
-big
-lots of genes
-extra chromosome (Down's- extra 21)
-missing a chromosome (Turner- just 1 x)]]> 2022-01-25 14:55:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011371564 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011380150 DNA- Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
-present in all living things
-made up of nucleotides(phosphate group, sugar, & 1 of 4 nitrogen bases)]]> 2022-01-25 14:58:22 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011380150 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011384620 Adenine and Guanine are the bigger nitrogen bases, labeled as purine, and cytosine and thymine are the smaller nitrogen bases, labeled as pyrimidine A pairs with T and G pairs with C. ]]> 2022-01-25 15:00:01 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011384620 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011422676 Erwin Chargaff: A-T "Always Together" & G-C "Good Couple"
Rosalind Franklin: photo 51
Maurice Wilkins: steals photo
James Watson & Francis Crick:
-"discovered" the structure of DNA
-1953
-won nobel prize
-called the shape "double helix"]]> 2022-01-25 15:14:03 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011422676 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011457965 Outside:
-sugar & phosphate
-held by covalent bonds

Inside:
-"rungs" or steps of the ladder
-2 nitrogen bases (A & T or C & G)]]> 2022-01-25 15:27:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011457965 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011471788 DNA replication is making an exact copy of DNA. Cells must replicate their DNA before they can divide. This ensures that each daughter cell gets a copy of the genome, and therefore, successful inheritance of genetic traits. DNA replication is an essential process and the basic mechanism is conserved in all organisms.]]> 2022-01-25 15:32:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2011471788 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013679070 -46 chromosomes in every Body Cell(Somatic Cell)
-lots of DNA
-Chromosomes = DNA coiled up
-Chromatin = long & thin DNA
-any mistakes in replication are mutations]]> 2022-01-26 14:43:41 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013679070 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013682827 1. Anytime you need a new cell (whenever cells divide)
2. When you grow
3. Cuts & bruises
4. Broken bones
5. Replacing old & worn cells

DNA replication happens all the time]]> 2022-01-26 14:45:07 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013682827 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013696786 -DNA always forms in the 5* -> 3* direction
-Whichever way the pentagon is upright, DNA will form in the opposite direction
-There are two strands when DNA is unzipped, the Leading Strand and the Lagging Strand


]]> 2022-01-26 14:50:25 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013696786 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013705081 1. DNA unwinds & unzips
-helicase is an enzyme that helps with unzipping DNA
-SSB proteins hold the DNA apart
2. RNA primase makes RNA primer (tells DNA polymerase where to start)
3. DNA Polymerase: Enzyme that acts like a "match-maker"; makes sure that the New Nucleotides pair up properly
-also proofreads 
-gets rid of RNA primer]]> 2022-01-26 14:53:33 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013705081 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013711541 -Hot mess ~ not very easy
-discontinuous
1. helicase unwinds
2. rna primase makes primer
3. dna polymerase lays down nucleotides in the 5' 3' direction
4. end up forming okazaki fragments
5. polymerase proofreads & gets rid of primers
6. ligase- enzyme that acts like "glue" & sticks fragments together]]> 2022-01-26 14:56:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013711541 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013719262 Made up of Nucleotides
-suger = ribose
-phosphate groups
-1 of 4 nitrogen bases (A, G, C, U)

*Is single-stranded; can go in and out of nucleus

]]> 2022-01-26 14:59:04 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013719262 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013733023 1. rRNA- Ribosome RNA
-makes up the ribosome
2. mMRNA- Messenger RNA
-made in nucleus
-"photo copy' of DNA
-copy of DNA that leaves the nucleus & goes to ribosome
3. tRNA- Transfer RNA
-weird clover shape
-carries amino acids to ribosomes]]> 2022-01-26 15:04:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013733023 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013795148 Transcription: to write across
-in the nucleus
-making mRNA
1. helicase- unzips small segment of DNA
2. RNA polymerase- makes sure RNA nucleotides pair up correctly on 1 side
3. mRNA detaches and leaves the nucleus
-DNA seals back up


]]> 2022-01-26 15:29:03 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013795148 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013799629 Transitional complex forms, and tRNA brings first amino acid in polypeptide chain to bind to start codon on mRNA]]> 2022-01-26 15:30:53 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013799629 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013800325 DNA
-double stranded
-thymine
-deoxyribose
-must stay in nucleus
-1 type

