Mantle:In between <1000-3700 Degrees <2900Km

Crust:Outermost <Lowest <Thinnest,6-70Km

• Arguments with unclear descriptions

• Students who only talk ONE factor in depth

• Students who talk about 2 factors, no elaboration and "touch and go"

• Examples not existing, examples don't have stats ,date or location

Level 2:

• 2 good body paragraphs with one good example-4 marks

Level 3:

• Develop argument that supports both side of the argument

• 3 body paragraphs with atleast 2 good examples

• Conclusion-opinionated(Not from textbook)

• Arguments with unclear descriptions

• Students who only talk ONE factor in depth

• Students who talk about 2 factors, no elaboration and "touch and go"

• Examples not existing, examples dont have stats ,date or location

Level 2:

• 2 good body paragraphs with one good example-4 marks

Level 3:

• Develop argument that supports both side of the argument

• 3 body paragraphs with atleast 2 good examples

• Conclusion-opinionated(Not from textbook)

  
  

Essay Question:"Landslides are the most dangerous hazard associated with earthquakes ."How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with evidence

• Plates move due to mantle convection.

• Plate boundaries:

  • Convergent: Subduction zones, fold mountains, volcanoes (e.g., Himalayas, Indonesia).

  • Divergent: Mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Africa).

  • Transform: Earthquakes (e.g., San Andreas Fault).

Earthquakes:

• Caused by pressure release at faults.

• Measured by:

  • Richter Scale: Magnitude.

  • Mercalli Scale: Intensity of damage.

• Effects: Tsunamis, ground shaking, destruction.

• Case Study: Japan 2011 Earthquake & Tsunami.

Volcanoes:

• Occur at convergent & divergent boundaries.

• Types:

  • Shield Volcano (Mauna Loa) — gentle, lava-rich.

  • Stratovolcano (Mount Merapi) — steep, explosive.

• Impacts: Fertile soil, tourism vs. disasters.

• Case Study: Mount Merapi Eruption 2010.

Tsunamis:

• Triggered by undersea earthquakes.

• Travel at high speed, massive coastal damage.

• Case Study: 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

• A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust where magma, ash, and gases are released onto the surface.

• Volcanoes form mainly at:

  • Convergent boundaries (plates collide) → explosive volcanoes.

  • Divergent boundaries (plates separate) → gentle volcanoes.

2️⃣ How Volcanoes Form:

• Magma from the mantle rises through weaknesses in the crust.

• When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava.

3️⃣ Types of Volcanoes (Point Form):

🔸 Shield Volcanoes:

• Found at divergent boundaries or hot spots.

• Lava Type: Low viscosity (runny) basaltic lava.

• Shape: Broad base, gentle slopes.

• Eruption Style: Frequent, non-explosive, steady lava flows.

• Example: Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

🔸 Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes):

• Found at convergent boundaries (subduction zones).

• Lava Type: High viscosity (thick) andesitic or rhyolitic lava.

• Shape: Steep-sided, tall cone shape.

• Eruption Style: Explosive, violent with pyroclastic flows, ash clouds.

• Example: Mount Merapi, Indonesia; Mount Fuji, Japan.

4️⃣ Parts of a Volcano (Important for Diagrams):

• Magma Chamber

• Main Vent

• Secondary Vent

• Crater

• Lava Flows

• Ash Cloud

5️⃣ Volcanic Hazards:

• Lava Flows: Slow but destructive to property.

• Pyroclastic Flows: Very fast-moving hot gas and ash; deadly.

• Ashfall: Thick ash can collapse roofs, harm lungs, block sunlight.

• Lahars: Mudflows (ash + water) bury villages and farmland.

• Tsunamis: Rare, caused by volcanic collapse near/underwater.

6️⃣ Positive Impacts of Volcanoes:

• Fertile Soil: Rich nutrients for farming (e.g., Java).

• Tourism: Attracts visitors (e.g., Mount Fuji).

• Geothermal Energy: Clean power (e.g., Iceland).

• Mining Resources: Sulfur, metals.

7️⃣ Why People Live Near Volcanoes:

• Agriculture: Fertile land for crops.

• Tourism & Energy Jobs: Economic benefits.

• Cultural/Religious Ties: Long-standing communities.

• No Alternative: Poverty or land scarcity.