My name is Olivia Pradipta, and you can call me Livi. 🌼 Do you know? My name meaning is a person full of peace and shines, and i hope it comes true. 🤓 Now, I am 15 years old. I was born on 03 Desember 2009. In my free time, I enjoy reading, drawing, writing, and dancing. 😼😼 Thankyouu~

A folklore story is a traditional folktale from a culture that contains moral value and lessons.

b. Social function

The social function of folklore is to preserve cultural heritage, entertain people, and teach moral values to the community.

c. Example

Bawang merah dan bawang putih

Once upon a time in a small village, there lived a widow and her two daughters. One of them was her own child named Bawang Merah, while the other was her stepdaughter named Bawang Putih. Bawang Putih was kind, humble, and hardworking. Every day she helped with housework, fetched water, and washed clothes in the river. On the other hand, Bawang Merah was lazy, arrogant, and often ordered Bawang Putih to do everything.

The widow loved Bawang Merah more than Bawang Putih. Whenever Bawang Putih made mistakes, she would scold her harshly. Still, Bawang Putih never complained and always remained patient.

One day, while washing clothes in the river, Bawang Putih accidentally lost one of her stepmother’s favorite scarves. Afraid of being scolded, she followed the river stream to find it. Along the way, she met an old woman who asked for her help. Out of kindness, Bawang Putih helped her. As a reward, the old woman gave her a pumpkin. When Bawang Putih returned home and opened it, she was surprised to find sparkling jewels inside the pumpkin.

Seeing this, Bawang Merah and her mother became jealous. They wanted to get the same reward. They deliberately dropped a scarf into the river and pretended to search for it. They also met the old woman, but unlike Bawang Putih, they treated her rudely and only wanted the gift. The old woman still gave them a pumpkin, but when they opened it at home, poisonous snakes and thorns came out, attacking them.

Since then, the widow and Bawang Merah regretted their arrogance and cruelty. Meanwhile, Bawang Putih lived happily, always remembered for her kindness and patience.

d. Characters + Personality

•Bawang Putih → kind, humble, patient, diligent

•Bawang Merah → lazy, arrogant, rude, jealous

•Stepmother → unfair, cruel, loves her own daughter more

•Old Woman → wise, generous, fair in giving reward and punishment

e. Setting (Time and Place)

•Time: Once upon a time

•Place: A small village, a house near the river, the forest, and the riverbank

f. Moral Value

The story teaches us to always be kind, honest, and patient. Good deeds will be rewarded, while greed and arrogance will lead to disaster.

g. Author and Background

The folktale “Bawang Merah and Bawang Putih” is one of the most well-known Indonesian stories, and it does not have a specific author. It originated from the oral tradition, believed to have roots in Malay culture, and later spread across different regions of Indonesia such as Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan with slight variations. The story was created as part of the way people in the past educated their children before formal schooling, using folktales as a medium to deliver moral lessons in a simple and memorable way.

Fable is a brief fictional Story that teaches a lesson, often using Personified objects as Characters that maral animals, Plants, or inanimate act and speak like human.

💥 Social function :Tools for teaching ethics, values. and acceptable behaviors. especially to Children.

💥 Example

- The Town Mouse And the Country Mouse :

A country mouse invited his cousin who lived in the city to come visit him. The city mouse was so disappointed with the sparse meal which was nothing more than a few kernels of corn and a couple of dried berries.

"My poor cousin," said the city mouse, "you hardly have anything to eat! I do believe that an ant could eat better! Please do come to the city and visit me, and I will show you such rich feasts, readily available for the taking."

So the country mouse left with his city cousin who brought him to a splendid feast in the city's alley. The country mouse could not believe his eyes. He had never seen so much food in one place. There was bread, cheese, fruit, cereals, and grains of all sorts scattered about in a warm cozy portion of the alley.

The two mice settled down to eat their wonderful dinner, but before they barely took their first bites, a cat approached their dining area. The two mice scampered away and hid in a small uncomfortable hole until the cat left. Finally, it was quiet, and the unwelcome visitor went to prowl somewhere else. The two mice ventured out of the hole and resumed their abundant feast. Before they could get a proper taste in their mouth, another visitor intruded on their dinner, and the two little mice had to scuttle away quickly.

"Goodbye," said the country mouse, "You do, indeed, live in a plentiful city, but I am going home where I can enjoy my dinner in peace."

💥 Characters + Personality

– The town mouse : A sophisticated mouse who enjoys the luxuries of city life.

– The country mouse : A humble mouse who appreciates the simplicity of rural living.

