Nutrition Study Guide #1 by Sanika Kshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw Week 4 assignment en-us 2022-01-21 02:08:33 UTC 2022-01-21 04:51:21 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f34a.png Vitamin C sanikakshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004157596 common name: vitamin C
technical name: Ascorbic Acid
common sources: 
  • fruits (papaya, oranges, grapefruit, strawberries)
  • vegetables (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, bell pepper)  
functions: 
  • antioxidant 
  • collagen synthesis 
  • carnitine and tyrosine synthesis 
sx of deficiency: scurvy
  • fatigue/malaise 
  • inflammation of gums 
  • joint pain, bruising 
  • iron-deficiency anemia 
  • loose teeth, tooth loss 
clinical application: 
  • high serum vitamin C associated with decreased risk of cancer 
  • prevention of cataracts, diabetes, Alzheimer's, CVD
  • treatment of cold and flus, 
toxicity: 
  • large doses can lead to GI upset
  • increased risk for kidney stones 
]]> 2022-01-21 02:11:24 UTC https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004157596 Vitamin E sanikakshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004159134 common name: Vitamin E
technical name: RRR-alpha-tocopherol
common sources: 
  • wheat germ oil
  • sunflower oil
  • safflower oil
  • nut butters
  • whole grains
  • almonds 
  • high-fat meats 
functions: 
  • prevents oxidation of UFA in phospholipids
  • free radical termination (prevents lipid peroxidation) 
sx of deficiency:
deficiency is rare but symptoms could be: 
  • ataxia 
  • peripheral neuropathy 
  • hemolytic anemia 
  • retinitis pigmentosa 
clinical application: 
  • CVD (inhibits oxidation of LDL) 
  • may improve glycemic control markers
  • supplementation may reduce risk of cancer 
  • may slow progression of AMD
toxicity: though rare, toxicity may cause GI upset and bleeding 
]]> 2022-01-21 02:12:38 UTC https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004159134 Selenium sanikakshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004159291 common name: Selenium
technical name: Selenium
common sources: 
  • brazil nuts 
  • meats (tuna, oysters, salmon, beef) 
  • eggs
  • garlic 
  • broccoli

functions: 
  • antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase, selenoprotein P, methionine sulfoxide reductase)
  • maintenance of P450 system 
  • elimination of misfolded proteins 
  • calcium regulation
sx of deficiency: 
  • Keshan disease: cardiomyopathy, CHF, heart tissue necrosis (infection with coxsackie virus is a cofactor) 
  • Kashin-Beck disease: osteroarthropathy 

clinical application: 
  • protective effect for cancer 
  • may increase risk of type II Diabetes
toxicity: selenosis s/sx:
  • nausea, vomiting
  • hair/nail brittleness
  • paresthesia 
  • tolerable upper intake level is 400 micrograms
]]> 2022-01-21 02:12:46 UTC https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004159291 Vitamin B1 sanikakshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004160242 common name:  Vitamin B1
technical name: Thiamine
common sources: 
  • nuts and seeds (sunflower, pine, brazil) 
  • soy beans 
  • green peas 
  • whole grains 
  • meat, poultry, fish 
functions: 
  • roles in nervous system: helps with sodium transport, is a cofactor for acetyl coA, required for myelin synthesis, and neurotransmitter release 
sx of deficiency: 
  • severe deficiency=Beriberi (peripheral neuropathy, muscle weakness) 
  • CV: tachycardia, CHF 
  • GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain 
  • Cerebral: confusion, nystagmus, ataxia 
clinical application: 
  • decreased thiamin levels have increased risk of cataracts
  • decreased thiamin may contribute to Alzheimer's disease
  • increased need for those who are pregnant, lactating, have alcohol use disorder, elderly, and adolescents.
toxicity: 
  • no toxicity level 

]]> 2022-01-21 02:13:30 UTC https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004160242 Vitamin B2 sanikakshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004160957 common name: Vitamin B2
technical name: Riboflavin
common sources: 
  • nuts and seeds (almonds, pine, sunflower)
  • legumes (soy, split peas) 
  • whole grains (wild rice, wheat germ) 
  • vegetables (mushrooms, kale, spinach) 
  • animal (dairy, eggs, liver, fish)
functions: 
  • precursor to FAD, and FMN (electron carriers) 
  • converts glutathione to its reduced, active form 
  • converts B6 to PLP

sx of deficiency: 
  • s/sx develop after 3-4 months of insufficient intake 
  • angular chelitis, glossitis, inflamed throat and mouth 
  • peripheral neuropathy 

