- reters

     - Bladder 

      -Urethra 
C) - The kidneys are bean shaped and are located below the rib cage in the middle of the back. They are responsible making urine, the kidneys make urine by filtering the wastes of the body with extra water mixed in with the blood. 

- The ureters are tubes that come from the kidneys and connect them to the bladder. They are responsible for carrying urine from kidneys to the bladder. 

- The Bladder is located above and behind the pubic bone, when the bladder is empty it is the shape of a pear. The bladder obtains the bladder from the kidneys and the urine exits the bladder via the urethra. 

-  The Urethra is a tube structure and it connects from the bottom of the bladder and ends out of the body so the urine can exit the body and the bladder will be empty. 
E) The urinary system works with both the endocrine and circulatory system. The adrenal glands (part of the endocrine system) secrete a substance that gives the kidneys the ability to efficiently regulate fluids into the body. The urinary system also works closely with the circulatory system. The kidneys (part of the urinary system) clean the blood of waste. 

F) On the link in a separate box. 

G) 1) Kidney Stones: Kidney stones are formed when acid salts in the urine crystallize and come together to form one big “stone”. The smaller the stone the easier it will be to pass through the rest of the urinary system. If the stone is larger then it can get stuck and will cause an extreme amount of pain.   

2. Urinary tract Infections: Women are more prone to UTIs. The urethra carries the urine out of the body and is located close to the anus. If any bacteria from the large intestine where to get into the urethra it can cause an infection, that can spread to anywhere in the urinary system. If the infection is not treated, then there will be a burning sensation while you urinate, feeling as though you need to urinate all the time, possibly blood in the urine, etc. 

B) -Mouth

C) -Mouth- This is the first part of the digestive tract. This is where the food you eat is chewed, with makes the pieces smaller and easier to digest. The saliva that is produced when you chew helps break down the food so your body can absorb and use the nutrients from the food.  

E) The digestive system, works with most of the other systems, without the nutrients provided by the digestive system nothing would work properly. But for the digestive system to work the muscular system helps. The muscular system makes the movement for the mouth to be able to chew, causing the food to break down. When the food is swallowed it goes down the esophagus with is lined with muscle that helps the swallowing. The whole digestive tract is lined with muscle that aid in the food to be pushed out of the body. The digestive system also works with the respiratory system as well. This system uses some of the same oregon's and body parts as the digestive system. Both systems use the mouth and tubes in the throat to get air and food into the body. The lungs from the respiratory system also provide air and allows the digestive tract to have oxygen to keep functioning. 

F) On the link in a separate box.

G) 1) Gallstones: Gallstones are hardened deposits formed by digestive fluid that forms in your gallbladder. Gallstones can range from the size of a grain of salt to as large as golf balls. Some people may develop one gallstone or many. Most people have to have surgery to get the gallstones removed. This will cause you abdominal pain, back pain and nausea and vomiting. 

 2) Celiac Disease: This is a condition caused by damage with the lining on the small intestine. The damage of the lining comes from someone who eats gluten and has a reaction to it. This damage causes the body to not be able to absorb the right food nutrients. People with this disease are more likely to have an immune disorder, or get sick easier. They are more likely to get intestinal cancer, thyroid disease and diabetes.

            - Spleen 

            -  Tonsils

            - Appendix

            - Lymphatic Vessels

            -  Lymph Nodes

     C) Thymus- The thymus is located in the thoracic cavity, it is made up by two lobes of lymphoid tissue. A cortex surrounds each lobes medulla. The cortex is where immature lymphocytes go to become t cells. 

E) 1) The lymphatic system and the circulatory system work together  by having the lymphatic system run through the body just like the circulatory system. It supports the body by allowing the blood that leaks from the circulatory system to be transported back into the bloodstream. The lymphatic system also makes white blood cells, which correspond with the circulatory system. Lymph is a clear fluid that also travels through the blood. 

2)The lymphatic system also works with the immune system. They share several organs and functions. The lymphatic systems makes white blood cells which are the cells that fight infection. Both systems have the tonsils with help fight infections as well. 

F) On the link in a separate box.

G) 1) Lymphadenopathy- This is the enlargement of the lymph nodes. The swelling of the node is due to something blocking it. It is also white blood cells forming together to try and attack an infection, which causes you to sometimes feel a lump.  This can be treated with antibiotics if a bacterial infection is suspected. Sometimes you will have to have surgery to get the blockage out of the node. 

2) Tonsillitis- This is the inflammation of the tonsils or swelling of the tonsils. It also causes the adenoids to swell. This is most of the time cause by a viral infection such as strep throat. Sometimes the swelling will go down on its own, taking some over the counter medications to help, and sometimes people have to have them removed. 

B)

Female | Male 
Vagina  | Penis 
Uterus | Testicles 
Fallopian Tubes  | Epididymis
Ovaries  | Vas Deferens
C) Vagina: The vagina is a muscular canal that is connected to the uterus so it is easily fertilized. It allows sperm to be able to get to an egg cell and thus turn the egg cell into a zygote. The vagina is located in the pelvic cavity, posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. 

