RNR200 Timeline by Laura Ann McNamara https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt Made with serendipity en-us 2021-08-23 18:48:44 UTC 2023-03-29 23:30:19 UTC hello@padlet.com Early North American Population Shifts lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1716060260 1492: Indigenous populations estimated at 3.8 million
1638: 30,000 Europeans and African slaves occupy the land
1750: 1.3 million Europeans and African slaves occupy the land expressing rapid increase in numbers
1800: Indigenous populations estimated at 1 million, expressing about 74% decline 


]]> 2021-09-03 21:09:05 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1716060260 Native Ecological Impact lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1716089216 In William M Denevan's report "The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492", evidence is presented that supports the theory of intentional burns carried out by Native Americans before European colonization. 
Controlled fires have been used throughout history in cultural ceremonies by Indigenous peoples to encourage new growth and even entice wildlife to the area. These fires generated grasslands and prairies amidst forest areas and can be described in this 1983 quote by Michael Williams:
"... selective Indian burning thus promoted the mosaic quality of New England ecosystems, creating forests in many different states of ecological succession" 
As these practices have been banned through the years as a result of colonization, wildfires have arguably become a much larger issue in our society. The linked NPR article above details the importance of integrating these practices back into our way of life, and the benefits we can reap from controlled burns. 

"To Manage Wildfire, California Looks To What Tribes Have Known All Along" by Lauren Sommer. https://www.npr.org/2020/08/24/899422710/to-manage-wildfire-california-looks-to-what-tribes-have-known-all-along.
Denevan, W. (1992). The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 82 (3), 369-385. Retrieved September 3, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2563351.
]]> 2021-09-03 21:42:12 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1716089216 Black Elk Speaks lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1716118794 In a 1931 account with a Sioux man named Black Elk, Black Elk Speaks provides an intimate understanding of many Native American peoples' spiritual connection with the land. The "sacred hoop of the nation" is discussed as the grounding principle in which Indigenous peoples found their power. Everything on this Earth is encompassed within the loop, with the living tree at its center. From the cycle of manhood to the sun rising and falling, all aspects of nature can found in a circle. Also discussed in this account is the affect of Europeans coming to settle on Native occupied land. 

"... It was in the summer of my twentieth year (1883) that I performed the ceremony of the elk. That fall, they say, the last of the bison herds was slaughtered by the Wasichus. I can remember when the bison were so many they could not be counted, but more and more Wasichus came to kill them until there were only heaps of bones scattered where they used to be".

Black Elk recalls the "crazed" Wasichus (Europeans) that killed bison with no real purpose. Native Americans would kill for what was necessary in terms of survival, taking only what was needed. This is in direct contrast to the Europeans coming and killing entire herds of bison, oftentimes leaving behind the bodies and taking only hides and tongues to sell for profit. 


John G. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man on the Ogalala Sioux (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1961), 1-3, 198-200, 203-204, 217-218. Reprinted from Black Elk Speaks, by John G. Neihardt, by permission of the University of Nebraska Press. Copyright 1932, 1959, 1961, 1975 by the John G. Neihardt Trust.
]]> 2021-09-03 22:26:00 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1716118794 Precolonial Wildlife lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1733312117 Native American populations had varying ecological practices before the arrival of settlers, but were united by only killing what was necessary when it came to wildlife. A combination of low hunting technology and scattered populations resulted in a wonderful balance of give and take between human and animal. By only hunting for hides and food when it was needed (and not in excess), wildlife populations were able to thrive and sustain their numbers for many generations. There was also an element of respect that Native Americans had for the other species living alongside them. This can be read about in depth by viewing the previous timeline addition "Black Elk Speaks". By understanding the sacred hoop of the nation, one can see how much the Native peoples valued their resources and handled them with care. ]]> 2021-09-12 07:05:53 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1733312117 The Plume Trade lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1733312994 One of the many major impacts that Europeans had when they settled in North America was the implementation of plume trading. The plume trade came to fruition in the 1870's/late 1800's when the United States of America was well established and had developed levels within its societal structure. With these levels came the need for affluent settlers to show their wealth, and bird feathers quickly became a symbol of status as many people found them quite stylish. Feathers were predominantly used to adorn hats and were considered to be the centerpiece of any woman's outfit at the time. The main participants in these trades were women, and they became immensely competitive in their looks. The competitive nature of displays of wealth caused hats to become more and more extravagant, and in effect meant that more birds were killed for their plumage. 
Interestingly enough, it was not common knowledge that birds were being killed for their feathers. The milliners (those who crafted and sold these lavish hats) would tell their customers that only the molten feathers of birds were used in an effort to dispel any damage to the industry. Though, molten feathers were not nearly as nice-looking as the fresh ones obtained by hunters. The hunters were motivated by a sizable paycheck which was dependent on how many feathers they could supply, causing the extinction and near-extinction of many bird species from this time period. This is where the issue of overexploitation is apparent, since the industry thrived for many years as it pillaged bird populations. Status and wealth were the driving factors on all ends- from hunter to milliner to customer.