– The cat : A cunning predator that poses a threat to both mice.

💥 Setting

- Time : -

- Place : Country mouse house and Town mouse house

💥 Moral value : Living a Simple life is better extravagant life with and happy than living

💥Author : Aesop (Aesopos)

💥Background :

was an ancient Greek storyteller and former slave believed to have lived in the 6th century BC. Although little is known for certain about his life, ancient sources record that he was born into slavery and became famous for his fables, which used talking animals to teach moral lessons. He is considered the inventor of the fable genre, and his legacy continues to influence today through his famous works.

A type of narrative text that tells an imaginative story, featuring magical elements and characters like fairies or talking animals.

B. Social Function:

To entertain the readers or listeners with imaginative stories while also teaching moral lessons, values, or cultural wisdom.

C. Example:

The Story of Cinderella.

Once upon a time, there was a kind and beautiful girl named Cinderella. She lived with her stepmother and two stepsisters, who treated her very badly. They made her do all the housework and never allowed her to enjoy life.

One day, the king invited all the young ladies in the kingdom to a royal ball, because the prince wanted to choose a wife. Cinderella wanted to go, but her stepmother and stepsisters forbade her and left her at home.

Cinderella was very sad, but suddenly, her fairy godmother appeared. With her magic wand, she turned a pumpkin into a carriage, mice into horses, and gave Cinderella a beautiful gown with glass slippers. She warned Cinderella that the magic would disappear at midnight.

At the ball, everyone admired Cinderella’s beauty, and the prince danced only with her. They fell in love instantly. But when the clock struck midnight, Cinderella ran away, leaving one glass slipper behind.

The next day, the prince searched the whole kingdom. He asked every girl to try on the glass slipper. When he arrived at Cinderella’s house, the stepsisters tried but failed. Finally, Cinderella tried it on and it fit perfectly.

The prince married Cinderella, and they lived happily ever after.

D. Characters and Their Personalities:

- Cinderella → kind, humble, patient, hardworking.

- Stepmother → cruel, arrogant, selfish.

- Stepsisters → jealous, rude, unkind.

- Fairy Godmother → magical, helpful, generous.

- Prince → kind-hearted, romantic, noble.

E. Setting (Time and Place):

- Time → Once upon a time (in the past).

- Place → Cinderella’s house, the royal palace, and the ballroom.

F. Moral Value:

- Kindness, patience, and honesty will eventually be rewarded.

- Evil, greed, and arrogance will only bring downfall.

- Don’t judge someone based on their appearance or social status.

G. Author

The author of Cinderella: Charles Perrault

H. Background:

In 1697, he published a book called "Histoires ou contes du temps passé" (Stories or Tales of Past Times), which included Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Little Red Riding Hood, and Puss in Boots.

Perrault is considered the founder of the fairy tale as a literary genre in Europe, because he was among the first to collect and adapt folk tales into written form for children.

💥 Social Function / Purpose → Establishing societal norms and values, such as how to act and treat others.

💥 Example → In Greek mythology, the Moirae are three vital goddesses of fate. They are Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who work together to determine the fate of humans and gods. Each of the three sisters has a distinct role in determining a person's fate.

Clotho, the youngest sister, is responsible for spinning the thread of life. She symbolizes the creation of life itself, and her thread is spun at the moment of birth. Thus, Clotho determines the beginning of a person's life.

Lachesis, the second sister, plays a crucial role in determining a person's fate during their lifetime. Her name comes from the Greek word "λαγχάνω," meaning "to obtain by lot," which suggests that a person's fate is determined from various possibilities. Lachesis measures the thread of life with her staff, determining its length and nature, and thereby determining the course of a person's life.

The last sister, Atropos, is known as the bearer of death. She is responsible for cutting the thread of life, determining how a person will die. With her scissors, Atropos determines the end of a person's life.

The three sisters work together to determine the fate of humans and gods, and no one can influence or question their judgment and actions. They are a symbol of the power of fate that cannot be changed.

