Highly inflected language with complex grammar.

Germanic vocabulary with influences from Latin, Norse, and Celtic languages.

Used a runic alphabet initially, then adopted the Latin alphabet.

Influences from Norman French due to the Norman Conquest of 1066.

Transition from inflectional to analytical language.

The Great Vowel Shift occurs during this period.

Standardization of English due to the printing press and publications like the King James Bible.

Vocabulary expansion through Renaissance and scientific advancements.

Influence from classical languages (Latin, Greek).

Further vocabulary expansion due to colonization and globalization.

Industrialization and technological advancements introduce new terminology.

Standardization of grammar and spelling through dictionaries and grammatical guides.

Slang, jargon, and regional dialects continue to evolve.

Influence from media, particularly film, television, and the internet.

English becomes a global lingua franca.