"New research by child trafficking NGO Ecpat UK and the charity Missing People has found that 167 of the 590 children suspected or identified as child trafficking victims in the year from September 2014 to 2015 vanished from foster and care homes across the country.

An additional 593 of the 4,744 unaccompanied children placed under the protection of local authorities also went missing at least once in the same time period. Of the 760 trafficked or unaccompanied children who disappeared from care, 207 have never been found." (The Guardian, 2016).

“Child victims of trafficking are some of the most vulnerable children in the country. Most of the trafficked children we’ve supported were sexually abused, used as slaves in nail bars, or forced to commit crimes.

“They need specialist foster parents who have the skills and knowledge to help them overcome their trauma and keep them safe from traffickers. It’s also vital that professionals working with children can spot the signs of trafficking to prevent children being subjected to this horrible crime.” (Independent, 2017).

Some short term effects may consist of very poor hygiene. Children who are being neglected may appear to have poor hygiene skills. Some examples may include not knowing how to wash their hands properly , or developing an OCD issue with washing hands. This can be seen as a long term effect also. Another short term effect may be  unwashed clothing and or hair. Sometimes children's clothes may appear to be very dirty , and their hair may be unwashed or smelly. Often , neglected children will be hungry all the time or consume a limited amount of food. This can be seen as both short term and long term , as sometimes children or young people can develop eating disorders , based around their habits or past habits of eating. Infants may sometimes have a bad case of nappy rash often , and this can be seen as neglect. A child may have recurring infections or illnesses that have not been sorted out. Often , those who are being neglected , will not attend doctor’s appointments so that doctors are able to prescribe the child medication for illness. Neglected children may miss GP or Hospital appointments often due to lack of parental guidance or encouragement. Some examples of this may include missing jab or injection appointments or follow up appointments. Poor growth or poor weight may be a possible short term issue based on neglect also , as well as frequent tiredness and lack of social or speaking skills. Being left alone for a long time or looking after younger siblings may also be a short term issue. 

 

Along with short term issues , it is also important to assess long term issues also. Sometimes , Children or young people may have vivid memories of their neglect when they were younger , and it may affect them mentally. Some people will develop mental disorders such as OCD and Anxiety. OCD and Anxiety are among some of the most popular mental disorders to arise from cases of neglect , as some people may find it difficult thinking about their past. OCD may include severe phobia of germs or dirt , or in extreme cases , anxiety or OCD towards people or social skills or situations. Most will develop low self esteem issues and this may affect them mentally for a long time , in which therapy may be needed to help the individual overcome their issue.  Some may carry out forms of Abuse themselves due to their past history of being neglected , and it may lead to thoughts of thinking Abuse is okay. Some will suffer with long term illnesses such as Anaemia , eating habits and issues or possibly digestive or IBS issues caused by stress. Substance Abuse may also become a big issue as individuals may turn to this as a sense of doubt or denial. Those who have been Neglected in the past may see neglect as a routine. Crime may become a big issue also , possibly for a ‘way out’ , or for an escape from their past. Self esteem issues is likely to occur , along with lack of social skills as mentioned above. Those who have been neglected may become withdrawn from society or their friends and family , and they may become isolated. Illnesses may occur from missed jab or infection appointments , such as Cervical Cancer or MMR. Sometimes , people may have issues due to sightings or witnessing neglect. People may seem withdrawn from others or be very wary of themselves and their hygiene. Babies or newborns who have suffered neglect may become impaired from not having touch with their parent. 

 Over nine in ten 8-11 year olds and also 12-15 year olds who are actively online say that they would report something that was disturbing or wrong if they saw it online, most likely to a family member or someone that they trust like a teacher or someone else who has authority in their view. despite a lot of children being taught about staying safe online and what they should do if they feel as though something isn't right while they are online, a small amount of 12-15 year old are interacting in risky and potentially dangerous online activities.
 

There are a lot of online predators who look online for vulnerable children who they can take advantage of. Also around one in ten online 8-11 year olds (10%) and one of five 12-15 year olds (19%) say that they've seen something online within the past year that seemed worrying to them. And around (8%) of all of these 12-15 year olds admit that they've been contacted by someone who they dont know online. (childrens 2015 report ). There are a lot of different effects on a child who has been abused online. they could have been bullied or they could've been a victim of an online predator. The NSPCC digital day research found that social media accounts for a fifth of all media and communications time for 11-15s. Our media literacy tracker shows that for many social media is a regular activity, with a sizeable minority of both 8-11s (11%) and 12-15s (28%) saying they access their main social media account more than ten times a day. This takes place throughout the day, and by 9pm 15% of 11-15s are still communicating via social media, and 2% are still messaging at midnight. (NSPCC)

Both 8-11s (43%) and 12-15s (52%) are most likely to consider Facebook their main social media profile. This is unchanged since 2015 but has fallen considerably since 2013, when 87% of 12-15s considered Facebook their main site. The numbers of 12-15s using SnapChat have continued to grow (51%, up from 43% in 2015), while fewer say they use Twitter (20%, down from 27%). The children in the qualitative research were more likely than in 2015 to be using group chat services to chat with both family and friends, including SnapChat, WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and Instagram. (NSPCC)

https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0034/93976/Children-Parents-Media-Use-Attitudes-Report-2016.pdf

Long term effects- if a person is being abused online it can cause them to become very depressed and feel as though they’re unable to get away from the abuse.For bully victims, being targeted can result in increased suicide risk, depression, poor school performance and low self-esteem. But most studies on the effects of bullying focus on the childhood period.