]]> 2021-09-12 07:07:12 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1733312994 The Tragedy of the Commons in the 21st Century lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1733313575 In this article, the Tragedy of the Commons is put into a modern perspective by using examples from the current Covid-19 pandemic. In essence, the Tragedy of the Commons summarizes how humans, when sharing any resource/asset (in other words, a "common" resource), are going to utilize it in a self-serving manner. Over time, even the most abundant-appearing resources can become exhausted from overuse. Short supply of PPE and patient capacity in hospitals is compared to the example of overgrazing in pastures used in many discussions around the Tragedy of the Commons. As Garrett Hardin explains in his account, "a finite world can support only a finite population...". This summarizes how resources cannot be thought of as perfectly abundant since there will always be limits and restrictions further down the line. In the context of Covid-19, suggestions such as avoiding unnecessary/elective surgeries have been proposed in an effort to make more availability for victims of the epidemic. The tragedy can be seen in some hospitals' management deciding against the limit of these procedures, as the instant benefit of being paid and maintaining the institution's reputation outweighs the long term benefits of freeing space and supplies for many people. This is a prime example of using resources in a self-benefitting manner as described by the Tragedy of the Commons.


Linked source: Marco, Alan P. MD, MMM Anesthesiology, the Tragedy of the Commons, and COVID-19, Anesthesia & Analgesia: July 2020 - Volume 131 - Issue 1 - p 120-123
doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004927
Other references: Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243-1248. Retrieved September 12, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1724745

