During the processing section, a function contains procedures which are used to make changes to variable values or operations based on the inputs.

Classes & objects
An object is a self-contained component that contains properties and methods needed to make a certain type of data useful. An object’s properties are what it knows and its methods are what it can do.
A class is a set of instructions to build a specific type of object. Every object is built from a class. Each class should be designed and programmed to accomplish just one thing.

Local variables are a variable that can only be accessed within the specific chunk/block of code that it was written in, not through the entire script of code(Like a global variable) a local variable  is declared to override the same variable name in the larger scope. 

Modularity.
Modularity is a software technique that shows that separating the functionality into indivdual, interchangeable modules, each which allows it to execute the specific thing it is designed to to do. These all combine as different tasks to achieve an overall goal.

Parameter passing allows variable values to be passed through to the program which will handle it with a procedure. 

When you have procedures in programming, the program that has them in will follow the procedures step by step, systematically. The program does exactly what it is told to do in the order that has been set by the programmer  

A global variable is a variable that can be viewed throughout the entire program by every other procedure taking place, it is also accessible by every other task running in the program. The majority of times, a global variable is a static variable, whose extent is the entire runtime of the program.