RNA
-single stranded
-uracil
-ribose
-can go in and out of nucleus
-3 types]]> 2022-01-26 15:31:07 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013800325 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013802692 tRNA's bring amino acids one by one to add to polypeptide chain]]> 2022-01-26 15:32:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013802692 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013804270 Release factor recognizes stop codon, translational complex dissociates, and completed polypeptide is released.]]> 2022-01-26 15:32:45 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013804270 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013813892 The phosphate groups and deoxyribose are held together by covalent bonds

Nitrogen bases are held together by hydrogen bonds, Adenine and thymine having 2, and Guanine and cytosine with 3.]]> 2022-01-26 15:36:29 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013813892 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013818014 Structure:
-the sugar (deoxyribose) attracts to the base
-2 sides are anti-parallel
-the order of the nitrogen bases is what makes each individual different.
-gene: small piece of DNA that codes for one trait (traits like tongue rolling, blond hair, or double jointed)]]> 2022-01-26 15:38:03 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013818014 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013828684 -together with DNA, it's involved in protein synthesis, mRNA(messenger RNA) takes the code out to the ribosomes and tRNA(transfer RNA) brings amino acids to the ribosomes to make proteins
-info is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins, this is known as the central dogma of molecular biology]]> 2022-01-26 15:42:08 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013828684 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013830716 Translation
-at ribosome
-"change the language" (translating mRNA into amino acids)
1. mRNA slides through the Ribosome
2. Ribosome "reads" the mRNA looking for the start codon
3. tRNA brings in the correct amino acid
4. The next tRNA brings another amino acid to form a peptide bond(tough bond that forms between amino acids)
5. Continues until the ribosome reads a stop codon(UAA, UGA)]]> 2022-01-26 15:42:59 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013830716 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013840128 -3 mRNA nucleotides(bases) = codons
-3 tRNA nucleotides(bases) = anticodons
-3 bases code for 1 amino acid
-anticodons are specific... tRNA wil only bring a certain amino acid to ribisomes]]> 2022-01-26 15:46:25 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013840128 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013847050 DNA's unique structure enables the molecule to copy itself during cell division. When a cell prepares to divide, the DNA helix splits down the middle and becomes two single strands. These single strands serve as templates for building two new, double-stranded DNA molecules - each a replica of the original DNA molecule.]]> 2022-01-26 15:49:04 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2013847050 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014028612 The concentration of these four bases will make together 100%. For example, if Adenine was 41%, Thymine would also be 41% and Cytosine and Guanine would be 9% each]]> 2022-01-26 16:58:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014028612 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014050310 -Your DNA could stretch from the Earth to the sun and back about 600 times
-We're all 99.9% alike
-Genes make up only about 3 percent of your DNA
A DNA test can reveal you're more Irish than your siblings
-The human genome contains 3 billion base pairs of DNA]]> 2022-01-26 17:07:19 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014050310 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014059545 The nucleotides are of great importance to living organisms, as they are the building blocks of nucleic acids, the substances that control all hereditary characteristics.]]> 2022-01-26 17:11:12 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014059545 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014075098 -2 identical strands of DNA(half old half new)(semi-conservative)

]]> 2022-01-26 17:17:48 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014075098 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014096332 Topoisomerase- nuclear enzymes that play essential roles in DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, and recombination.
Single-Stranded Binding Protein (SSB)- binds with high affinity in a cooperative manner to single-stranded DNA and does not bind well to double-stranded DNA. After binding single-stranded DNA, SSB destabilizes helical duplexes, thereby allowing DNA polymerases to access their substrate more easily.
Helicases- enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid-protein complexes.
DNA polymerase- is responsible for the process of DNA replication, during which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied into two identical DNA molecules.
Okazaki Fragment- short sequences of DNA nucleotides that are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication.
DNA primase- an enzyme involved in the replication of DNA and is a type of RNA polymerase.
Primer RNA- RNA that initiates DNA synthesis.
DNA ligase- a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.

]]> 2022-01-26 17:26:28 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014096332 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014098864 Replication takes about 1 hr to complete, due to the simultaneous action of multiple DNA polymerases across multiple replication forks on the various chromosomes in the cell.]]> 2022-01-26 17:27:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014098864 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014101616 Replication involves the production of identical helices of DNA from one double-stranded molecule of DNA. Enzymes are vital to DNA replication since they catalyze very important steps in the process. The overall DNA replication process is extremely important for both cell growth and reproduction in organisms.]]> 2022-01-26 17:28:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014101616 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014385496 2022-01-26 19:34:21 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014385496 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014386532 2022-01-26 19:34:52 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014386532 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014388826 2022-01-26 19:36:08 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014388826 ryanhieras25 https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014390622 2022-01-26 19:37:04 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanhieras25/39swebx67fv9dbjp/wish/2014390622