]]> 2021-09-12 07:08:01 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1733313575 Roosevelt & The Conservation Movement lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1751052391 This was one of the most interesting readings from module 4. It discusses, in detail, how Gifford Pinchot assisted President Theodore Roosevelt in the creation of the conservation movement. In Pinchot's words:
"Launching the Conservation movement was the most significant achievement of the T.R. Administration, as he himself believed. It seems altogether probable that it will also be the achievement for which he will be longest and most gratefully remembered" 
The name itself, "conservation", was born from the already existing forest lands in British India called "conservancies". Pinchot and his associate, Overton Price, were inspired by this word and had it approved by Roosevelt in the creation of this new movement. The main principles of this new idea are discussed as wanting to reduce human- generated waste, and to use resources in a beneficial way to both people and their environment. Pinchot also mentions that resources are to be used for the benefit of the masses rather than to generate profit for a small number of individuals. This is the grounding basis for how America began its conservation journey.
]]> 2021-09-19 01:59:27 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1751052391 "Wild by Law": Leopold & the American Wilderness lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1752487257 In the 1991 film "Wild by Law", we are given an insight into the early beginnings of protective legislation for America's wild lands. Aldo Leopold is at the center of this discussion, as his ideas and philosophies are still prevalent in environmental discussions and policies to this day. Though, he did not always have the conservationist mindset that he is so well remembered for. One of the more striking moments in this film is when Leopold is in the wilderness exploring with his colleagues, and comes across a small group of wolves. At this point in time, it would be considered strange to pass up the opportunity of killing these wolves and so that's what Leopold and his friends did. This logic was part of the thought process that less wolves would mean more dear, a "hunter's paradise" in his words. The greatest pivot in Leopold's thinking came when he realized the error in this logic- that the pervasive killing of wolves does not make moral OR scientific sense, and rather results in the deer overgrazing the land in which they inhabit. This is one of the factors that makes Leopold a key leader during this time, since he not only recognized the error in his thinking but then used it to prompt further questioning into what other environmental practices were being wrongly accepted. ]]> 2021-09-19 23:04:24 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1752487257 Gifford Pinchot & the Forest Service lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1752510937 Gifford Pinchot has a lasting legacy in the domain of environmental practices. He led the American Forestry Services for over a decade, and pioneered the progress we are inspired by today. He had grit and passion for the protection of forests, and would not stand by to witness the lack of leadership and innovation that was present in his time. He lived from 1865 to 1946, and managed to be deemed the "father of American conservation" because of his unwavering concern for the protection of untouched land in the United States. He was not faltered by setbacks, and instead persisted with his goal of increasing the amount of land in America to be left alone from human development and industrial constructions. Today, we can see this legacy as he has a national forest named after him in Lewis county, Washington. ]]> 2021-09-19 23:33:46 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1752510937 Silent Spring: Our Waterways lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1787919716 Rachel Carson has published numerous works on the subject of natural resources and humanity's use of them. In Silent Spring, there is one chapter in particular that focuses on the pollution of our water systems and how it affects every living organism. Chapter 4: Surface Waters and Underground Seas discusses the reported illnesses and stunted growth that can be linked to the pollution in our water. This passage sums up the strange phenomenon:
"Ever since chemists began to manufacture substances that nature never invented, the problems of water purification have become complex and the danger to users of water has increased...It has now reached such proportions that an appalling deluge of chemical pollution is daily poured into the nation’s waterways...these chemicals sometimes defy detection by the methods in ordinary use by purification plants...Often they cannot even be identified. In rivers, a really incredible variety of pollutants combine to produce deposits that the sanitary engineers can only despairingly refer to as ‘gunk’.
This particular passage was striking to me as it gets the message across quite effectively just how deep this issue goes. Starting with the creation of unnatural substances, it describes how we have managed to loop back on ourselves and create chemicals that cannot be separated or even identified by the technology we have created for that purpose.
]]> 2021-10-03 20:38:00 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1787919716 DDT Today lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1788091931 In this October 2020 article published by Heliyon, an open-access scientific journal, the affects of pesticide contaminants in dogs is examined. I found this to be relevant to module 6 since it shows the ongoing relevance of discussions around pesticides and their impact on animal health. ]]> 2021-10-03 23:20:29 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1788091931 Rachel Carson: Political Framework and Liberal Ideologies lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1788099300 In this journal for the Johns Hopkins University Press, author Benjamin Mangrum discusses Rachel Carson's works and how they have influenced the environmental political sphere we have today. In particular, her ability to dissolve the borders that kept the public in the dark as to how corporations/governmental resource practices were affecting their lived and health. The idea of aesthetic appreciation is also a topic that is touched on, and brings us back to the topic of nature's "intrinsic value", when it is appreciated for what it is instead of what it can do. ]]> 2021-10-03 23:28:24 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1788099300 The Endangered Species Act lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1791934257 The Endangered Species Act (ESA) was passed in 1973 following a Washington DC conference on the international trading of wildlife and plant species. One of the focuses of this conference was how trading harms the populations of wild species, which led to the discussion on how to better protect struggling wild populations of wildlife and plants alike. 
The creation of the ESA defined many of the terms we commonly use today, such as "endangered" and "threatened" when referring to the strength of a species' population. Section 3 of the act serves specifically to define these terms and many others that are used throughout the act. In addition, it was the first act of legislation that protected the habitats of such species considered to be endangered. This was a huge step for environmental causes because the government stepped in to prevent further damage to declining populations, even at the risk of losing areas that could be used for their resources. Federal protection is an essential part in the conservation of natural resources (including wildlife), and this act can be considered one of the first steps taken towards this cause.]]> 2021-10-05 05:52:02 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1791934257 The Love Canal lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1791956726 In this brief article by Jordan Kleiman, the impacts of the Love Canal disaster are summarized. When I watched the documentary about this event in module 7, it prompted quite an array of emotions in reaction to it. Though I was shocked at the atrocity of this historical story, a part of me was not surprised. It is deeply saddening that there was such a vast amount of deceit and attempted cover- ups in order to hide the truth of what happened in the Love Canal. Hearing the residents' first hand accounts was the most heart breaking part for me. The death and devastation that the Hooker Chemical Company caused should go down in history books so that this kind of event cannot happen again in the future. One of the most sickening parts of it all is that they sold this land to the Niagara Falls School Board after dumping chemical waste in it for over a decade.]]> 2021-10-05 06:03:26 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1791956726 The History of Earth Day lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1791973564 The year 1970 was at a point in time where no official legislation existed for the protection of our environment. This encouraged Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson to create such a national day of recognition on April 22, 1970. Senator Nelson derived inspiration from the anti-war efforts of the American youth in order to create this day. Stirring up public attention towards the effort of environmental conservation was the main purpose of this day, since there was no government recognition of its importance at the time. In many ways, this effort was a success as the Endangered Species Act was passed within the same year and was followed by other things such as the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act.

