Causes:

Demand for a more efficient way to separate cotton from seeds

Expansion of cotton plantations in the South

Effects:

Increased South's economic reliance on cotton

led to the rapid expansion of cotton plantations and the demand for slave labor in the American South

The global cotton industry grew substantially, impacting international trade and the textile industry

Causes:

Political instability in France and Napoleon Bonaparte's need for funds for the Napoleonic Wars

Thomas Jefferson's desire for westward expansion and territorial growth.

Effects:

U.S. territorial expansion which strengthened the country materially and strategically

Provided a powerful impetus to westward expansion

Made Jefferson seem like a hypocrite: there was nothing in the constitution tat said he could purchase a territory.

Causes:

The commission appointing Federalist Party leader William Marbury as justice of the peace in the District of Columbia was not delivered before Jefferson assumed office in 1801. Once in office Jefferson ordered Secretary of State James Madison to withhold Marbury’s commission.

Effects:

Shaped the balance of power among the Three Branches

Establishment of Judicial review, which is the ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the constitution itself.

Causes:

Impressment of American sailors into the British navy

British support for Native American resistance in the Northwest Territory

Trade restrictions on American Shipping

Effects:

Solidified American independence and national pride.

Fame for Andrew Jackson, who became a hero during the Battle of New Orleans.

Native Americans lost sovereignty, were pushed out of their lands, left out of negotiations, and divided.

Causes:

Dissatisfaction over:

South's political power

Jefferson's mercantile policies

The war of 1812

Effects:

The decline of the federalist party due to threats of secession and opposition after the Battle of New Orleans. Perfect timing.

Connection:

Nullification Act and Force Bill

Causes:

Cotton-Gin

Interchangeable parts- new method of production allowed for factories, mass production, and more products.

The growth of canals and railroads, which facilitated the movement of goods and people.

Growth of financial institutions and entrepreneurship

Effects:

Emergence of industrial cities

The rise of commercial farming

Shift to a capitalist system where goods were produced for profit in trade instead of a agrarian and subsistence based-economy.

Figures:

Eli Whitney

Causes:

The economic challenges caused by the war of 1812

Need to unify the country's economic interests

Desire to expand transportation and infrastructure to facilitate trade and economic development.

Effects:

Promoted Economic growth

Supported American industries

Improved transportation and Infrastructure

Stabilized the financial system

Causes:

Response to rationalism and secularism of the Enlightenment

Economic and social changes brought about by the Market Revolution

Distrust of religion among African Americans

Effects:

A wave of religious conversions and the establishment of new religious denominations, including the Methodists and Baptists, which experienced significant growth

Inspiration for movements such as the the abolitionist movement, women's rights movement, and temperance movement, as many reformers believed that moral and social change were linked to religious revival.

Fostered a sense of individualism and personal religious responsibility.

Causes:

Westward expansion raised questions about whether slavery should be permitted in the newly acquired territories, especially in Missouri

Political tensions between the North and the South

Effects:

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to preserve balance.

Established a boundary, known as the 36°30' parallel, which marked where slavery would be allowed (south of the line) and prohibited (north of the line) in the Louisiana Purchase territory.

Causes:

Concerns over European colonial expansion in the Americas and potential threats to the independence of newly formed Latin American nations

Desire to continue trade with newly independent countries

Desire to assert American influence and dominance in the Western Hemisphere.

Effects:

Discouraged European nations from further colonization in the Americas

Improved relations with Latin American Countries

Became a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policies

Causes:

None of the four major candidates received a majority of the electoral votes

The election was thrown to the House of Representatives, as dictated by the Twelfth Amendment, to choose the president from the top three candidates.

Henry Clay supported Adams in the House and then was appointed Secretary of State

Effects:

Increased political divisions and the eventual formation of the Democratic Party under Andrew Jackson

Newfound support for Andrew Jackson

Causes:

Economic and social changes, including westward expansion, that made it increasingly difficult to justify property ownership as a sole criterion for voting

Growing public demand for more inclusive suffrage, driven by a sense of egalitarianism and individual rights

A shift in political ideology and the rise of Jacksonian democracy.

Effects:

The rise of political parties and greater political engagement

Expanding the number of eligible voters

Causes:

Need for improved transportation and trade routes

Effects:

Significantly reduced the cost and time of transporting goods between the Great Lakes and the East Coast, fostering economic growth and westward expansion

Led to the development of cities and towns along its route, such as Buffalo and Rochester, and helped New York City become a major commercial and financial center

The canal's success inspired the construction of other canals and transportation infrastructure projects across the country

Causes:

Need to protect and promote Northern industries who faced competition from foreign manufacturers

Effects:

Deeply unpopular in the Southern states who relied on the export of cotton.

Nullification Crisis

Political division between the North and the South

Causes:

Dissatisfaction with the Corrupt Bargain

Growing support for Jackson, a champion of the common man and war hero

A shift in American political culture to a more inclusive form of government.

Effects:

Beginning of Jackson's Era

Victory for the common man

Causes:

Enlightenment ideals

Second Great Awakening

Effects:

Abolitionist Literature

Formation of abolitionist Societies

Slave Rebellions

Causes:

Industrialization led to social and economic upheaval

Poor working conditions, poverty, and overcrowded cities

Second great awakening emphasized morality, personal salvation, and improving society.

Effects:

Formation of numerous societies, prohibition era, emancipation proclamation, establishment of new prison systems, the establishment of public schools, labor unions, and women's suffrage.

Causes:

Nativism, which advocated for the protection and preference of native-born Americans over immigrants in various aspects of society, including employment and political participation.

Know Nothings held strong anti-Catholic biases and viewed Catholic immigrants, particularly Irish and German Catholics, as a threat to American values and institutions

The mid-19th century witnessed a significant influx of immigrants, particularly from Ireland and Germany, which fueled nativist concerns and fears of demographic and cultural change

Effects:

Brief political prominence with several members elected to congress and sate legislatures

Advocated for naturalization laws and limitations on immigrant political participation.

Causes:

Desire for land

Manifest destiny

Gold

Effects:

The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole were forced from their homeland

The journey, known as the "Trail of Tears," was often arduous and led to the suffering and deaths of thousands of Native Americans.

Second Seminole War

Cherokee resistance brought a case before the Supreme Court

Causes:

Samuel Worcester, a missionary, and Elias Boudinot, editor of the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper, were arrested for residing in Cherokee territory without taking an oath of allegiance to Georgia.

Effects:

Affirmed the concept of tribal sovereignty

Despite the Court's ruling, Georgia and President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce it, leading to the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation, known as the Trail of Tears, in the late 1830s

Causes:

Dissatisfaction with mainstream society and a desire to create more perfect and harmonious communities

Influences of various religious and social reform movements of the time.

Economic and social inequalities in society, leading to a quest for alternative ways of living.

Effects:

The establishment of communities with unique structures and values, such as the Shakers and Oneida Community.

Pioneering social and communal experiments that influenced later reform movements.

Causes:

Religious inspiration: Nat Turner believed he was chosen by god

The influence of growing abolitionist sentiments and the desire for freedom among enslaved people

Resentment over harsh treatment

Effects:

Widespread fear among white slaveholders, resulting in harsher slave codes and restrictions on enslaved individuals

An increased polarization of views on slavery in the United States, with heightened tensions between abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates

Force Bill: law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1833 that gave the president the power to use the military to enforce the collection of import duties if a state refused to comply with federal tariffs.

