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      <title>Free Trade by Daniel L</title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm</link>
      <description>Ms. Nation&#39;s second period - Anish Kottu, Christine Woodard, Erin Kaukereit,  Ryan Gorman, Daniel Lieberman
</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2015-12-07 14:40:22 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2026-03-12 19:18:45 UTC</lastBuildDate>
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         <title>New Deal -- Unemployment Rates by Race</title>
         <author>akottu</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/85234694</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>The New Deal was created for the primary purpose of revitalizing the economy.  It was technically successful in doing so, because the USA's GDP increased as a result of these programs.  However, many people forget that the other essential purpose of the New Deal was to provide jobs.  The below chart demonstrates how unemployment rose in the 1930s despite the implementation of the New Deal.  The programs the New Deal consisted of were supposed to make more jobs available to Americans, thereby decreasing the unemployment rate that was so high at the time.  However, as seen by this graph, the unemployment rate continued to increase throughout the New Deal's implementation, only decreasing at the inception of World War II.</p><p>The chart is included as it supports the argument in favor of free trade, because the government tightened its grasp on the American economy during this time by imposing very high tariffs to protect the American economy and actively creating jobs for the citizens; yet despite its many efforts, the US government was unable to decrease the unemployment rate.  The best way to improve the economic conditions of individuals in society could very well be by allowing free trade to naturally create jobs for people through an enlarged market, more demand, and increased trading.</p><p>(Fairlie)</p>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2015-12-07 15:07:47 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Senegal Case Study</title>
         <author>cawoodard</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/85234764</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>When Senegal gained its independence from France in 1960, the groundnut had already been established as Senegal's major cash crop and was seen as vital to the new economy. Colonization had left Senegal economically vulnerable, so in an effort to jumpstart the economy, Senegal decided to invest in its groundnut industry. Senegal took out a loan from the World Bank with high hopes of becoming the best, most efficient producer of the groundnut and eventually bring lots of revenue to the country. Unfortunately, competition from foreign countries made it hard for Senegal to keep its head above water. Supply increased globally but with no increased demand, the price of the groundnut fell. The economy suffered as farmers were profiting less and less for their efforts. <span style="font-size: 13px;">To revitalize the economy,&nbsp;the Senegalese government</span> partially privatized the industry and liberalized trade, that is to say trade became more free from a removal of restrictions.&nbsp;Alas, this action largely backfired as many farmers could not compete with cheaper, foreign nuts that usually benefitted from countries that could afford to subsidize its farmers (subsidized farmers can afford to sell their nuts for less). With less income, more and more farmers found themselves unable to afford operating costs and their debts continued to endlessly rise.</p><p>In this instance, liberalized trade seems to have been detrimental to the economy as foreign nuts were able to flood the market at cheaper costs which made it most difficult for Senegalese farmers to stay competitive. Competition can make it hard for a developing industry to grow.</p><p><span style="font-size: 13px;">The text carries an abundance of enumeratios and appositives, for example: "In addition to its vital economic role, groundnuts are also an integral part of the Senegalese culture and ways of life, whether in terms of labor specialization, migratory cycles and culinary tastes. Mafe, a peanut butter stew, served on white rice, is among the most prized culinary delicacy of the Senegalese cuisine, among other groundnut dishes." These elements serve to increase the reader's knowledge of the country. With heightened awareness, the reader becomes slightly more likely to sympathize and concern themselves with the welfare of the people of the disadvantaged nation and to realize potential harming effects of free trade.</span></p><p>This text deserves to be included in this Padlet because it shows the perspective of a third-world country which could be harmed by the implementation of tree trade.</p><p>For your viewing pleasure:</p><p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtlYyuJjACw">www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtlYyuJjACw</a></p><p>(Badiane)</p><p>(Mediathatmatters)</p><p>("Senegal Map")</p>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2015-12-07 15:07:58 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Free Trades Affects on the Environment </title>
         <author>daniellieb01</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/85235013</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>Almost every country throughout the world will benefit from free trade in one way or another. The country of Costa Rica would have benefited from CAFTA, Central American Free Trade Agreement, because it would have access to free trade with America and the rest of Central America had it been ratified. However, at the same time, such an agreement would have given American oil companies the right to drill for oil off the coast of Costa Rica which would be detrimental to Costa Rica's pristine environment.&nbsp;Also, "CAFTA does not require its members to adopt internationally recognized standards for environmental protection." Because countries that would have been members of  CAFTA would not be required to follow international environmental standards, companies would be able to exploit this for their personal gain even if it negatively impacts the environment. The American energy company, Harken Energy, wanted to drill for the oil off the shores of Costa Rica but the Costa Rican government stopped them from doing so. Harken Energy then "attempted to sue Costa Rica for $57 billion" which is more than the total GDP of the country. If Harken Energy was able to drill for the oil it wants then the environment would have been significantly damaged.</p><p>This text uses real world examples as well as logically states all of the environmental impacts that free trade in the Americas will have. The real world examples connect what the author is saying to the real world so that the reader can understand the connection. </p><p>This text was included in this Padlet because it shows the negative, less obvious impacts that free trade will have on the countries that utilize it. </p><p>(James)</p>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://www.globalexchange.org/resources/wto/environment" />