Uterus: The uterus is a thick muscular organ that is shaped like an upside down pear.  located posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum.  It’s function is to hold a baby and to provide nutrition until the baby is mature enough to live on its own. 

Fallopian Tubes: AKA-- oviduct or the uterine tubes. The Fallopian tubes provide a way for the sperm to travel to the egg cell in order to be fertilized.  They provide a convenient setting for fertilization to occur. The fallopian tubes also allow the egg cell to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. 

Ovaries:  The ovaries are responsible for producing the egg cells. Each female has a pair of ovaries and they are held together by a membrane next to the uterus on both sides of the lower part of the abdomen. Each ovary is about the size of an almond. 

Penis: The penis provides a pathway for the sperm to travel out of in order for fertilization of an egg. It is shaped like a cylinder and it is located outside of the body. 

Testicles: The testicles are about the size of an olive. Most men generally have two. They are responsible for the production of the male hormone, testosterone, which is the main hormone in producing sperm. The testicles are inside of the scrotum, which is located outside of the body. 

Epididymis: The Epididymis is a tube that is located on the back of each testicle. The epididymis stores and transports sperm. It is also responsible to bring the sperm to maturity. 

Vas Deferens: The Vas Deferens is a muscular tube that connects the epididymis to the pelvic cavity, just posterior to the bladder. The main function of the Vas Deferens is to transport mature sperm to the urethra so the egg can eventually be fertilized. 

E.)  1. The Endocrine System works closely with the reproductive system. The endocrine system is responsible for secreting hormones and in the reproductive system, estrogen (female)  and testosterone (male) are very important. Without testosterone sperm would not be produced and without sperm there would be no reproduction. The endocrine system also provides hormones for growth of a fetus.  

2. The Circulatory System also works with the reproductive. The circulatory system carries nourishment to the baby in the womb through blood vessels. Without the circulatory system it would be a lot harder for the fetus to get nutrients during pregnancy. 

F.)  On the link in a separate box.

G)  1. Endometriosis: Endometriosis only affects females. This is a disease where the tissue that is suppose to grow on the inside of the uterus, grows on the outside. Endometriosis usually involves the Fallopian tubes, the ovaries and the tissue that lines your pelvis. There will be severe pain all of the time because the tissue has no way to escape the body like the tissue in the uterus does. Endometriosis generally causes fertility issues. 

2.  Varicocele: Varicocele only affects males. This is when the veins in the testes become dilated and twisted. It is a common cause of low sperm production, and a decrease in the quality of the sperm produced. This usually leads to infertility. Will cause discomfort that can be dull and sharp.

Pancreas 

Pituitary gland

Thyroid

Adrenal gland
    C) Pancreas: The Pancreas is located posterior to the stomach and is surrounded by the gallbladder and the intestines. There are two main function the pancreas has an exocrine and an endocrine function. The exocrine is mainly involved with digestive functions. The endocrine is mainly involved with the release of hormones. The pancreas is oblong shaped.  

Pituitary Gland: The pituitary gland is a small bag located at the bottom of the brain and inferior to the hypothalamus. The role of the pituitary gland is to produce certain hormones. The pituitary gland is broken into three sections, the anterior lobe, the intermediate lobe, and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe is primarily involved with development of the body, the intermediate lobe releases a hormone that excites the melanocytes. Lastly, the posterior lobe produces an antidiuretic hormone. 

Thyroid: The thyroid is normally called the butterfly-shaped gland. It sits anterior to the laryngeal prominence. The main function is to secrete hormones, these hormones secreted mainly help metabolism, growth and development. 

Adrenal Glands: There are two adrenal glands that are located superior to each of the kidneys. Each adrenal gland are made in to two parts the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. The cortex is the outside of the gland and the medulla is the center of the gland. The cortex produces hormones that helps metabolism and another hormone that helps maintain blood pressure. The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline. 

E) The Circulatory System and the Digestive System both work closely with the endocrine system. The Circulatory System transports the hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream form each glands, and the circulatory system takes them where they need to go. The Digestive System and the endocrine system work together through the pancreas. Insulin is produced in the pancreas, the insulin regulates how fast sugar is broken down, so it controls how much sugar is in the blood. 

F) Link in a separate box. 

  
G) 1. Gigantism: Gigantism will occur of the pituitary gland produces too much of the growth hormone. There will be tumor(s) in the pituitary gland. If this occurs a child’s bones will grow irregularly fast. To treat gigantism, there is surgery to remove the tumors from the gland or there is radiation to try and get rid of the tumor(s) that way. 

2. Pancreatitis: This is inflammation of the pancreas due to extreme amount of alcohol intake, or a block in the pancreatic ducts usually due to gallstones. To treat, a doctor may suggest fasting, so no food for a few days so it gives your pancreas a rest.