Cultures: Berbers, Tuaregs, Bedouins, Al-Saud, Qataris, Omani Arabs

Light: Plants receive plenty of sunlight, which causes them to adapt to extreme heat/radiation and create excessive water loss.

Water: Water is the most scarce resource caused by low rainfall. Plants must store water (deep root systems) to survive prolonged periods without rainfall.

Air: High temperatures lead to low humidity levels, and the air becomes extremely dry, causing plants to lose water

Nutrients: Nutrients are low due to sandy soil, causing them to rely on fungi to help with nutrient uptake.

Cultural Influence:

• Water is seen as a shared community resource, and traditional irrigation practices are passed through generations. This shapes lifestyles and traditions as how people interact with their environment (using traditional methods) increases identity and belonging. During challenging farming times (harsh weather), farmers can use their traditional methods to help instill their personal beliefs.

Cultures: Yanomami, Kayapo, Pygym Peoples (Aka, Baka, Mbuti), Bantu Peoples (Kikuyu, Kongo, Bakongo)

Light: Plants in tropical/rainforest regions can uptake the essential plant growth requirements. However, plants often compete for sunlight due to a dense canopy (thick layer of leaves/branches) becoming a limiting factor and scarce resource for low plants.

Water: Water fluctuations may cause dry and very wet seasons, causing plants to become adaptable to both seasons.

Air: Plants thrive due to humid environments, helping maintain moisture in the air and reducing water loss.

Nutrients: Soil can be dense, and the rapid decomposition causes plants to have shallow root systems to absorb nutrients quickly.

Cultural Influence:

• Indigenous cultures integrate spiritual beliefs and traditions within agriculture to honor land and ancestors. Performing rituals and ceremonies to bless crops, have good harvests, and show gratitude to nature are most common.

Cultures: Kānaka Maoli and Polynesian

Farming Technique: Loʻi (Irrigated Pond Fields)

• wetland where taro, a staple food, is grown using water from ditches/streams to irrigate plants

Light: Plants in coastal and island regions receive plenty of sunlight as the ocean and open spaces surround them.

Air: Plants experience a "salt spray" from ocean ways, limiting plants that are not tolerant to salt.

Water: Water can be difficult to obtain as rainfall is high in salinity. Saltwater dehydrates plants, affecting nutrient absorption.

Nutrients: Nutrients lack organic matter, mature soils are more scarce from erosion and leaching (water nutrients washed away from rainwater/irrigation).

Cultural Influence:

• Spiritual beliefs are used within agriculture practices. Both cultures view farming as sacred; the land, plants, and animals are a sizeable spiritual ecosystem. Rituals and ceremonies are performed to bless the land and ask for good weather and harvests.