Causes:

Disagreements over the Tariff of Abominations between the North and the South

Effects:

A compromise that resolved the crisis but did not fully satisfy either side's demands'

Figures:

John C. Calhoun and Andrew Jackson

Causes:

The growing abolitionist movement

Southern concerns about the potential disruption of the institution of slavery and their desire to protect their economic and social interests

Effects:

Suppression of free speech and the right to petition for many abolitionists, leading to protests and increased tensions between North and South

Eventually, the repeal of the Gag Rule, leading to a resumption of anti-slavery discussions in Congress

Causes:

Speculative lending and land speculation that led to the inflation of land prices and created a bubble

The economic policies of President Andrew Jackson, including the issuance of the Specie Circular, which required land purchases to be made with hard currency (gold or silver)

The decline in international trade and the failure of major financial institutions

Effects:

Bank closures, bankruptcies, and unemployment affecting many Americans

The end of President Martin Van Buren's presidency

A push for financial reform and the establishment of the Independent Treasury System in 1840 to prevent future economic crises

Causes:

The desire for valuable Cherokee land by white settlers and the discovery of gold in Georgia.

The Indian Removal Act of 1830, which provided for the forced removal of indigenous peoples from their ancestral lands.

The refusal of the Cherokee Nation to voluntarily relocate, leading to military intervention by the U.S. government.

Effects:

The displacement and suffering of thousands of Cherokee people, resulting in the deaths of a substantial portion of the population during the journey.

A controversial and divisive policy that raised moral and ethical questions about the treatment of indigenous peoples in the United States.

Causes:

Desire to share his personal experiences as an enslaved person and educate others about the harsh realities of slavery

Effects:

Helped to galvanize the anti-slavery movement and spread awareness about the horrors of slavery

Frederick Douglass's rise as a prominent spokesperson for the abolitionist cause

Causes:

Religious persecution and conflicts with non-Mormon residents in the Midwest, particularly in Missouri and Illinois, led to the search for a new, isolated location to practice their faith

The belief in the leadership of Brigham Young and the divine guidance of the church's leaders in finding a suitable place for the Mormon community

The lure of establishing a theocratic and self-sufficient community in a remote region

Effects:

Spread of Mormonism

Tensions with the U.S. government over issues such as polygamy and theocratic governance.

Causes:

The influence of the abolitionist movement and the connection between women's rights and the fight against slavery.

Frustration over the limited legal and social rights afforded to women, including their exclusion from voting and property ownership.

Effects:

Beginning of women's suffrage movement

Laid out a comprehensive list of grievances and demands for equality

Increased activism and organization of women.

Democrat-Republican

Individual rights and limited government

Strict constructionist

Accomplishments:

Louisiana Purchase - unconstitutional

Slashed Army and Navy Expenditures

Sent a Squadron to fight the Barbary pirates

Eliminated Whiskey Tax

Democratic Republican

Accomplishments:

War of 1812 against Britain, sometimes called "Mr. Madison's War.

Treaty of Ghent (1814), which ended the War of 1812.

Ratification of the Second National Bank of the United States.

Democratic-Republican

Accomplishments:

Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.

The Missouri Compromise (1820), which maintained a balance between free and slave states.

The acquisition of Florida from Spain (1819).

The Era of Good Feelings, a period of relative domestic tranquility and one-party rule.

The construction of the Erie Canal began during his presidency, boosting western expansion and trade.

Democratic-Republican, later National Republican

Accomplishments:

The Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) with Spain, which acquired Florida for the U.S.

Advocated for a national university and a national astronomical observatory.

Proposed an ambitious national infrastructure plan, including roads and canals, but it was not approved by Congress.

Struggled with a divided and contentious Congress during his presidency.

Was involved in the controversial "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824, which led to his election as President.

Democratic

Accomplishments:

Economic downturn known as the Panic of 1837 marked much of his presidency.

Establishment of an independent U.S. Treasury to manage government funds.

Faced challenges stemming from sectional tensions, particularly over slavery.

Failed to secure a second term as economic hardships and political divisions hurt his popularity.

Whig

Accomplishments:

Harrison's presidency was extremely brief due to his death from pneumonia just 31 days after taking office.

He gave the longest inaugural address in U.S. history, which was over 8,000 words, in cold and wet weather, contributing to his illness.

His death led to the succession of John Tyler as President, sparking a debate over presidential succession and the balance of power.

Whig, but often at odds with his own party

Accomplishments:

Advocated for states' rights and strict interpretation of the Constitution, leading to disagreements with his party.

Annexed Texas as a new state in 1845, which was a major step towards westward expansion.

Signed the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) with Britain, settling border disputes between the U.S. and Canada.

Faced considerable opposition in Congress and struggled with his unpopular presidency.

Democratic

Accomplishments:

Successfully accomplished all four of his major goals, known as the "Polk Doctrine," which included the acquisition of new territory.

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848), which resulted in the acquisition of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and other territories in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Oregon Trail and Mexican Cession expansion, significantly enlarging the territorial expanse of the United States.

Lowering tariffs and establishing the Independent Treasury System to manage government finances.

Chose not to seek re-election and kept his promise to serve only one term.

Causes:

Manifest Destiny encouraged westward expansion

Economic Opportunities: the fur trade in Oregon attracted trappers and traders and land was fertile

Religious Motivation: Protestant missionaries sought to spread their beliefs and believed there was a moral and religious duty to settle and cultivate the land in the West.

Effects:

Influx of settlers into Oregon trail

Massive Westward Expansion

Demand for improved infrastructure and communication in the west

Conflict with Native Americans

Causes:

Religious motivation

American Exceptionalism and the superiority of American Institutions

Opportunity to open new markets and trade routes

Effects:

Expansion of the United States

Mexican American War

Debate over slavery

Causes:

Annexation of Texas

Border Dispute

Polk's expansionist policies

Effects:

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Wilmot Proviso

Tensions over the spread of slavery

Strained relations between Mexico and the U.S.

Causes:

Abolitionist movement and growing anti-slavery sentiment. particularly with actions aimed at restriction rather than abolishing slavery

The balance between free and slave states

Northern politicians wanted to restrict slavery

Effects:

Intensified sectional debates over the expansion of slavery

Contributed to shifts in party platforms and set the stage for the emergence of the Republican Party

Causes:

Polk had asserted that blood was shed on American soil, justifying U.S. military intervention.

Abraham Lincoln's skepticism of the legitimacy of the claims.

Effects:

Positioned Lincoln as a leader within the Whig Party

Increased tensions between Congress and the President.

Causes:

Objected to the war and believed it was unjust

Believed in individualism and questioned the authority of civil government to enforce laws that violated one's conscience and moral convictions.

Effects:

Thoreau's ideas on civil disobedience influenced later movements for civil rights: figures such as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

Encouraged people to question the government

Causes:

Mexican-American War

Expansionism

Effects:

Expansion of the United States

Compromise of 1850 and heightened debates over slavery

Causes:

Sutter's Mill discovery

Economic hardships in other parts of the United States

Manifest Destiny

Effects:

Economic growth of California

Immigrants from around the world came to California, contributing to its cultural diversity

Rapid Growth of California

Causes:

Heightened tensions over slavery: the Wilmot Proviso

Ethical rather than moral concerns over slavery: expansion of slavery into new territories would limit economic opportunities for free laborers and small farmers

Effects:

Contributed to the overall anti-slavery agitation and political mobilization in the years leading up to the Civil War.

