As stated in the introduction, evidence of artistic interest in depicting figures in motion can be seen in as early as Paleolithic cave paintings. Animals in these paintings were often depicted with multiple sets of legs in superimposed positions.

"Devices and Inventions"

Numerous devices which successfully displayed animated images were introduced well before the advent of the motion picture. These devices were used to entertain, amaze and sometimes even frighten people. The majority of these devices didn't project their images and accordingly could only be viewed by a single person at any one time.

In the early 1600s. There's a tool that is device known as a “magic lantern” was created. This contraption, made up of a metal body which housed a reflector, lenses, and a lamp, was the forefather of a modern day still-image projector and used bulky, hand-painted or photographic glass slides.

"Thaumatrope" (1834)

The invention of the "Thaumatrope" is credited to the astronomer Sir John Hershel; however, a well-known London physicist, Dr. John Ayrton Paris, was the one responsible for the popularity of this toy. A thaumatrope is a small disc held at the ends with string with an image drawn on each side. The images are drawn in such a way that, when the disc is spun, the two images appear to become superimposed.

"Phenakistoscope" (1832)

After the success of the thaumatrope, Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau introduced the "Phenakistoscope" in 1832. The phenakistoscope utilized the same persistence of motion principle as the thaumatrope while using a more complex design. The phenakistoscope was comprised of two discs one disc had slots around the edge, and the other contained drawings of progressive motion.

"Zoetrope" (1834)

With the success of Plateau’s phenakistoscope, in 1834, William George Horner proposed "Zoetrope" an updated version of the device, which eliminated the need for a mirror and allowed more than one person to view it at the same time.[12] Horner’s new design was forgotten for nearly thirty years until 1867, when it became patented in England by M. Bradley, and in America by William F. Lincoln under the name of zoetrope. Operating on the same principle as the phenakistoscope, the zoetrope was a cylindrical spinning device with several frames of animation printed on the inside of the interior.

"Kineograph" (1882)

The "Kineograph", more commonly known nowadays as the flip book, was first patented in 1882 by Henry Van Hovenbergh. It was a book with particularly springy pages that had an animated sequence of frames printed near the unbound edge. By bending the pages back and then rapidly flipping through them one at a time, an illusion of motion could be obtained.

"Praxinoscope" (1877)

The successor to the zoetrope, the "Praxinoscope" was the result of work carried out by Frenchman Emile Reynaud. An adaptation of Horner’s zoetrope, which, at the time, had become extremely popular, it used a similar cylindrical design that revolved. Images were viewed in a prism of mirrors which were located in the center of the drum.

Example of VR:

Meta Quest 3 - A VR headset that helps people "immerse themselves in 3D spaces that go beyond the physical world"

(https://about.meta.com/technologies/meta-quest/)

DeoVR - This is a VR streaming platform where you can watch videos on a virtual reality headset. Most of these films take advantage of the immersive environment VR provides.

Example of 360:

360 degree videos are almost identical to VR, the only difference being the environment. In 360 videos, they usually show a location in real life, allowing you to go to areas you might never have been able to go to

Example of AR:

Apple Vision Pro - An AR device used to project widgets into the real world. "Apple Vision Pro seamlessly blends digital content with your physical space.So you can work, watch, relive memories, and connect in ways never before possible."

(https://www.apple.com/apple-vision-pro/)

"Encounter Dinosaurs app" - An app specifically made to test the abilities of AR. it shows fully CG dinosaurs in the real world.

• This is different from the Silent Era as the silent era had no dialogue.

• In 1930, Warner Brothers Cartoons made "Merrie Melodies" starring the popular cartoon character Bugs Bunny.

• In 1937, Snow White was released. It is the first film to use traditional animation and had 1.5 million cels. It took 2 years to accomplish.

• It was the first animated series on prime-time television. The show was notable for its satirical take on modern american life, despite its ancient setting.

• It was inspired by live-action sitcoms like "the honeymooners"

• The Flintstones were made by Hanna-barbera.

The 1980s saw significant advancements in CGI technology. "Tron" (1982) was one of the first films to extensively use CGI, creating a digital world that was ahead of its time.

However, Toy Story (1995) was the first computer-animated feature film and the debut feature release from Pixar Animation Studios, released by Walt Disney Pictures, which was entirely CGI-Built.

• First entirely animated film.

• uses stop-motion photography

• Using innovative techniques for the time, Blackton animated the faces by drawing them on a chalkboard and capturing the process on film, blending live-action and animation. The short is notable for its playful approach to animation and its influence on the development of future animated works