clinical application: 
  • decreased riboflavin levels associated with increased risk of cataracts CVD, and cancer 
  • high dose riboflavin supplementation could reduce frequency of migraines 
  • supplementation may also reduce blood pressure 
toxicity:  no known toxicity 
]]> 2022-01-21 02:14:02 UTC https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004160957 Vitamin B3 sanikakshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004161505 common name: Vitamin B3
technical name: Niacin
common sources: 
  • whole grains (rice bran, wild rice) 
  • legumes (split peas, peanuts)
    nuts and seeds (sesame, sunflower, pine, almonds)
  • animal (fish, liver, meat, eggs) 
functions: 
  • nutrient metabolism and energy production 
  • beta oxidation 
  • dietary precursor of NAD 
  • alcohol oxidation 
  • regenerate Vit C and glutathione 
sx of deficiency: Pellagra
  • dermatitis 
  • diarrhea, glossitis, angular chelitis, vomiting
  • dementia, headache, paralysis 
  • death 
clinical application: 
  • increased risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis if given with statins 
  • decreased niacin levels associated with increased risk of some cancers 
  • may be helpful in treatment of schizophrenia 
  • helps in treatment of CVD (lowers cholesterol) 
toxicity: high doses of niacin can cause reddened skin, with itchiness or tingling on the face, arms, and chest 
]]> 2022-01-21 02:14:28 UTC https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004161505 Vitamin B5 sanikakshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004161713 common name: Vitamin B5
technical name: Pantothenic Acid
common sources: 
  • sunflower seeds 
  • fish 
  • beef liver
  • sweet potato, avocado, mushrooms, broccoli
  • eggs 
functions: 
  • energy production (in the citric acid cycle) 
  • nutrient metabolism (synthesis of essential fats, cholesterol, steroid hormones) 
  • acetylcholine synthesis (via acetylation) 
sx of deficiency: 
  • burning foot syndrome (neuritis) 
  • skin irritation, vomiting, fatigue, weakness, cramping 
  • rare (tends to only be in severe malnutrition) 
clinical application: 
  • wound healing (topical application may improve would closure and decrease scarring) 
  • lipid lowering effects (decreases LDL, and decreases TG:HDL ratio) 
toxicity: no known toxicity 
]]> 2022-01-21 02:14:38 UTC https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004161713 Biotin sanikakshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004162252 common name: Vitamin B7
technical name: Biotin
common sources: 
  • whole grains (rice bran, barley, oatmeal) 
  • nuts and seeds (walnuts, pecans, almonds) 
  • animal (liver, dairy, egg yolk, fish)
functions: 
  • gene expression (biotinylation of histones) 
  • coenzyme for carboxylases (catalysis of essential metabolic reactions 
sx of deficiency: 
  • facial dermatitis 
  • anorexia
  • alopecia (body-wide) 
  • depression, lethargy, peripheral neuropathy 
  • biotin deficiency can cause impaired glucose metabolism
clinical application: 
  • high dose biotin may improve MS 
  • supplementation can improve hair loss and strengthen fingernails 
  • increased need for those who are pregnant, lactating, have IBS, or alcohol use disorder 
toxicity: no known toxicity 
]]> 2022-01-21 02:15:04 UTC https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004162252 Folate sanikakshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004162359 common name: vitamin B9
technical name: folate
common sources: 
  • leafy greens (spinach, kale, asparagus, broccoli) 
  • lentils, black eyed peas, kidney beans 
  • walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, sunflower seeds 
  • beef liver
functions: 
  • helps breakdown homocysteine
  • nutrient metabolism and energy production 
  • hematopoiesis 
  • DNA repair and gene expression 
sx of deficiency: 
  • macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia: fatigue, weakness, heart palpitations 
  • impaired DNA synthesis (shortened villi, and thinning of mucosa in small intestine leading to malabsorption) 
clinical application: 
  • increased risk of neural tube defects
  • folate-rich diets inversely correlated with CVD risk 
  • may increase of decrease risk of some cancers 
toxicity: doses of 15mg have shown side effects of irritability, insomnia and GI distress
]]> 2022-01-21 02:15:09 UTC https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004162359 Vitamin B12 sanikakshirsagar https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004163090 common name: Vitamin B12
technical name: Cobalamin (Methylcobalamin=active form)
common sources: 
  • animal foods (clams, clams, oysters, organ meats) 
  • fermented beans, vegetables
  • nori 
  • nutritional yeast 
functions: 
  • helps with conversion of homocysteine to methionine as cofactor 
  • converts methylmalonic COA to Succinyl CoA as cofactor 
  • role in production of hemoglobin
sx of deficiency: 
  • can be associated with increased risk of depressive disorders 
  • low energy, numbness and tingling in hands or feet
  • memory loss, mood disorders 
clinical application: 
  • deficiency can play a role in neural tube defects
  • B12 may decrease risk of cancer by liberating folate 
  • deficiency is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's
toxicity: no known toxicity 
]]> 2022-01-21 02:15:31 UTC https://padlet.com/sanikakshirsagar/2vrbuuxrc1ncbjpw/wish/2004163090