]]> 2021-10-05 06:11:59 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1791973564 The Spotted vs. Barred Owl lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1822544778 In this module I learned about the population struggle between the Northern Spotted Owl and the Barred Owl species. I had no prior knowledge of this issue, so it was an interesting yet disheartening thing to learn about. The Spotted owl has already gone through a lot in the past, with loggers lobbying against the protection of their habitats when they were declared an endangered species. Since their protection meant the loss of work for loggers, they came out in full force and even took to killing some of the owls themselves. Though the Barred Owls presented a new threat when they came into the area of already established Spotted Owls. With a larger average population, Barred owls easily out-compete their counterparts for the resources around them, putting even more strain on the already endangered Spotted Owls. The elected method for keeping their protection has been to have controlled killings of the Barred Owls, which seems to be the most effective option there is. Though I do not agree with this practice, I have been hard pressed to come up with a better idea for sustaining the numbers of Spotted Owl populations. ]]> 2021-10-17 21:46:21 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1822544778 Uranium Mining and the Grand Canyon lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1822560453 The battle for protection of natural resources is an ongoing and pervasive one. In the era of Trump in the United States government, we saw a time of increased worry for our land and its rights, as well as those that need this land for their survival. It is a disappointing reality that many people (especially those in power) see more value in economic gain than preserving our Earth as we know it. An example of this can be seen by the officials who have lobbied for the ban of uranium mining near the Grand Canyon to be lifted under Trump's administration. This is despite the environmental dangers that could arise as well as the hardships that uranium mining has already caused the Navajo population in Arizona. ]]> 2021-10-17 22:08:05 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1822560453 Smokey the Bear: From Past to Present lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1822571438 The image above is a 1944 rendering of Smokey the Bear, and this is his first appearance in the Forest Fire Prevention campaign. It was not until the later 1940's that his image was used more often in images on stamps and posters. In the 50's he appeared in radio commercials and eventually shows on television. His increasing popularity led him to become a household name within the decade, which greatly aided the cause for the awareness and prevention of forest fires. There came a change though in the 1990's, where Smokey's slogan changed from preventing "forest fires" to "wildfires". This was a necessary change, as the fires that ravaged many landscapes were not limited to just forests. Areas such as grasslands and prairies were also greatly affected by the occurrence of rapid spreading fires, which the term "wildfires" was more suited to. ]]> 2021-10-17 22:23:50 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1822571438 Jay Norwood "Ding" Darling lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1840067518 Jay Darling began to sign his cartoons with the alias "Ding" by combining the first letter of his last name with the last three letters. This was the name he became so widely known by in the realm of political & satirical cartoons, which have appeared in over 100 published newspapers. In this article, the Ding Darling Society gives an overview of his life and accomplishments as a background of the name of their society. They discuss his impacts in the field of wildlife conservation and contributions to the conservation effort. ]]> 2021-10-25 00:03:19 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1840067518 USGS: Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Units lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1840078548 An interesting point in this module was learning about the USGS cooperative research units. Prior to this I did not know of this organization, but was intrigued to learn more about the advancements in fish & wildlife science graduate education. I believe it is a crucial point that federal employees and researchers are the leads of this program, and would provide the most direct education on conservation efforts. This program could have as much benefit as an internship, since students get to learn from industry professionals in such an interactive environment. ]]> 2021-10-25 00:11:28 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1840078548 National Resources Conservation Service: NRCS lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1840221557 The NRCS works with agricultural producers to engrain sustainability practices into their everyday production. This sector of the US Department of Agriculture is arguably one of the most important, as it implements the ideas that are often discussed with environmentalism and puts them into the real world. ]]> 2021-10-25 01:19:23 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1840221557 Tribal Natural Resource Management lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1857881977 In one of the videos for module 10, Michael Kotutwa Johnson mentions the importance of natural resource students taking courses on American Indian Studies and federal Indian policy. This is an important area for someone going into the field of conservation, in order to improve the communication between federal agencies and Native American tribes. The link attached above discusses the importance of native lands, as well as the uses of tribal lands and their resources. ]]> 2021-11-01 04:50:49 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1857881977 The Sportsman Hunting Ethic lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1857904244 In this module I learned about the ethic adopted by hunters who consider themselves sportsmen, and how this mutual agreement has an effect on wildlife conservation and population control. Imposing bag limits, seasonal restrictions, and "fair chase" principles have helped to keep the number of hunted animals at a healthy level. It also establishes a difference between those who hunt for the sport or to provide from those who are seeking profit from their kills. The Lacy Act of 1900 was passed after much effort from sportsmen to get control of market hunters who would kill vast amounts of wildlife. The act made it illegal to move unlawfully acquired game across state borders, and thus put an end to market hunting. ]]> 2021-11-01 05:04:36 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1857904244 The Audubon Society lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1857919343 The Audubon Society is one of many influential groups in the field of conservation. The link above shows their work pertaining to climate, which includes campaigns on state and national levels as well as scientific research. There are advocates all across the country in location- specific groups that work towards these conservation efforts. ]]> 2021-11-01 05:12:24 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1857919343 The Anthropocene lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1873903956 The use of the term "Anthropocene" to describe a new era in the Earth's timeline has been widely debated for years. In this encyclopedic entry by National Geographic, some different viewpoints are discussed. The sociological versus scientific views are the main source here, as well as geographic information.