The election of Abraham Lincoln

Effects:

Causes:

Mexican Cession and Wilmot Proviso

California's statehood due the population growth it experienced during the gold rush

Effects:

California was admitted to the Union as a free state

The remainder of the Mexican cession was divided into the two territories of New Mexico and Utah without the mention of slavery

The claim of Texas to a portion of New Mexico was satisfied by a payment of 10 million dollars

The fugitive slave act was passed

The buying and selling of slaves was abolished in the District of Columbia.

Some northerners refused to catch slaves

The Underground Railroad became more efficient and daring than ever.

Causes:

The growing abolitionist movement and moral opposition to slavery

Quakers played a significant role in the early formation of the Underground Railroad

Effects:

Helped thousands of slaves escape to freedom

Served as a powerful symbol of resistance to slavery

Heightened tensions over the enforcement of fugitive slave laws

Causes:

Impact of the fugitive slave act

Response to the compromise of 1850

Effects:

Heightened public awareness to the realities of slavery

Gained international acclaim

Intensified the sectional tensions between the North and the South

Shaped public opinion leading up to the civil war.

Causes:

Questions over whether new territories would allow slavery of not

Effects:

Violence: during the Sack of Lawrence, pro-slavery forces attacked the anti-slavery town of Lawrence, leading to destruction and violence.

Contributed to the formation of the Republican Party, which united anti-slavery factions

Early indicator of the deepening divisions that would lead to the Civil War

Causes:

Tensions over slavery

Sumner's anti-slavery speech

Effects:

Sumner suffered severe injuries and was unable to return to Senate for several years

Outraged the north whereas Brooks was hailed as a hero in the South

Deepened Sectional divides

Causes:

Anti-Slavery Sentiment

Collapse of the Whig Party

Coalition between various anti-slavery factions such as Free-Soilers and abolitionists.

Effects:

Election of Abraham Lincoln

Played a key role in leading the Union's efforts during the Civil War

Causes:

Dredd Scott, and enslaved man, had lived in free territories and states with his owner.

Became the focal point for the political and legal battle over the status of slavery in the expanding nation.

Effects:

Worsening Sectional tensions

Ruling that declared enslaved individuals were property, not citizens, and therefore lacked the legal standing to sue in federal courts.

The Court ruled that the Missouri Compromise, which prohibited slavery in certain territories, was unconstitutional as it deprived slaveholders of their property rights.

Causes:

Illinois Senate Race

Expansion of Slavery and Popular Sovereignty

Effects:

Lincoln's House Divided speech

Elevated Lincoln's national profile even though Douglas won the seat

Heightened national debates

Causes:

Growing abolitionist beliefs and radical actions

Frustration at the ineffectiveness of peaceful abolitionist methods

Influence of Slave Rebellions

Effects:

The raid did not garner the anticipated support from the local enslaved population

Brown was sentenced to death

Highlighted national tensions

symbol of the intense divisions that contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War

Causes:

Sectional divisions over slavery

Rise of the Republican party

Disintegration of the Democratic party

Effects:

Abraham Lincoln won the election securing no electoral votes in the Southern states.

Southern states viewed Lincoln's election as a threat to their interests and decided to secede

Causes:

Disputes over slavery

Election of Abraham Lincoln

States' Rights

Effects:

South Carolina's Secession

Formation of the confederacy

The attack on Fort Sumter

Causes:

Lincoln decided to resupply Fort Sumter, making it clear he would not surrender the fort

Effects:

Fort Sumter surrendered

Start of the Civil War

Mobilization of Northern and Southern troops

Generated outrage in the North

Causes:

Escalation of Tensions such as attack on Fort Sumter

Strategic Importance of Northern Virginia

Effects:

People originally thought it would be a quick battle, but the Union lost.

Shattered expectations of a quick victory, and the retreat led to a demoralized Northern public.

Realignment of strategies and need for more thorough preparation for the Civil War.

Causes:

Lee's Invasion of the North

Effects:

Halted Lee's invasion of the north

Emancipation Proclamation

Showed the Union could stand against the Confederate army

Executive order that declared the freedom of all enslaved individuals in Confederate-held territory.

Causes:

Military strategy aimed to weaken the Southern economy and military

Political Pressure to make the Union about slavery to prevent European support for the South

Effects:

Transformation of War Objectives from preserving the Union to slavery

Prevented European support of the South

Encouraged African American Participation in the Union Army and war effort.

Causes:

Search for a decisive battle

Effects:

Union Victory and Halt to Confederate advance

Boost to union morale and confidence

Forced lee to begin a retreat for a fresh supply of soldiers.

Causes:

Pivotal moment in the War

Lincoln wanted to preserve the union in the face of the Civil War

Wanted to honor the fallen

Effects:

Shaped national identity

Called for national renewal that strengthened northern spirit

Lincoln redefined national purpose that emphasized national unity and freedom.

Causes:

Class disparities in Draft Implementation: The federal government allowed wealthier individuals to avoid service by either paying a commutation fee or hiring substitutes. This system was perceived as favoring the affluent.

New York was facing economic challenges, and there were concerns that freed peoples, not subject to the draft, would take employment opportunities, intensifying racial and economic anxieties.

Anti-Abolitionist Sentiment

Effects:

Violent unrest and property destruction

Increased racial hostility

Causes:

Food shortages and severe Inflation

Confederate's failed price controls

Wealth disparities

Effects:

Women took to the streets in protest of food shortages and high prices.

Highlighted social tensions and disparities within Confederate society.

Causes:

Total war doctrine, aimed to not only defeat Confederates but destroy infrastructure, resources, and civilian morale.

Effects:

Destruction of Infrastructure

Decline in Confederate morale

Significant success for the Union that contributed to their victory.

Causes:

Significant Confederate losses

Shortages of men and resources

Threat to Richmond, Virginia

Effects:

End of the Civil War

Generous terms of surrender

Beginning of reconstruction

Causes:

End of the Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment

Effects:

14th and 15th Amendments: Citizenship and voting rights

Land redistribution to former slaves

Educational Advances for African Americans due to the Freedmen's bureau

Election of black congressmen

Resistance from white supremacist groups

Causes:

Emancipation and the End of Slavery

Slaves lacked access to land and resources to recover

Freed slaves needed access to food and shelter

Effects:

Educational Advancements for African Americans

Negotiation of fair labor contracts

Limited success of Land Redistribution.

Causes:

Economic challenges after the Civil War

African Americans lacked the financial means to purchase land, seeds, and tools

Southern Economy remained heavily dependent on agriculture.

Effects:

Sharecroppers received a share of the harvested crops but often had to give a large portion to landowners as payment for using the land.

They frequently found themselves in debt due to the high and monopolistic cost of supplies and unequal distribution of proceeds.

Perpetuated racial disparities

Causes:

Johnson and the Republican Congress had different visions for reconstruction

Johnson's violation of the tenure of Office act, who believed it was unconstitutional

Effects:

Impeachment failed by one vote

Clarified presidential powers

reflected the deep divisions between Johnson and Congress over the direction of Reconstruction

Causes:

Desire for radical transformation of the Southern States

Concerns about Southern Resistance such as the Black Codes

Desire for equality

Effects:

Passage of Reconstruction legislation such as the 14th Amendment and the Reconstruction Acts of 1867.