Short term effects- they could drop out of their school because the online abuse may have been shown to other people like her peris which could the  leas to another form of bullying. This would only be a short time effect because they could always join another school. 

Just under 400,000 children receive some sort of child support from child services.

Over 50,000 needed protection from a form of abuse

Moreso sexual abuse has increased over the years than any other type of abuse

Over 70,000 children are in care

More than half are taken in because of abuse and neglect and that 46% of children suffer ongoing neglect.

Northern Ireland have over 430,000 children.

40,000 receive some sort of child support from child services.

Almost 21,000 need protection from those abusing them

Just under 30,000 are in care.

Wales have over 62,000 children 

Over 19,000 receive child support from child services

3,000 need protection from abuse

5,600 children in car

50% increase in sexual abuse since 2014/15 

A substantial minority of children experience severe maltreatment and abuse at home, in school, in the community, from adults and from peers.

Strong associations were found between maltreatment, sexual abuse, physical violence, and poorer emotional wellbeing, including self-harm and suicidal thoughts.

This report findings from Net children go mobile regarding children's online access

In 2010, 16% of children reported being bullied face to face,the rates are changed, but it has transferred from face to face to online via mobile devices. In 2010,the incident of bullying overall was also 21% ,but there is a marked change for 13-14 years old girls who experiences more bullying in 2013. 

physical abuse was defined children and young people  are hurtful by meeting someone on the internet. 

From the short term physical abuse the incidents of bullying is higher among girls ,the most children who report such incidents found upsetting.From the long term effects of physical abuse in the past 12 months, these finding shows us the most common way of being cyberbullied was on SNS. 

Child has received sexual messages online in the past 12 months. Sexting was defined in terms of sexual message or images, children and young people use internet talk about having sex or image of people naked or having sex. 

UK children report receiving fewer sexual messages than the European average 11% 

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/female-genital-mutilation-fgm/ 

Haemorrhage -  Haemorrhage is one of the most common complications of FGM, as excision of the clitoris involves cutting across the high pressure clitoral artery and attempts to stop bleeding may not be effective. 

Pain - The majority of mutilation procedures are performed without anaesthetics and cause the girl severe pain. Even if a local anaesthetic is used, multiple insertions of the needle are often required.

Infection - Infection commonly occurs for a number of reasons; unhygienic conditions, the use of unsterilized instruments, applications of traditional herbs or ashes to the wound, contamination of the wound with urine and/or faeces. 

Fractures - Fracture of the clavicle, femur, humerus or hip joint can occur if heavy pressure is applied to a struggling girl during the procedure - as often occurs when several adults holding her down. (http://fgm.co.nz/complications-of-fgm/) 

Young girls who have experienced FGM may endure  long term effects such as problems with pregnancy ,vaginal infection, problem with their period , sexual dysfunction, cysts and anaemia, urinary tract infections, infertility, and an increased risk of HIV transmission. (http://fgm.co.nz/complications-of-fgm/) 

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-sexual-exploitation/child-sexual-exploitation-facts-and-statistics/ 

Short term effects

Avoiding or staying away from certain people - they can become frighten of a person or avoid being alone when being around or near the person they are afraid of.

Showing sexual behaviour inappropriate for their age - become sexually active at a young age, become promiscuous, start using sexual language such as children talking about their private part, knowing how to kiss and hugging, and mostly touching, rubbing, and showing of their genital and even masturbating as a comforting habit. 

They may even have physical signs such as vagoinal soreness, unsual discharge, having an STI (sexual transmitted infection), becoming pregnant. 

Grooming - having new things such as luxury items or new pairs of clothing, jewellery, phone etc… access to drugs and alcohol, becoming secreting on what they get up to when going out and being on their phone or computer, or even start having a boyfriend/girlfriend way older beyond their age. 

Long term effects 

The long term effects usually has an impact on their life chances such as:

Isolation from friends and family not wanting to be in contact or being around them where they may start avoiding them.

Teenage parenthood where they have to bring up a child where their child will have no father therefore they will have difficulty in trying to support themselves and their child - this links with dropping out of school at an early age as well as failing exams due to their situation. 

Criminal activity if they feel they have no choice and this can be stealing in order to feed themselves and their child and this is linked to unemployments as they have no choice but to resort in involving in criminal activity. If they already have a criminal record they may even be unable to get a job in the first place a reason for their unemployment so they are left with what they know which is getting what they can through the illegal way. 

Mental health problems is another factor as they could have developed from the drugs they have taken and the other types of abuse taken when being sexually exploited which makes it difficult to come out of the trauma being unable to proceed in life to live a normal life. 

Suicide attempts is another factor as they may feel that there is no reason to move on as feel that they cannot get help or there is no help available feeling hopeless so they resort to suicide to solve their problems. 

Alcohol and drug addiction as this can cause them to have aggressive behaviour as another reason of long term effect as they feel that it is the only thing they know and what they are used to it where it has a psychological impact on their behaviour as they bottle up the abuse they have been through and do not know how to cope with the issues so they turn to having these types of addiction or even behave aggressive as they are used to being shown aggression by their abusers which they may find the only way of handling different kinds of situations. 

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-sexual-exploitation/signs-symptoms-and-effects/ 

Comparison

Wales - 

2005 Barnardo’s cymro undertook a study and found that 184 cases of children being sexually exploited or there were concerns where children could be but found that even so, 1894 of the cases is an under estimation of the actual prevalence rate. 

They found that 16,500 children were at risk of sexual exploitation and that 9% of children in wales are at risk of CSE 

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