National Geographic Society. (2019, June 5). Anthropocene. National Geographic Society. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/anthropocene/. ]]> 2021-11-08 03:00:02 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1873903956 Kyoto Protocol lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1873927597 The Kyoto protocol addresses the limitations that are imposed on countries so that they work to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases produced. Countries involved are all industrialized, and thus need these limitations imposed on them. Figures are agreed upon and are set up as goals in certain percentages to reduce their emissions by. Many amendments have been made since this protocol was enacted in 1997, and they all serve to reduce the environmental damages that happen on the scale of entire countries.

What is the Kyoto Protocol? Unfccc.int. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol. ]]> 2021-11-08 03:10:53 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1873927597 Persuasion in Environmental Advertising lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1873969363 In this module, we examined two videos from different viewpoints on the Keystone XL pipeline development. In order to assess the credibility of these videos I paid attention to how the information was being presented. The video in favor of the pipeline had much more persuasion tactics than the one against it. This is because they used a combination of imagery and sound to get this effect across, as well as antagonizing language towards the opposition. Dramatic music switches were used when talking about the pipeline versus those who are opposing to the pipeline's construction, for the purpose of the viewers agreeing with what is being said. From this activity I have learned to be more aware of these tactics that are employed in media releases. ]]> 2021-11-08 03:27:44 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1873969363 Desertification & Social Consequences lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1889602978 In this 2021 journal on Land Use Policy, the social effects of desertification and its restoration efforts are examined using official project documents. The authors' main point in this journal is to see the correlations between improving desolate lands and how that lessens the vulnerability of those living in that area. In the process of this restoration, the authors stress how important it is to keep the wellbeing of the local populations at the forefront of the project. Afforestation, reforestation, and revegetation (ARR) efforts' main purpose is to not only re-integrate a healthy natural environment but also improve the living conditions of those who live there.