💥 Characters + Personality →

The Moirae sisters, also known as the Fates, are three goddesses in Greek mythology who personify fate and destiny. Each sister has distinct characteristics and roles:

- Clotho: The Spinner

- Role: Determines the beginning of life by spinning the thread of fate

- Personality: Often depicted as the youngest and most gentle of the three sisters

- Symbol: Spindle or book of fate

- Lachesis: The Measurer

- Role:Determines the length and nature of life by measuring the thread of fate

- Personality: Often depicted as the measurer of fate, deciding the destiny of individuals

- Symbol: Measuring instrument or staff

- Atropos: The Cutter

- Role: Determines the end of life by cutting the thread of fate

- Personality: Often depicted as the most severe and inflexible of the three sisters, with no room for emotional persuasion

- Symbol: Cutting instrument or scissor

The Moirae sisters are known for their:

- Inflexibility: Their decisions are final and cannot be changed, even by the gods

- Severity: They are often depicted as stern and unyielding in their determination of fate

- Power: They have control over the fate of mortals and gods alike

- Wisdom: They possess knowledge of the future and are sometimes regarded as prophetic or oracular figures

Their relationship with Zeus is complex, with some myths portraying them as his daughters and others depicting them as independent forces beyond his control. Despite this, they are often shown to work in conjunction with Zeus' will.

💥 Setting (Time & Place) →

- Time: Ancient times, often associated with the primordial era of Greek mythology.

- Place: Various locations, including:

- Mount Olympus: The home of the gods, where the Moirae might reside or interact with other gods.

- The Underworld: A place where the Moirae might determine the fate of souls after death.

- A mystical or cosmic realm: A realm beyond the mortal world, where the Moirae weave the threads of fate.

💥 Moral Value → Overall, the moral value of the text encourages acceptance, humility, and appreciation for the present moment, while acknowledging the inevitability of fate.

💥 Author : Anonym. There is no single author. The myths about the Fates were part of the shared cultural and religious knowledge of the ancient Greeks.

💥 The origin : The concept of the Fates evolved over time. In Homer's earlier epics like The Iliad, fate was often a singular, impersonal force. However, Hesiod was one of the first to clearly personify them as three distinct goddesses with specific roles: Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. This is the version of the myth that became most widely known and is the basis for the passage you provided.

1. Legend

* Definition: Legend is a narrative text that tells a story about human actions or a historically specific figure, existing between myth and historical fact, that is believed to be true but cannot be proven.

* Social Functions or purpose: The social function of a legend narrative text is to entertain readers with traditional stories while also explaining the origin of a place or natural phenomenon. It also has the purpose of passing down cultural heritage and moral values from generation to generation, so that people can enjoy the story and learn important lessons at the same time.

* Example → Danau Toba, Roro Jongrang, Malin Kundang, Roobin Hood (England), The Legend of Loch Ness Monster (Scotland).

Danau Toba:

A long time ago, there was a man named Toba. One day, he went fishing. But what he caught was not an ordinary fish—it was a golden fish that suddenly turned into a beautiful princess. The princess thanked Toba for freeing her.

She agreed to become Toba’s wife, but with one condition that Toba must never tell anyone about her origin. They finally got married and had a son named Samosir. Samosir grew into an active boy, but unfortunately, he was a little naughty.

One day, Samosir was asked to bring lunch for his father. On the way, he ate some of the food, so only a little was left. When he arrived, Toba was surprised and disappointed to see the small portion of food. Feeling upset, Toba scolded Samosir.

He broke his promise by saying that Samosir was the son of a fish. Samosir was shocked and saddened. He immediately went home and told his mother. The broken promise brought disaster. Suddenly, his wife and Samosir disappeared.

Their disappearance turned into a great gush of water near Toba’s house. Finally, the water formed a lake that was later called Lake Toba. Meanwhile, the island in the middle was named Samosir.

* Character and Personality:

• Toba → kind, hardworking, but emotional and unable to keep promises.

• The Princess (goldfish) → beautiful, loyal, caring, but firm with the condition she gave.

• Samosir → an active and cheerful boy, but a little naughty and undisciplined.

* Settings:

- Time: Long time ago

- Place: A village around Lake Toba, North Sumatra.

* Moral Value: The legend of Lake Toba gives a moral lesson, which is never to break a promise that has been made.

*Author

The folktale “The Legend of Lake Toba” is one of the most famous Indonesian stories, and it does not have a specific author. It originated from the oral tradition of the Batak people in North Sumatra, passed down through generations with slight variations in different villages. The story was created as a way for people in the past to explain natural phenomena, such as the origin of the vast Lake Toba, while also teaching moral lessons about gratitude, honesty, and responsibility.

In Greek mythology, Andromeda was the daughter of King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia. Her mother, Cassiopeia, once boasted that Andromeda was more beautiful than the sea nymphs (Nereids). This angered Poseidon, the god of the sea, and he sent a sea monster called Cetus to punish their kingdom. To save the land, the oracle said that Andromeda had to be sacrificed. She was chained to a rock near the sea, waiting to be devoured by the monster.

