Volcanic eruption is a natural phenomenon that occurs due to deposition of magma in the earth and flushed out by gas that has strong power. Volcanic eruption is one of a very powerful disasters. Almost all of the volcanic activity relate to the zone of active seismicity because it is directly connected with the plate boundary of the earth.

The volcanic eruption begins with the activity at plate boundary of the earth that sustains a significant change in pressure and temperature. So, it can make the rock material around it melted which we usually called as incandescent liquid or magma. Magma formed through exreme hot temperature in the earth bowels. At a relative depth, a very high temperature can make the entire material in the earth bowels melted.

When these materials melted, it produces gas that will mixed with with the magma. Magma that will be released by volcanic eruption formed at a depth of approximately 60 to 160 KM below the earth’s surface. Then the magma that contains gas will be under the pressure of solid rocks that are around the crater. This pressure causes the magma erupted and move out towards the earth’s surface.
The magma and the gas burst at the same time and create a hole which is called the main hole. Most of the magma and other volcanic materials spurted through this main hole. After the bursts stopped, the crater that resembles a bowl usually formed at the top of the volcano. Meanwhile, the main hole is in the bottom of the crater.

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Flooding is a disaster which commonly happens in large and densely populated cities. In Indonesia, the floods hit Jakarta very often and cause many victims. Then, do you know the process of how flood happens? Pay attention to the following explanation.

The process of natural flooding is preceded by rain which falls to the surface of the earth. Then the rain water is absorbed by the ground surface and flows to the lower place. Once that condition happens, evaporation and the water appear to the surface of the land. Flooding can be disastrous for humans when floods happen in an area that people live because the water carries along objects like houses, bridges, cars, furniture and even people.

On the other hand, the process of non natural flooding is usually caused by bad habits of humans who do not care about the environment, such as littering that can make water flow clogged. This makes the water deposited in landfills which gradually becomes more common. When water reservoirs can no longer hold water discharge, the water then overflows out theland and cause flooding.

We as humans should be able to take care of the surrounding environment so that flooding does not occur again. The way to deal with flooding is to not throw garbage anywhere, clean ditches or dumps that have been blocked, hold a plastic recycling movement, open a waste bank so that everyone who wants to throw garbage doesn't carelessly, doesn't cut down forests carelessly. Hopefully with this flood will not inundate our area again.

Bullying is an action or behavior that is to hurt either in the form of verbal, psychological or emotional and can also be in physical form. Bullying is a pattern of behavior, not an occasional incident. Children who bully usually come from a higher social status or position of power, such as Children who are older, more powerful, or are considered popular so they can abuse their position.

Bullying can happen either in person or online. Cyberbullying often happens via social media, SMS/text or instant messaging, email, or online platforms where children interact. Parents may not always follow what their children are doing on these platforms, making it difficult to know when a child is being affected.

Bullying can have harmful and long-term effects on children. Besides the physical effects of bullying, children can have mental and emotional health problems, including depression and anxiety, which can lead to drug abuse and decreased achievement in school.

Therefore, efforts to prevent bullying in children must be carried out in a comprehensive and integrated manner involving all parties. Starting from the childself by reconciling when bullying happens, through the family by strengthening parenting patterns, through schools by designing "anti-bullying" programs, and through the community by building community groups that care about child protection. So that cases of bullying in children never happen again.

A sense of self-confidence will make someone easy to adjust to the new environment, have a strong grip on life and be able to contribute their potential. He is also capable of learning and working hard to achieve progress and full of confidence in the role he lives. 
How does self confidence form?
When childhood self-confidence is formed by the attitude of acceptance, appreciation, and affection and family. But this htil doesn’t stop there, because children experience adolescence and adulthood. At each of these times, the environment and problems faced also change and contribute to the development of one’s personality.
The process of forming self-confidence begins with an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses that are owned to be able to generate positive reactions, and use all the advantages that exist in the individual to create self-confidence, because self-confidence is the source of our own strength to can get along with the social environment. People who have confidence will act decisively and have an optimistic attitude, life motivation is more meaningful and has high self-esteem.

Mammatus comes from the Latin mamma which translates to “udder” or “breast”. Their striking appearance is most visible when the sun is low in the sky and their pouches are framed by the sunlight. This supplementary feature is a firm favourite with many meteorologists as well as cloud and photography enthusiasts.

Mammatus clouds are some of the most unusual and distinctive clouds formations with a series of bulges or pouches emerging from the base of a cloud. The shape of mammatus formations can vary widely; from the classic protruding shape, to a more elongated tube hanging from the cloud above.

Mammatus clouds are usually formed in association with large cumulonimbus clouds. Typically, turbulence within the cumulonimbus cloud will cause mammatus to form, especially on the underside of the projecting anvil as it rapidly descends to lower levels. This reverses the usual cloud-forming process of upward growth, making for an uneven cloud base.

Mammatus often forms in association with Cumulonimbus clouds, which in turn bring thunderstorms due to their huge mass of unstable air. Mammatus cloud generally form in the most unstable cumulonimbus, meaning that there is also a chance of hail, heavy rain and lightning in the vicinity, and if the air is cold enough during winter they can produce snow. Sometimes mammatus may form on other cloud types which produce no rain, though this is far less common.

Mammatus usually form on the base of a cumulonimbus anvil, but they have also been sighted to form on other cloud types, such as stratocumulus, altostratus and altocumulus. Mammatus have also been observed to form on the underside of volcanic ash clouds.

Child abuse is a form of child abuse in which an older adult or adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child abuse include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activity, providing indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, and showing a child adult videos or images.

The abuser is more likely to be a relative or acquaintance of the victim than a complete stranger. In general, more violations are committed by men than women, although the percentage varies. In the case of abuse, there is the term “pedophilia” which means it refers to the persistent feeling of attraction in older adults or adolescents for prepubescent children.

A person who performs this act is called a pedophile. In law enforcement, the term “pedophilia” is generally used to describe those accused or convicted of abusing minors.
However, not all perpetrators of child abuse are pedophiles who commit all abuses of children.

In Indonesia, perpetrators of abuse can be punished with various articles, one of which is the article on abuse regulated in Article 351 of the KUHP feelings (suffering), pain, or injury to children. In addition, the provisions of Article 80 paragraph (1) of the Child Protection Law also specifically regulates child abuse.

It is the role of parents to be more vigilant to keep their children from becoming one of the victims of violence and abuse that is currently happening. Also of course so that the children can take good care of themselves. So that the nation's generations can achieve their goals in the future.

 Rain is one of the main sources of fresh water for almost all people in the world. It provides suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems. It is also used as hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. But, do you know how rain happens? 

  The rain’s phenomenon is actually what we often call as “water circle.” The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth’s surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. Then the water vapor rises into the Earth’s atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow bigger and heavier and fall to the earth as precipitation. 

  However, not all rain can reach the surface of the earth. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is what we call as “virga”, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.