Advocacy for the 14th Amendment

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Causes:

Resistance to emancipation

Desire to preserve white supremacy and fear of social upheaval

Maintaining control on labor force

Effects:

Restriction of African American rights that forced many into sharecropping

Enforced segregation and curfews

Sparked public outcry in the North

Causes:

Even though slavery was abolished, there was a need for newly freed African Americans needed federal intervention to protect their rights

Southern Black Codes and Racial Discrimination

Effects:

Supposedly equal protection and Civil Rights for African Americans

Legal recognition of Citizenship, overturning the Dredd Scott decision

Foundation for the 14th Amendment

Causes:

Growing abolitionist movement

Post War Reconstruction vision, especially by the Radical Republicans

Effects:

Officially and constitutionally abolished slavery

Set the Stage for further Reconstruction Legislation

Served as a foundation for legal arguments related to civil rights.

Causes:

Concerns about the black codes

Opposition to Johnson's Reconstruction policies

Desire for Constitutional Protections

Effects:

Citizenship and Equal Protection for African Americans.

Southern States had to comply with the provisions of the 14th Amendment as a condition for readmission to the Union

Causes:

The Rise of White Supremacist Groups that posed a threat to the civil rights and political participation of African Americans.

Violence and Voter Intimidation

Challenges to reconstruction policy

Effects:

Suppression of the Ku Klux Klan

Protection of Voting rights

Federal enforcement of Civil RIghts

Causes:

Opposition to Presidential Reconstruction

Black codes and Southern Resistance

Desire for a more radical reconstruction

Effects:

South was divided into military districts

Required Southern states to create new constitutions that included provisions for universal male suffrage.

Southern anger at military rule

Causes:

Southern states implemented discriminatory practices to suppress the votes of African Americans.

Republicans recognized Freed peoples needed the right to vote to protect their rights.

Effects:

Universal male suffrage

Constitutional basis for protecting voting rights

Continued voting struggles and the Jim Crow era

Causes:

Over Speculation and risky investments contributed to the economic bubble that eventually burst.

High levels of debt, inflation, and an overextended railroad industry

Effects:

Labor Strikes and protests became more common

Eroded support for Ulysses S. Grant

Attention changed from racial problems to economic problems

Causes:

Louisiana granted a monopoly to a single slaughterhouse in New Orleans

Effects:

Limited the scope of the 14th amendment, slowly eroding civil rights

Encouraged State Autonomy

Causes:

Disputed Election

End of Reconstruction

Compromise Talks

Effects:

Hayes-Tilden Compromise: Rutherford B. Hayes would be elected as president. In exchange, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South.

End of Reconstruction era

Rise of Jim Crow laws without the protection of the federal government.

Causes:

Attempt to escape poor economic conditions and discriminatory laws.

Influence of promoters and advocates to move

Effects:

Paved the Way for more African American Migration

Migration to Kansas and the Midwest

provided important models of lack self-government and community building in the west.

Significant Accomplishments:

Helped win the Mexican American War

Opposed extension of slavery into newly acquired territories

Whig who became a know nothing after his presidency

Beliefs:

Filmore supported the compromise of 1850

Significant Accomplishments:

Played a significant role in getting the compromise of 1850 passed

Opened trade with Japan

Acquired a strip of land from Mexico in order to build a southern transcontinental railroad

Democrat

Beliefs:

Although he was a Northern Democrat, he had Southern sympathies.

He was a firm believer in popular sovereignty.

Significant Accomplishments:

Kansas Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed for the possibility of slavery in territories north of the 3630 line.

Democratic

Beliefs:

Believed in preserving the Union and avoiding confrontation over the issue of slavery

Significant Accomplishments:

Grappled with the Panic of 1857, which made his presidency unsuccessful.

Republican

Beliefs:

Was elected on an anti-slavery platform

Believed in preserving the Union and transformed his goals to include the abolition of slavery.

Significant Accomplishments:

Emancipation Proclamation - Declared slaves held in confederate territory to be free

Gettysburg Address - Famous speech emphasizing equality, democracy, and expressing a dedication to the Union

Homestead Act - Provided 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee, provided they improve the land by building a dwelling and cultivating crops

Pacific Railway Act - signed legislation authorizing the construction of the First transcontinental Railroad, connecting the east and west coasts of the United States.

Democrat

Beliefs:

Southern Democrat who believed in the quick restoration of the Southern states to the Union.

Racist

Significant Accomplishments (Or Actions):

Lenient attitude towards reconstruction, which allowed former confederates to gain power.

Vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which aimed to protect the rights of African Americans. Congress overrode his veto

First president to be impeached by the house of respresentatives

Republican

Beliefs:

Supported the rights of African Americans and worked to enforce Reconstruction policies in the Southern States.

Significant Accomplishments:

Advocated for the Fifteenth Amendment

Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1871 protecting African Americans from the Ku Klux Klan

Transcontinental railroad completed

Republican

Beliefs:

Reform minded

His president marked the end of the Reconstruction era, and he sought to reconcile the divisions between North and South.

Significant Accomplishments:

Compromise of 1877

Used troops to restore order during the Great Railroad strike of 1877

Causes:

Industrialization

Railroad expansion

Laissez Faire government policies

Effects:

Income inequality

Corruption and political scandals

Labor Struggles

Causes:

Technological Advancement allowed for electricity, mass production techniques, and efficient operation of large scale indsutries

Lack of regulation allowed businesses to grow without significant restrictions, allowing for consolidation and monopolies

Effects:

The formation of large monopolies

Labor exploitation: exploited workers, poor working conditions, and low wages

Political and social concerns about wealth inequality and social justice

Causes for success:

Monopolistic Practices - Horizontal integration

Aggressive practices

Laissez Faire government

Effects:

Monopoly and trust formation

Antitrust legislation, Standard Oil dissolved into multiple smaller companies in 1911

Philanthropy: Rockefeller foundation, education, medicine, and scientific research.

Causes:

Vertical Integration: controlling all aspects of steel production process

The Bessemer process

Railroad Expansion created a demand for steel

Effects:

Dominance of Carnegie Steel

Boosted infrastructure development and manufacturing

Philanthropic legacy, leaving behind Carnegie Mellon University and various educational initiatives.

Causes:

Need to create a vast and efficient transportation network for westward expansion

Known for fierce competition and rate wars, driving down transportation costs and making travel and shipping more affordable.

Effects:

Not too many philanthropic contributions

Improved connectivity and transportation efficiency

Did not own grand homes. Mansions were built by his descendants.

Causes:

Good reputation that attracted clients and businesses

Involvement in the consolidation of major industries such as finance, steel, and railroads.

Effects:

J.P. Morgan was transformed into a financial powerhouse

The consolidation of major industries.

Interventions during financial crises such as financial bailouts.

Causes:

Concerns over growing monopolies and trusts

Economic concentration in the hands of a few industrial magnates

Public pressure from those advocating for fair competition and the protection of small businesses

Effects:

Paved the way for the enforcement of antitrust laws

Contributed to the breakup of several major monopolies such as Standard Oil

Causes:

Adam Smith's the wealth of Nations: if everyone acts in their self interests it serves to benefit society

Effects:

Production of great capital and economic efficiency

Income inequality as unrestricted markets led to wealth accumulation by a few

Market instability: potential for financial crises.

Causes:

Rise of industrial Magnates

Laissez Faire Economics

Effects:

Influence of economic thought, providing a rationale for laissez faire policies and opposing social reforms that aimed at reducing inequality.