Citation: Turner, M. D., Carney, T., Lawler, L., Reynolds, J., Kelley, L., Teague, M. S., & Brottem, L. (n.d.). Environmental rehabilitation and the vulnerability of the poor: The case of the Great Green Wall. ScienceDirect. Retrieved November 14, 2021, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105750. ]]> 2021-11-14 20:01:47 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1889602978 Predicting Deforestation lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1889612516 This open access letter in volume 16 of the Environmental Research Letters was published in July of 2021, and looks at the ways in which deforestation can be predicted as a means of having more efficient conservation practices. In this module we discussed the benefits of using technology such as satellite imagery to assess the ways that conservation efforts can be improved. I found that this letter relates strongly to what we have learned in module 12.

Citation: Jaffé6, R., Nunes1, S., Santos1, J. F. D., Gastauer1, M., Giannini1, T. C., Jr1, W. N., Sales3, M., Jr3, C. M. S., Souza-Filho1, P. W., Jr5, R. J. F., https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2101-5282, R. J., & https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-6134, C. M. S. J. (2021, July 29). IOPscience. Environmental Research Letters. Retrieved November 14, 2021, from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac146a/meta. ]]> 2021-11-14 20:14:41 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1889612516 Urbanization lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1889639776 I found this recent journal to be a quite interesting expansion on the topic of urbanization that was discussed throughout module 12. The authors have looked in depth at correlations between urbanization, per capita carbon emissions, and other life factors- such as unemployment, population density, and per capita GDP. Though the main focus of this study was to examine the human effects on CO2 levels, I found the topic to be pertinent to what we have been learning in this class. 154 countries were examined in this study, and the strongest correlation was found to be between unemployment rate and urbanization on the levels of CO2 emitted per country.

Citation: Wang, Q., & Li, L. (2021, October). The effects of population aging, life expectancy, unemployment rate, population density, per capita GDP, urbanization on per capita carbon emissions. ScienceDirect. Retrieved November 14, 2021, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.06.029. ]]> 2021-11-14 20:48:07 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1889639776 Citizen Science: Participation in Agricultural Research lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1898120356 Citizen Science plays a pivotal role in the scope and efficiency of research, particularly in a field like agriculture where impacts span across many social groups. There are many positive effects that come from the inclusion of Citizen Science within professional research, one of which is increased sustainability. By using input and accounts from those who are directly affected by environmental policy, a deeper sense of understanding is developed of the impacts these policies will have. A better comprehension of issues is given to researchers when they collaborate with participants that are directly related to their decisions. The sustainability and effectiveness of imploring Citizen Science was not something I had considered prior to reading this journal, and it goes further to prove the importance of this element within conservation research.

Citation: van de Gevel, J., van Etten, J., & Deterding, S. (2020, September 15). Citizen science breathes new life into participatory agricultural research. A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-020-00636-1#Sec5. ]]> 2021-11-17 22:57:47 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1898120356 30/30 & Half Earth lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1898139365 In this Indigenous policy journal, Howie Wolke discusses his proposed 30 by 30 theory for the Earth in comparison to E.O. Wilson's Half Earth Project. The 30/30 proposal suggests the designation of 30% of U.S. land to wilderness as a short term goal. When both of these ideas were first shared with the public, they were met with the same response of people deeming them "unrealistic" and "unattainable". Though Wolke mentions how the 30/30 proposal has been met with more acceptance as time progressed since its introduction, which may be partially due to its more realistic nature compared to E.O. Wilson's 50% plan. The overall opinion has turned to consider 30/30 the minimum amount of land that should be left alone. I learned in this journal that President Joe Biden as well as California governor Gavin Newsom have endorsed 30/30, which offers some hope for the creation of designated wild areas in the future. In addition, the Center for American Progress created a poll that shows support from 86% of Americans for 30/30. It will be interesting to see if this plan comes up in the news in the near future!

Citation: Wolke, H. (2021). Thirty by thirty and half earth: Promises and pitfalls. Indigenous Policy Journal. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from http://blog.indigenouspolicy.org/index.php/ipj/article/view/749/709. ]]> 2021-11-17 23:17:15 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1898139365 Biodiversity: Importance in Life Science Education lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1898157399 I found this article to be an intriguing extension of Module 13's discussion on biodiversity. It takes into consideration the opinions and works of naturalists throughout history, from Charles Darwin to E.O. Wilson. By tying in some quotes from these important figures, Cohen makes a case for the importance of biodiversity as a centerpiece for education in the life sciences. Emphasis is placed on the rapidly declining species of flora and fauna, as well as biology's ability to captivate the interest of students in the field. In the words of E.O. Wilson:
"We need more courses about different types of organisms — courses in ornithology or invertebrate zoology, or entomology. That’s the way to get students hooked...” (Tyson 2019)
Since biodiversity is a relatively new concept being taught in conservation curriculum, imploring inspiration from figures like Wilson will go great lengths to improve the quality of education provided on the topic.
 