At that time, Perseus, the son of Zeus, was passing by after defeating Medusa. When he saw Andromeda, he was moved by her beauty and bravery. As the monster approached, Perseus used Medusa’s head, which had the power to turn anything to stone, to defeat Cetus and rescue her. Later, Perseus married Andromeda, and the goddess Athena placed her image among the stars as the constellation Andromeda. This myth teaches us about pride, sacrifice, bravery, and love.

2. The simple present tense shows general truths or facts that never change.

3. The simple present tense is used to describe feelings, thoughts, or permanent situations.

4. The simple present tense is used to talk about scheduled or fixed future events, especially timetables.

→ Things you do regularly.

Examples: I go to school every day.

2. General truths or facts

→ Things that are always true.

Examples: The sun rises in the east.

3. Permanent situations

→ Things that don’t change easily.

Examples: He lives in Jakarta.

4. Instructions or schedules

→ Used in directions, timetables, or manuals.

Examples: First, mix the flour and sugar.

5. Live commentaries or stories

→ When describing actions happening right now in a live way.

Examples: He shoots, and he scores!

ex: I play football

2.Negative

ex: She doesn’t play football.

3.Question

ex: Does she go to school?

2. Kinds of Adverbs of Frequency:

• Definite frequency → shows exactly how often something happens.

• Indefinite frequency → shows roughly how often (not exact).

3. Examples

A. Definite Frequency→ tells the exact number or period.

Examples:

• Every day → I go jogging every day.

• Once a week → She visits her grandma once a week.

• Twice a month → We meet twice a month.

• Three times a year → He travels abroad three times a year.

B. Indefinite Frequency → does not tell the exact number of times.

Examples (from most to least frequent):

• Always → She always studies hard.

• Usually → I usually eat breakfast at 7.

• Often → They often play basketball after school.

• Sometimes → He sometimes forgets his keys.

• Rarely / Seldom → We rarely watch TV.

• Never → She never lies.

Descriptive text is a text that describes a particular person, animal, place, or thing.

You write a description when you want your reader to picture what you are describing.

1. Identification

This part introduces where or who the subject being described is.

Example:

Borobudur is one of historical buildings in Indonesia. It is considered to be the world’s largest Buddhist temple for its size (15129 m²) and height (34.5m).

It is located in Magelang, Central Java. Not only it became a well-known tourism destination to a lot of travelers around the world

Borobudur Temple is also included in UNESCO list of world herit

age site.

2. Description

This part shows the detailed description of the subject.

It may include the information about the appearance or qualities.

Example

> Borobudur temple consists of six square floors and three circular floors which arranged accordingly and make it be star-like layers that you have to climb one by one to reach the top of the temple.

In the middle of the floor, you will find small stairwell with couples of statues connecting each floor that you can use as a passage to go to the top.

On each level of the floor, there are a lot of relief panels and Buddha statues.

There are 2,672 panels and 504 statues in total.

There is a dome in the center of the top platform and it is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues, each seated inside a perforated stupa.

It is said that, if you pass your hand into the stupa through one of its holes and you can touch the Buddha statue, you will be able to make one of your dream come true.

Focus on a particular subject: Descriptive texts focus on a specific person, place, thing, or event, introducing it in the identification part and then describing its characteristics.

Examples: "Borobudur Temple," "My favorite house," or "Uncle Tom".

Adjectives

Provide detail: Adjectives are crucial for describing the qualities, appearance, and characteristics of the subject.

Examples: "big," "wide," "beautiful," "rounded eyes," or "long hair".

Simple present tense

Describe facts: This tense is used to state general truths or facts about the subject being described.

Linking verbs: It frequently uses linking verbs such as "is," "are," "has," and "have" to connect the subject to its qualities.

Example: "My bedroom is my favorite room".

Sensory language

Engage the senses: This uses details that appeal to the five senses to create a more immersive experience for the reader.

Examples: Visual ("vibrant colors"), auditory ("gentle waves"), tactile ("soft petals"), olfactory ("aroma of freshly baked bread"), and gustatory ("rich chocolate").

Figurative language

Create vivid comparisons: Figurative language adds depth and creativity to descriptions.

Examples:

Simile: Compares two unlike things using "like" or "as" (e.g., "as bright as the sun").

Personification: Gives human qualities to inanimate objects (e.g., "the wind whispered").

Adverbs

Add detail to actions: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs to provide more information about how an action is performed.