Seemed to legitimize harsh conditions for the less fortunate

Inspired Andrew Carnegie to not give "handouts" but rather invest in society by providing services so that the driven could succeed.

Causes:

Gained prominence after the Pullman strike in 1894

Effects:

Advancement of socialist ideas in the United States

influenced future generations of leftists and progressive movements.

Causes:

Dissatisfaction with the inclusive approach of the Knights of Labor.

Need for Practical solutions to address labor issues

Effects:

Secured better wages, improved working conditions, and the establishment of a standard workweek.

Collective bargaining made way for the idea of negotiating with employers

Causes:

Involved two major companies: The Central Pacific and Union pacific Railroad companies

Immigrant labor made up most of the workforce

Government support for the railroad

Effects:

Significantly boosted economic activities by facilitating faster and cheaper transportation of goods and people between the East and West coasts

Accelerated Westward Expansion

Facilitated cultural exchange as people and goods moved freely across the country.

Causes:

Inclusive membership allowed it to grow as both skilled, unskilled workers, men, women, and all races joined

Effects:

Raised Awareness for worker's rights

The Haymarket affair greatly weakened the Knights of Labor

Causes:

Widespread unemployment and wage cuts

The strike spread across industries to coal miners, factory workers, and other laborers.

Marked by violent clashes between workers and authorities

Effects:

Raised awareness about the challenges faced by workers

Increased Government and corporate repression of labor movements

Causes:

Wage Cuts and labor unrest: Andrew Carnegie sought to cut wages for skilled workers and replace some with machines

Company responded with Pinkerton Detective Agency agents

Battle caused casualties on both sides, and the Pinkertons were forced to surrender.

Effects:

Decline of the Amalgamated Association whose leaders were blacklisted by the steel industry

Lasting effects on labor relations in the US, contributing to a more hostile and confrontational approach between workers and management in some industries

Causes:

Part of a larger movement advocating for an eight hour workday.

Suspected communist and anarchist motivations from the bomber

Effects:

In the aftermath, eight anarchists were arrested and tried for conspiracy and murder. Four were executed despite a lack of concrete evidence connecting them to the bombing.

Decline of public support for labor causes

Individuals executed became symbols of the labor struggle

Increased anti labor and anarchist movements.

Causes:

Influence of Social Darwinism

Meritocracy and Capitalism, paternalistic viewpoint that those who achieved success through hard work and intelligence were best positioned to decide how to use their wealth for the benefit of society

Effects:

Foundation of libraries, educational institutions, and other public institutions

Establishment of Philanthropic traditions among the American elite.

Faced criticism for justifying economic inequalities

Causes:

Desire to expose social injustice and the living conditions of the urban poor

Rise of photographic technology

Advocacy for social reform

Effects:

Had a profound impact on public awareness that shocked many readers and brought attention to the deplorable conditions in which a significant portion of the population lived.

Created a call for social reform

Causes:

The company town created by Pullman was dehumanizing, and the workers had little control over their lives

Failure to negotiate better terms

Effects:

National railroad strike, became one of the largest and most impactful strikes in U.S. history

President Grover Cleveland intervened, deploying federal troops to break the strike. The intervention was justified on the ground that the strike interfered with mail delivery, a federal responsibility.

Highlighted the unfair power dynamic between workers and corporations. Questions about government interference.

Causes:

Court Injunction

Labor unrest and federal intervention

Conflict between labor and capital

Effects

Debs' imprisonment

Legal precedent for the use of injunctions against labor strikes.

Reflection on Government Response.

Causes:

Increased immigration

Need for immigration control in order to inspect immigrants and ensure public health and national security.

Effects:

Gateway for million that shaped the cultural and demographic composition of the nation.

Immigration control and inspection

Symbol of American immigration

Causes:

Increased immigration from Asia

Anti-Chinese immigration policies such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Need for immigration control

Effects:

Station became known for its longer detention periods and more challenging conditions compared to Ellis island

Discriminatory practices where Chinese faced detentions, interrogations, and harsh conditions.

Remembered as a significant site in U.S. immigration history.

Causes:

Urbanization and industrialization led to people seeking employment in factories and industries

Demand for affordable housing

Limited building regulations

Effects:

Overcrowding and poor living conditions

Social and Health issues

Housing reform

Racial separation into race based communities that provided support for immigrants of certain descents.

Causes:

Economic concerns, fearing that immigrants may compete for jobs and hurt the labor movement or send money back home

Cultural anxiety, concern over impact on national identity and cultural cohesion

concerns about the potential influence of immigrants on political landscapes

Racism and xenophobia

Effects:

Contributes to social tensions, xenophobia, and discrimination

Chinese Exclusion Act

Immigrants faced little protections and poor working conditions

Causes:

Concern about economic competition

Racial prejudice and cultural fear of the Chinese

Effects:

10 year ban on Chinese Immigration

Chinese communities were severely affected and families were separated

The Chinese Exclusion Act was renewed and extended until its repeal in 1943.

Legal precedent for restriction of immigration for national security threats.

Causes:

Urbanization and immigration

Social and economic disparities

Weak Municipal Governance allowed them to establish a strong presence in local politics.

Effects:

Jobs, services, and favors were granted to many individuals

Corruption and nepotism thrived

Causes:

Immigrant population relied on political machines for support and services

Effects:

Tweed's imprisonment led to reform movements and calls for political reforms in New York City. Turning point in efforts to combat political corruption and improve governance.

Causes:

Social inequalities and injustices

Industrialization and urbanization

Desire to counteract negative effects of capitalism.

Effects:

Inspired various reform movements. Labor rights, women's suffrage, and temperance.

Contributed to rise in progressive era reforms.

Causes:

Accumulation of wealth among the upper class and growing middle class

Emergence of consumer culture

Effects:

Highlighted disparities in waelth

Stimulated demand for luxury goods

Criticized as wasteful.

Causes:

Tensions between Native American tribes and white settlers over land rights and resources.

Pressure from settlers and politicians for military action against Native American tribes perceived as hostile.

Effects:

Resulted in the deaths of around 150 to 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho, mostly women, children, and elderly.

Increased hostility and distrust between Native American tribes and the U.S. government, leading to further violence and conflicts.

Sparked national outrage and debates over the treatment of Native Americans and the conduct of military forces in the West.

Causes:

Desire to access American Indian ands for settlement

Belief of superiority of European American culture

Effects:

Forced relocation of American Indians

Destruction of American Indian cultures

Led to disease and poverty among American Indians.

Causes:

Desire for American Indian land

Belief of cultural superiorirty

desire to civilize American Indians

Effects:

Contributed to the decline of American Indian self-sufficiency

Disrupted traditional American Indian cultural systems.

Loss of millions of acres of land.

Causes:

Belief in cultural superiority

Desire to eradicate American Indian culture

Desire to spread Christianity

Effects:

Disrupted families

Cause intergenerational conflicts

Destroyed American Indian languages, traditions, and identities.

Causes:

Encroachment of white settlers and miners onto Native American lands, particularly in the Black Hills of South Dakota.

Refusal of some American Indian tribes, including the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne, to relocate to reservations and cede their land.

Effects:

Increased federal troop response

Symbol of resistance for American Indian people.

Causes:

Growing awareness of injustices faced by American Indians

Efforts by reformers to bring attention to the plight of American Indians

Effects:

Inspired future generations of activists and reformers to continue advocating for Native American rights and sovereignty.

Raised public awareness about the mistreatment of American Indians.