         <pubDate>2015-12-07 15:08:31 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/85235013</guid>
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         <title>Michigan Asparagus Growers Case Study</title>
         <author>cawoodard</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/85818897</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>In a declared effort to combat drugs, trade was greatly liberalized between the US and Peru. The action proved to be very problematic for many American asparagus growers. As Peru has thousands of workers who are willing to work very cheaply, many Peruvian operations can pay the workers little wage and in turn, they have been able charge little for their products, thereby attracting more consumers. In order to stay competitive, American farmers had to then likewise reduce their prices with the ramification of reduced profits. With a lowered income, it has become difficult for many farmers to sustain their operations and many have had to downsize.</p><p>With no limits or tariffs, free trade enabled Peruvian asparagus to permeate the market at low prices. To their dismay, American farmers lost control of market prices and had to yield to reduced incomes. Many farmers were displaced from growing Peruvian industries. In these regards, free trade has negatively impacted workers of a developed nation.</p><p>The text is notable for its usage of expert testimonies of Jim Middleton, chairman of the Washington Asparagus Commission and John Bakker of the National Asparagus Council. These accounts from respectable people bolster the idea that free trade can be harmful and raise the importance of the matter.</p><p>The text belongs in this Padlet because it shows the perspective of how members of a fully-industrialized country, seemingly on top of the world, can suffer at the hand of free trade.<br></p><p>(Boomgaard)</p>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2015-12-10 02:27:45 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Social Impacts of Trade Liberalisation</title>
         <author>emkaukereit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/85917673</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>Does free trade effect childhood poverty? Through debates regarding free trade, issues such as childhood poverty have been ignored. Research has proven that trade does positively effect circumstances tied to the long term effect of welfare and poverty. Free trade changes the impact on domestic prices, makes an overall effect on wages and employment opportunities,and reduces the percentage of tariffs and export taxes. To increase understanding of effects from trade on poor developing countries, sector case studies were displayed on Ethiopian countries. This study had positive results such as higher prices in goods increasing overall wages and also households being able to supply themselves with their needs independently because of employment opportunities.</p><p>"Developing country governments must pay attention to these differential impacts in order to mitigate the inequities that trade liberalisation is likely to exacerbate in developing countries. Policy impacts on children need to be traced from the changes they generate on macroeconomic vari-ables (from consumer prices to individual household livelihoods) and the complexity of differential intra-house-hold effects... <span style="font-size: 13px;">Additionally, there are likely to be important differences in the impact of trade liberalisation between developing</span><span style="font-size: 13px;">countries, according to their level of market integration, relative terms of trade, bargaining power in the world </span><span style="font-size: 13px;">economy, the composition of their economies and the degree of comparative advantage in different sectors." (Jones.)</span></p><p>This text uses specific examples from past studies to show the impact that free trade has the ability to make. This real world examples give proof to the authors position on the argument. The real world examples also provide a more logical position and better understanding of the benefits towards free trade.</p><p>This text was included in the Padlet because it shows the postive side to free trade and the opportunities that it provides socially. It also gives this debate a different perspective because it considers the long term effects rather than just the immediate solutions.</p><p>(Jones)</p>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://www.younglives.org.uk/publications/PP/social-impacts-trade-liberalisation/the-social-impacts-of-trade-liberalisation-how-can-childhood-poverty-be-reduced" />
         <pubDate>2015-12-10 15:20:25 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Works Cited</title>
         <author>cawoodard</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/85976240</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2015-12-10 18:13:26 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>NAFTA&#39;s Economic Impact</title>
         <author>cawoodard</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/85977844</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the countries of Canada, the US, and Mexico came into effect at the dawn of 1994. While the US and Canada already had few tariffs from the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement, the implementation of NAFTA immediately eliminated more than half of tariffs regarding Mexico's exports to US, with intentions to eliminate more and more tariffs, virtually all, over 15 years.</p><p>2014 marked the 20th anniversary for the implementation of NAFTA, while trade between the countries have increased, the job-creation and economic cooperation that supporters had hoped NAFTA would foster has been less than desired. The text notes that NAFTA seems to have significantly increased intraregional trade, especially between the US and Mexico. In regards to the US labor market, there exists quite some disagreement. A positive effect can been viewed from the prospective that new export-related jobs in the United States pay, on average, 15-20% more than domestic production jobs. On the other hand, it is evident that income inequality in the US has risen and by 2004, NAFTA has resulted in the loss of one million US jobs, although whether or not NAFTA is the cause of these changes remains largely up to debate. In Mexico, there again seems to be mixed reviews of NAFTA. Mexican income has increased at a slower pace when compared to other Latin American countries. Despite increased competition from subsidized American farmers, with reduced tariffs, farm exports to the US has tripled since the advent of NAFTA and the Mexican economy has become more stable. Canada seems to have fared the best since the advent of NAFTA with the creation of 4.7 million new jobs and greatly increased agicultural trade; Canada has become the US's main importer of agricultural products.