Examples: "quickly" (describes how someone "walks") or "slowly" (describes how a tree "grows").

•Purpose: To describe a specific place (Bali) clearly so the reader can imagine it.

•Structure:

1. Identification: introduces the place (Bali Island).

2. Description: tells the details — what it looks like, what you can find there, and why it’s special.

•Language features:

Uses adjectives (beautiful, warm, friendly).

Uses present tense (is, are, makes).

Gives specific details about the place (Kuta Beach, Ubud, Tanah Lot).

1. https://vm.tiktok.com/ZSHcPg86YTgVf-Mx2oz/

2. https://vm.tiktok.com/ZSHcPbtqDJj57-XscCe/

Writen

1. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. This is the final boarding call for passengers on flight GA 412 to Singapore. Please proceed immediately to gate B7 for boarding. The gate will be closing in five minutes. Once again, this is the final boarding call for flight GA 412 to Singapore. Thank you.

   
   

2. Attention, passengers. The train to Jakarta will depart in ten minutes from platform 3. Please make sure you have all your belongings with you before boarding. For your safety, stand behind the yellow line until the train comes to a complete stop. Thank you for choosing our service and have a pleasant journey.

An announcement is a public or formal statement that gives important information to people.

It is meant to inform or remind the audience about something that is happening or will happen.

In this case:

The announcement gives information about the final boarding call for a flight — a reminder for passengers to board immediately

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. This is the final boarding call for passengers on flight GA 412 to Singapore. Please proceed immediately to gate B7 for boarding. The gate will be closing in five minutes. Once again, this is the final boarding call for flight GA 412 to Singapore. Thank you

1. Opening / Greeting:

   “Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.” (Politely addresses the audience.)

2. Purpose / Information:

   “This is the final boarding call for passengers on flight GA 412 to Singapore.” (Gives the main message — the flight and destination.)

3. Details / Instructions:

   “Please proceed immediately to gate B7 for boarding.” (Tells what the passengers should do.)

4. Closing / Reminder:

   “The gate will be closing in five minutes. Once again, this is the final boarding call for flight GA 412 to Singapore. Thank you.” (Repeats important info and ends politely.)

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. This is the final boarding call for passengers on flight GA 412 to Singapore. Please proceed immediately to gate B7 for boarding. The gate will be closing in five minutes. Once again, this is the final boarding call for flight GA 412 to Singapore. Thank you

1. Informative — gives clear, factual information.

2. Formal and polite — uses respectful words (“ladies and gentlemen”, “please”, “thank you”).

3. Brief and clear — straight to the point, no unnecessary details.

4. Public-oriented — intended for a group of people (passengers).

5. Uses present tense — to show immediacy (“is the final boarding call”, “will be closing”).

Orientation:

The Padri War was a major conflict in West Sumatra from 1803 to 1837. It began as a dispute within Minangkabau society but later expanded after Dutch intervention. This war reflected deep tensions involving culture, religion, and colonial power.

Events (Sequence of Events):

1. The Padri Reform Begins (1803):

Reformist scholars returned from the Middle East and tried to purify Minangkabau traditions, causing conflict with the adat leaders.

2. Internal Fighting Erupts:

The disagreement between the Padri group and the adat leaders grew into violent clashes across different villages.

3. Dutch Involvement (1821):

The adat leaders sought assistance from the Dutch, turning the conflict into a larger colonial war.

4. Padri Resistance:

Padri fighters, including those in Bonjol, resisted Dutch attacks for years despite limited strength and resources.

5. Fall of Bonjol (1837):

The Dutch successfully captured Bonjol and exiled Tuanku Imam Bonjol, marking the end of the Padri War.

Re-orientation:

Although the Padri War ended with a Dutch victory, it left a strong legacy of resistance and the struggle to protect cultural identity. Today, it is remembered as an important chapter in Indonesia’s history against colonial rule.

A historical recount is a text that retells past events based on real history. Its purpose is to describe what happened in the past in chronological order.

b) What is the purpose of a historical recount text?

The purpose is to inform or explain historical events, helping readers understand what happened, why it happened, and its impact.

c) What are the characteristics of a historical recount text?

1. It tells real events that happened in the past.

2. It uses past tense.

3. It follows a chronological order.

4. It usually includes dates, places, and historical figures

5. It focuses on facts rather than opinions.

d) Explain its text structure (orientation, events, reorientation).

1. Orientation: introduces the background of the event (time, place, people).

2. Events: explains the series of events in sequences

3. Re-orientation: gives a closing statement, summary, or reflection about the event’s impact.