Causes:

The loss of land, culture, and traditional ways of life due to colonization, forced relocation, and assimilation policies.

Social and economic distress among American Indian tribes

Spiritual and cultural revival movements

Effects:

Loss of hundreds of lives and traumatized survivors

Symbolized violent repression of American Indians

Rallying cry for American Indian activism

Causes:

Rising tensions against African-Americans in the post-reconstruction era

Efforts by the Southern states to enact Jim Crow laws

Effects:

Legalized segregation and racial discrimination

Reinforced notion of African Americans as second class citizens.

Causes:

Economic devastation of South

Desire to revitalize the economy

Effects:

Industrial growth, technological innovation, and economic diversification.

Attracted Northern investment

Perpetuated racial inequalities.

Causes:

Racial discrimination and violence against African Americans in the post-Reconstruction South.

Effects:

Foundation of the Tuskegee institute which taught practical skills

Criticized by some African American leaders for his perceived acceptance of segregation and inequality.

Causes:

Systemic Racism against AFrican Americans

Limited opportunities for education and economic advancement

Effects:

Co-Founded the NAACP

Advocated for immediate and full equality for African Americans

Talented Tenth

Causes:

Resentment among white Southerners following the abolition of slavery

Desire among white elites to maintain social control and white supremacy in the post-Reconstruction South.

Effects:

Institutionalized racial segregation in public facilities, including schools, transportation, parks, and restaurants, perpetuating racial divisions and inequalities.

Denied African Americans access to basic civil rights and liberties, such as voting rights, property ownership, and freedom of movement.

Contributed to the creation of a segregated society where African Americans were systematically marginalized, disenfranchised, and subjected to violence and discrimination.

Causes:

Rampant racial violence and discrimination against African Americans

Lynching of two of her friends who ran the Peoples Grocer

Effects:

Brought national attention to the horrors of Lynching

Disbanded the myth that lynching was perpetrated in order to protect white women

Causes:

Government efforts to encourage settlement and development of the American frontier

Desire to promote agricultural expansion

Effects:

Settlement of millions of acres of lands

dispossessed American Indians

Expansion of American agriculture.

Causes:

Economic challenges faced by farmers, including falling crop prices, high transportation costs, and indebtedness to banks and railroads.

Effects:

Both movements advocated for government regulation of transportation and grain storage, as well as currency reform to alleviate the financial burden on farmers.

The Grange provided a social and educational platform for farmers, while the Farmers' Alliances focused more on political activism and organizing.

The Farmers' Alliances eventually evolved into the Populist Party, which emerged as a major political force in the 1890s, advocating for agrarian interests and challenging the dominance of the two-party system.

Causes:

Economic hardships faced by farmers

Frustration with the political establishment

Desire among farmers to mobilize

Effects:

Lease became a prominent spokesperson for the populist party and its platform

Firey speeches

Advocacy called for government regulation of railroads and banks, currency reforms, and other measures to alleviate the plight of farmers and workers.

Causes:

Widespread corruption and inefficiency

Public outrage over the assassination of President James A. Garfield

Growing demand for civil service reform

Effects:

Established the United States Civil Service Commission to oversee the implementation of a merit based system

Reduced influence of political parties in allocation of government jobs.

Causes:

Economic hardships

Frustration with political establishment

Effects:

Major political force that advocated for government regulation of railroads and banks, currency reform, and progressive taxation

Attracted support from diverse constituencies

Merged with the democratic party

Causes:

Founding of the Populist Party

Desire to create a clear platform that wouldnt appeal to just farmers

Effects:

Platform that included government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and telephones; a graduated income tax; direct election of senators; and other measures to address economic inequality and empower ordinary citizens.

The platform attracted support from diverse constituencies, including farmers, laborers, African Americans, and women, and provided a blueprint for the party's political agenda and electoral campaigns.

Causes:

Overexpansion of railroads, industries, and agriculture

Reductions in government spending and tightening of Credit

Laissez faire government

Effects:

Bank failures and financial panics

Political and social unrest

Widespread unemployment and poverty

Causes:

Severe economic downturn and widespread unemployment

Frustration with response to economic crisis

Effects:

Called for the government to create jobs through public works

Attracted widespread attention and sympathy but was ultimately dispersed by the police

Brought national attention to the struggle of unemployed workers.

Causes:

Economic issues and the handling of the Panic of 1893

Effects:

The return of the democratic Party to power after a brief interlude of Republican rule.

The election signaled a shift in public opinion toward Democratic policies and principles, including free trade and limited government intervention in the economy.

Causes:

Discontent with Democratic Party's handling of economic issues

Bryan depicted as radical figure

Republicans portrayed themselves as active

Effects:

Marked the beginning of the Fourth Party system and solidified Republican dominance

Gold standard prevailed over the free silver movement

Causes:

Desire to end the gold standard and cause inflation

Economic hardships of farmers and workers

Effects:

Galvanized the Democratic Party and propelled him to the party's nomination for president in 1896, advocating for "free silver" coinage as a means to inflate the currency and alleviate the burden of debt on farmers and workers.

Causes:

Believed it would help US become Pacific Power

Compete with England

Effects:

U.S. discovery of timber, oil, and minerals

Strengthened US strategic position in pacific.

Expansion of U.S.

Connections: U.S Imperialism

Causes:

American sugar planters wanted favorable trade

Hawaii was valuable as a trade and naval base.

Rise of American Imperialism

Effects:

Loss of sovereignty for Hawaii

Contributed to Imperialism

Population forced into American Education

Causes:

Cuban independence movement

Yellow Journalism, Jingoism

American Exceptionalism

Effects:

Treaty of Paris

Puerto Rico, Guam, freed and Phillipines sold to US

Debates over US Imperialism

Growth of US power

Idea of White man's burden

Causes:

Boiler Room explosion, not Spain's fault.

Effects:

Outbreak of Spanish American War

American Imperialism

Yellow Journalism

Causes:

Acquisition of new territories, especially regarding the Philippines

Effects:

Idea of self determination argued

Influence of Sea Power on History

Our Country: its possible future and present crisis.

Causes:

Fill its role as an emerging world power

Natural Resources

Navy/Army Expansion

More markets

Effects:

Education of those in of acquired territories

Armed Resistance

Debates

Causes:

American Imperialism

Protect trade routes in Caribbean Sea

Effects:

Restricted Cuban sovereignty over territory

Allowed US to intervene in Cuban Affairs

Resentment of US

Causes:

Economic interests

Concern that Europe would claim China

Effects:

Helped preserve Chinese sovereignty

Expansion of US influence

Maintained US China trade

Causes:

American Imperialism

Teddy Roosevelt opposed to European intervention in the Western Hemisphere

Effects:

Roosevelt collected debts from Venezuela and the Dominican Republic for Europe

Increased US interventionism

Causes:

Various forms of social injustice: poverty, unsavory business practices, unfair working conditions, etc

Industrialization and urbanization

Progressive movement

Effects:

Inspired reform. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle brought about food safety acts.

Increased public awareness

Strengthening of progressive movement.