Citation: Cohen, J. I. (2021, August 23). The pursuit of meaning: Placing biodiversity and biography at the center of biology - joel I. cohen, 2021. SAGE Journals. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00220574211026890?casa_token=Uhs-rj5wTaIAAAAA%3AOuhSBawsIC4Mtoh9lBhMPNmRw8eyEZqWMIkFJ65AG-FC2IA3FMwDqTV_OaZmr-ppI9DiAMXJwzKG_Q. 
]]> 2021-11-17 23:35:19 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1898157399 Art in the Dust Bowl Era lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1924282009 In this final module, I was reminded of the art produced from environmental tragedies such as The Dust Bowl. When initially learning about this facet of art history, I was intrigued and inspired to learn more about the works produced in these hard times. The creativity that shines through in these works amazes me, now that I know the horrific nature of living in The Dust Bowl. It makes me wonder if art would have become an escape for some people, to briefly forget about the situation they're in. I enjoyed this article because it talks about some of the artistic details of The Dust Bowl, such as photographers being conscripted to document the landscapes. Though the event can be viewed as a result of selfish actions, the art focuses on the aftermath felt by everyone which allows viewers to step into what it was like back then for a brief moment.


Citation: October 30, 2012 · by russelltetherfineart · in U. · 5 C., & Tags: american history, art. (2012, December 19). Art from the Dust Bowl. Russell Tether Fine Arts Associates, LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2021, from https://russelltetherfineart.wordpress.com/2012/10/30/art-from-the-dust-bowl/. ]]> 2021-12-02 03:30:15 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1924282009 Our Pale Blue Dot lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1924481327 I chose to include this journal in my timeline because it goes into some of the thoughts I had after watching Carl Sagan's video about "The Pale Blue Dot". His video had me thinking about how small we are as a planet compared to the rest of the universe. It made me wonder about the chance of there being life on other planets, since space is far too vast for us to be the only sentient beings out there. I like that this journal takes a realistic look at this, since it can feel a bit ridiculous to ponder life on other planets at times. The journal discusses how color signatures can correspond to different water and vegetative characteristics on a planet that indicate the ability to sustain life.

Citation: Suto, Y. (n.d.). How to search for possible bio-signatures on ... - springer. SpringerLink. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-981-13-3639-3_29. ]]> 2021-12-02 06:30:02 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1924481327 Students in Conservation Development lauram73 https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1924543924 I found this article to be a good ending point to this Padlet project. It discusses the effect of intentional conservation education in middle school students, and how it plays out when they get to undergraduate age. The purpose of this study was to see the implications this education had on the students' understanding of environmental conservation, as well as how that plays out in their higher education. Reading this made me start to think about the lack of conservation education in the younger grade levels, and how beneficial it could be to introduce some of these topics in their science education. Having exposure to these topics at an early age could also potentially impact the amount of students interested in a career in the conservation field. There are many positive knock on effects that I see from this curriculum, from career interest to general care about the state of the environment.

Citation: Angelini, R., Ferreira, J. S., do Carmo Araújo, C. S., & Carvalho, A. R. (2011, July). Effect of outdoor and laboratorial environment science ... Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Juliana-Simiao-Ferreira/publication/274413526_Effect_of_Outdoor_and_Laboratorial_Environment_Science_Activities_on_Middle_School_Students_Understanding_on_Conservation/links/578cc35208ae7a588ef3cb42/Effect-of-Outdoor-and-Laboratorial-Environment-Science-Activities-on-Middle-School-Students-Understanding-on-Conservation.pdf. ]]> 2021-12-02 07:24:18 UTC https://padlet.com/lauram73/36wr8p2re6h60bvt/wish/1924543924