</p><p>The text frequently uses references from experts such as "Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott, experts at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and the authors of <i>NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges</i>." Quoting from experts increases the text's credibility as experts tend to be highly knowledgeable about their field after devoting hours of study to the subject. Quotes from pundits also serve to make the text more interesting, quotes are more personal than facts and statistics and emphasize key points of the text.</p><p>This text deserves to be in this Padlet because it demonstrates some economic successes that have followed NAFTA, but takes a balanced stance, on that is sensitive to interests of all countries involved in the agreement, and is receptive to the notion that there is some uncertainty on whether NAFTA was the driving force behind these changes.</p><p>(Sergie)</p>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://www.cfr.org/trade/naftas-economic-impact/p15790" />
         <pubDate>2015-12-10 18:18:25 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Free Trade and Its Political Effects</title>
         <author>mjrgmm</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/86025286</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>In a proposed deal between the US and the European Union,  tariffs would be lowered from 3-5% to 0. This in itself does not sound like a very big deal, as it would only add a projected .99 to 1.33% to the US GDP, and some economists doubt it would do even that. However, the political impact would be huge.  Countries such as the U.K, who have been considering leaving the EU would be encouraged to recommit themselves as this deal would significantly strengthen ties between the US and the EU.</p><p>Another deal that is being worked on is the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a deal that would allow free trade between the United States and Eastern Asia. However, this deal is not only about lowering tariffs, as lots of behind the border measures shall be dealt with as well, whether it be fuel efficiency standards or safety requirements.</p><p>For nations like America, these agreements are increasingly becoming a tool for geostrategic planning. As the US reaches the apex of its political power on the world stage, agreements such as these help America to solidify global standards while they are still a world power. In other words, these deals are a way for the US to shape the global trading landscape for the 21st century.</p><p>This text is notable for its use of expert testimony, including statements from people such as Professor Lawrence Summers, a former secretary of the Treasury and director of the White House National Economic Council, Edoardo Campanella, a former economist at the World Trade Organization, and Robert Lawrence, a professor of International trade and Investment at the Kennedy School. Including testimony from these people greatly increase the pathos of the piece, as the subjects are highly qualified to provide expert information on this subject.</p><p>The text belongs in the Padlet because it provides a comprehensive look at the political advantages and disadvantages of making free trade deals, and does so from a number of different perspectives, such as that of the EU and that of America.</p><p>(Kapur)</p>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://www.iop.harvard.edu/free-trade-its-finest" />
         <pubDate>2015-12-10 21:30:39 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>The New Deal&#39;s Environmental Impact</title>
         <author>akottu</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/86036689</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>The New Deal did more than hand out jobs to Americans.  These jobs were part of programs that helped the nation as a whole.  One major area the New Deal improved was the environment.  Two of the most influential programs of the New Deal were the TVA and CCC.  The TVA created dams for Tennessee, and the CCC "employed more than 2.5 million youths working in some 1,500 CCC camps in rural areas, planting trees, constructing roads, and improving recreational facilities."</p><p>The New Deal was very influential in helping the environment out. &nbsp;It was criticized for being too invloved in the ideal approach and ideal solution to the problem, but the New Deal was very good at the time, and we only now look at the New Deal with contempt because we see what it affected and what it did more fully. &nbsp;The New Deal planned for the future.</p><p>This text is included in the Padlet because it provides an compelling argument of how the government-controled system of intervening in the economy, employing a large workforce and keeping high tariffs, the New Deal, positively impacted the environment.</p><p>&nbsp;("The New Deal and the Environment")</p>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2015-12-10 23:39:36 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Increased Trade and Increased Green House Gas Emissions Case Study</title>
         <author>daniellieb01</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/daniellieb01/35fnclzc97bm/wish/86052997</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<p>As more free trade is created around the world,  larger quantities of cargo are moved around the world. Goods are required to be transported from the country of production to the country of consumption. The farther away the country of production and the country of consumption are the more green house gases are released into the atmosphere by trucks and ships. Agreements such as NAFTA increased shipping from Mexico, America, and Canada by truck and agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, or TTP, increase more shipping across the Pacific Ocean by Cargo Ship. </p><p>This text is all about the ways that opened trade and free trade increase green house gas production throughout the world. This text also talks about a formulaic way that green house gases are produced by increased trade. The text also comes from the World Trade Organization itself so it comes from a reliable source. </p><p>This text had been added to this Padlet because it connects green house gas production increase, which is normally not associated with free trade, into light. The text talks about how good it is that free trade is increasing globally however in doing so green house gas production also increases globally. </p><p>("The Impact of Trade Opening on Climate Change.")</p>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/climate_impact_e.htm" />
         <pubDate>2015-12-11 03:28:27 UTC</pubDate>
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