Causes:

Concerns over monopolies such as standard oil

Unsavory and shady business practices

Effects:

Public outrage

Calls for antitrust acts

Sherman Antitrust act

Causes:

Industrialization and the growth of the factory system

Lack of proper regulation over concerns for consumer health

Poor working conditions

Effects:

Public outrage over appalling working and sanitary conditions

Passage of the pure food and drug act

Shaped public opinion on government policy

Aimed for American hearts, hit stomachs

Causes:

Social and economic inequality

Political machines

Idea to work within the system to cause change through the government

Effects:

Prohibition

Suffrage

Direct Election of Senators

Antitrust legislation

Causes:

Concerns over lack of accountability

Belief there was widespread corruption and backroom deals

Progressive movement

Effects:

Expansion of democratic participation

Increased accountability for senators

Empowered the people

Causes:

Temperance movement

Progressive movement

Moral and religious beliefs

Effects:

Rise of organized crime

Consumption of unregulated alcohol

Causes:

Women's suffrage movement

Progressive movement

Social and cultural shift to increase participation of women in society

Effects:

Voting rights for women

Expansion of democracy

Empowerment of women

Causes:

African American awareness of injustices

Rise of Jim Crow

Civil rights activism

Effects:

Challenged racial segregation

Growth of movement against racial inequality

Effects:

Causes:

Assassination of Willian McKinley

Progressive reform agenda

Effects:

Strengthening of the progressive movement

Trust-busting, consumer protection, conservatism, and labor reform.

Effects:

Causes:

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle

progressive movement

Public outcry

Effects:

Established federal authority to regulate the manufacture, sale, and labeling of food and drugs

Protected consumers

Restored confidence in food

Causes:

The Jungle

Progressivism

Public Outcry

Effects:

Restored consumer confidence

Protected the public

Causes:

Unsafe working conditions such as locked pull doors and a lack of fire escapes

Lack of regulation

Economic Exploitation of young women

Effects:

Public outrage and reform

Labor movement growth

Improved workplace safety

Effects:

Causes:

European Arms race

Complex alliances

Nationalism

Effects:

US concerns over war

Exports to Allied powers

Loans to Allied powers

Causes:

Trade interests

Isolationist Sentiment

Wilson's slogan in 1916 was "He kept us out of war."

Effects:

Stalemate between Allies and central powers

Humanitarian concerns

Economic gain

Causes:

Britain's blockade of Germany

World War I

Strength of German submarines

Effects:

Increased casualties

Diplomatic tensions with Germany

US joins the war

Causes:

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Effects:

US citizens enraged

Many civilians died

Causes:

Germany was getting desperate

Germany knew the US would soon enter the war

Germany thought Mexico might want the land they lost.

Effects:

Strengthened American support to enter war

US entry into war

Causes:

Unrestricted sub warfare

Economic reliance on victory of allies

Democratic ideals

Effects:

US tipped the scales to the Allies

Mobilization of US

Causes:

End of WWI

Desire for peace and stability

Desire to create an international organization

Effects:

Establishment of a league of nations, which the US could not join

Establishment of international code

Woodrow Wilson fell ill and could not argue well

Causes:

While the allies wanted to punish Germany, Wilson wanted a peaceful future

Need for reparations and territorial adjustments

End of WWI

Effects:

Harsh terms on Germany

German instability

League of Nations

German grievances with reparations

Causes:

Fear and paranoia because of WWI

Perceived threats to war effort

Pressure from military and governmental leaders

Effects:

Suppression of dissent

Schenck vs USA

Violation of Civil liberties

Anger

Causes:

Need to expand army

Limited volunteer recruitment

Required eligible men to register regardless of socioeconomic status

Effects:

Growth of military

Controversy from pacifists and labor activists.

Created a diverse military

Causes:

Escape from Jim crow and racism of the south

Economic opportunities as jobs opened up due to WWI

North promised better conditions and wages

Effects:

Growth of Harlem and a civil rights movement

Changed demographics of major cities

Development of Jazz and the arts

Causes:

World War I, overcrowded military camps, stress of war

Lack of vaccine

Effects:

Massive death toll

Economies hurt worldwide

Age of paranoia, widespread grief and fear

Causes:

Bolshevik revolution

Labor unrest caused fear

Politicians exploited fears of communism for political gain

Effects:

Repression and persecution

Palmer Raids

Sacco & Vanzetti

Violations of civil liberties

Causes:

Espionage Act of 1917

Schenck's socialist alignment

Handing out anti-draft leaflets

Effects:

Established clear and present danger test

Upheld Schenck's conviction

Restriction of civil liberties

Causes:

Red Scare, radicalism

Bombing of Palmer's house

Labor unrest

Effects:

Arrests and deportations. Many were deported because of their political beliefs.

Backlash due to violations of civil liberties

Causes:

Return of African American Soldiers who returned with a newfound sense of pride and determination

The Great Migration

Deep seated racism

Effects:

Death of hundreds of black and white people

Lasting distrust and trauma

Highlighted the need for racial justice

Causes:

Racial tensions

Immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe

Urbanization

Social upheaval and liberalization

Effects:

Violence against and intimidation of African Americans

Political influence of KKK perpetuated injustices

Causes:

Development of new technologies and the Assembly line

Growth of consumerism

Effects:

Mass production

Became a symbol of American Ingenuity

Boosted economy through demand for steel and rubber

Causes:

WWI and desire to live freely

Women's suffrage allowed women to assert their rights

Economic independence for women as they entered the workforce

Effects:

Social and sexual liberalization

Paved the way for cultural change

Challenged stereotypes

Causes:

The experience of WWI caused soldiers to return home physically and psychologically scarred

Cultural upheaval made young people feel adrift in a changing world

Economic instability

Effects:

Artistic and literary expression through works such as The Great Gatsby

Influence on subsequent generations

Causes:

Great Migration, migration to urban center of Harlem

Racial consciousness and desire to express cultural identity

Intellectual ferment

Effects:

Artistic and literary achievements

Incorporation of African American culture into mainstream America

Success of African American artists

Causes:

Systemic racism, discrimination, and oppression faced by people of African descent, both in the United States and around the world.

Pan Africanism, the idea that people of African descent share a common heritage and destiny, and should work together to achieve their collective liberation and advancement.

Need for economic empowerment

Effects:

Global movement

Cultural pride

Divisive, hated by W.E.B Dubois and other prominent African American leaders

Rise of Black Nationalism

Causes:

Cultural and religious tensions over fundamentalism vs modernism

Darwin's theory of evolution

Desire for attention

Effects:

Verdict overturned on technicality

Sparked debate over fundamentalism

Symbol of tension

Causes:

Red Scare

Anti-Immigrant Sentiment

Legal and judicial bias

Trial focused more on their beliefs than actions

Effects:

Public outcry over execution

Symbol of injustice

Calls for retrial

Causes:

Nativism, anti-immigrant sentiment fueled by competition

Racial and Ethnic prejudices

Economic fears

Effects:

Immigration quotas

Shift in immigration patterns, sharp decline in immigration from Eastern Europe

Reinforced racial hierarchy

Causes:

Overspeculation, risky investments, stocks on margin

Weak agriculture and overproduction

Panic

Effects:

Great Depression/Economic collapse

Bank run

Widespread fear and anger

Causes:

The Great Depression left many unemployed, unable to afford homes

Lack of government assistance caused them to be named mockingly after Hoover

Effects:

Contributed to Social unrest and desire for governmental change

Gained public sympathy

Causes:

Economic hardship during the depression

Many felt betrayed by the government after WWI

Effects:

Hoover forcibly removed the bonus army

Negative perception of Hoover administration

Public sympathy

Causes:

The Great Depression was blamed on Hoover

FDR seemed personable

Roosevelt had a platform of change

Effects:

The New Deal, address economic crisis

Expansion of government, executive branch

Raise in morale

Growing expectations of federal government

Causes:

The Great Depression

Public outcry for federal help

Fulfillment of platform

Effects:

Three Rs, Relief, recovery, and reform

Formation of many programs

Helped unemployment and developed infrastructure

Changed perspective about federal assistance.

Created programs like the SEC, which are still around today.

Causes:

Roosevelt's desire to boost the economy with taxes on alcohol

Public dissatisfaction with prohibition

Organized crime

Effects:

Economic boost from jobs in alcohol industry

Reduction of crime

Social and cultural shift, end of speakeasies

Causes:

Economic hardships for the old and unemployed

The Great Depression and New Deal

Reform safety nets for future

Effects:

Some, like Townshend believed it was not enough

Old-age pensions

Unemployment insurance

Social safety net

Causes:

German people angered by harsh terms of the treaty of Versailles

Failure of the league of Nations

Failure of diplomacy

Appeasement

Effects:

Massive global conflict

Great Death Toll

Brought America out of the great depression

Causes:

Isolationism and a desire to not repeat WWI

Some argued the sacrifices of WWI had been in vain due to the rise of fascism

Desire to stay out of foreign conflicts

Effects:

Arms embargo to belligerent nations

Cash and carry policy

Criticism for being overly restrictive

Causes:

Isolationist sentiment

Anti-Semitism

Charles Lindbergh

Effects:

Shaped public opinion to not be involved

Delayed response to authoritarian threats

Disbanded after Pearl Harbor

Causes:

WWII

Support for Allies

Belief in democracy

Effects:

Strengthened the Allies

Growth of US influence

Turning point in foreign policy

Causes:

Fdr's belief in Democracy

WWII

Aimed to mobilize support

Effects:

Served as a rallying cry for democracy

Justification in fight against Axis powers

Causes:

The Japanese thought US would halt their progress in the pacific

Pearl Harbor was the primary base for the pacific

Effects:

US entry into WWII

2403 American deaths and many battleships were sunken or damaged

Unquestioned support for war

Causes:

Racism and the idea that Japanese were not true Americans

National security concerns

Effects:

120000 Japanese Americans relocated or incarcerated

Violation of constitutional rights

Korematsu vs USA

Causes:

Fred Korematsu refused to comply with Executive Order 9066

Fred Korematsu wanted to challenge the order

Effects:

Supreme Court upheld his conviction

Serves as a reminder of unchecked government power

Causes:

Stalin's desire for a second front

American Entry into the war

Effects:

Heavy casualties

Foothold established in France on the beaches of Normandy

Shifted the momentum in favor of the allies

Causes:

Need to settle differences in plans of US and USSR

How to divide Europe

Discuss war plans

Effects:

Division of Eastern and Western Europe into spheres of influence

Controversy regarding the Fate of Poland

Establishment of the UN

Effects

Causes:

Desire to avoid American loss of life

Japanese unwillingness to surrender

Strategy to intimidate USSR

Effects:

Surrender of Japan

Great Human Suffering

The beginning of the Cold War and nuclear age

Causes:

Nazi ideology

Anti-Semitism

War and expansion

Effects:

Genocide and extermination of 6 million Jews

Historical legacy, impacting global ideas of genocide

America Criticized for not allowing more Jews in

Causes:

Concerns over how to handle Germany

Avoid the mistakes of Versailles

Effects:

Germany divided into four Allied Occupation zones

German disarmament and demilitarization)

Causes:

Growing tensions between America and the Soviet Union

Soviet expansionist policies

Ideological divide between Communism and Democracy

Effects:

Increasing divide between US and Soviets

Growing cognizance of spheres of influence

Causes:

End of British aid to Turkey and Greece

Fear over the spread of communism

Civil War in Greece

Effects:

Established the principle of containment

Increased involvement in the foreign community

Tensions with the Soviet Union.

Causes:

Weak economies in Europe

Concerns about Soviet Expansionism and communist takeovers

Opportunity to promote US interests in Europe and stabilize Europe.

Effects:

Great success in American foreign policy that prevented many countries from falling to communism

Strengthened ties between the United States and Western European countries

Diminished the appeal of communism in Western European countries by improving living standards

Causes:

Blockade of the city as an attempt to push the Western allies out.

Tensions between Soviet Union and US

Aimed to avoid direct conflict

Effects:

Demonstrated the commitment of the US to West berlin

Upheld the division between East and West Germany.

Resisted a war

Causes:

Concerns about Soviet Expansionism and the spread of communism

The blockade of Berlin

Effects:

Strengthened bond between West Europe and US

Clearly defined spheres of influence

Causes:

The conflict between democracy and communism spurred a desire to develop militarily to become an equal

Espionage activities provided the Soviets valuable information

Effects:

Increased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union

Development of more nuclear weapons

Nuclear crises such as the Cuban Missile Crisis

Causes:

Concerns about the spread of communism

Desire to strengthen the United States military capabilities

Effects:

Expansion in U.S. military forces

Shaped U.S. foreign policy

Built up nuclear arms

Development of the H-Bomb

Causes:

Response to the emerging Cold War

Need for a centralized intelligence agency to combat the Soviet Union's KGB

Analyze domestic and international information for policy makers

Effects:

Shaped U.S. foreign policy and national security strategies during the cold war.

Involved in assassinations and coups

Debate over the balance between national security and civil liberties.

Causes:

Socio-economic inequality and political instability

The CCP's mobilization of peasants and marginalized people

The support of the Soviet Union

Effects:

Establishment of communist rule in China.

Intensified the Red Scare

Continued containment efforts

Causes:

The cold war and US policies of containment

North Korean invasion

Division of Korea

Effects:

Separation on the 38th parallel.

Stalemate, but in some sense a successful defense of South Korea

High casualties

Causes:

Cold War competition

Technological advancements

Desire for Propaganda

Effects:

Cold war space rivalry

Acceleration of space exploration

Technological achievement

Causes:

Economic reforms and land distribution threatened the United Fruit Company, a U.S. corporation

Anti-communist sentiment, as the government had perceived leftist leaning

Effects:

Installation of dictatorship under Carlos Castillo Armas

Decades of instability and violence in Guatemala

Exposed the U.S.'s willingness to support authoritarian regimes

Causes:

Desire to secure favorable oil connections with Iran

Fear of communist influence

Effects:

Iranian revolution

Anti-American Iranian sentiment

Abuse of American Power

Causes:

The Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Canal.

Desire to stop western influence in the middle east

Effects:

Complications of situation in Middle East

Loss of influence for Britain and France in the Middle East

Causes:

Desire to overthrow communist Cuban regime

Anticipation that the people would support the invasion

Effects:

Cuban missile crisis

Loss of good international repute

Most attackers captured or killed

Causes:

Hostile relations between Soviets/Cuba and U.S.

Soviet desire to deter US aggression

Nuclear Arms Race

MAD

Effects:

Desire to ease tensions between sides

Strengthened Kennedy's image

Dismantling of nukes from Turkey and Cuba

Causes:

To stop East Germans from fleeing and causing an economic crisis.

Soviets claimed it was to prevent fascists from entering

Prevent the west from influencing the east

Effects:

Physically and ideologically divided Berlin

Became an iconic image of the cold war

Causes:

Cuban Missile Crisis

Richard Nixon's foreign policy

New Soviet leadership

Effects:

Bettering of cold war relations

End of nuclear arms race

Causes:

Red Scare

Fear that communists had infiltrated government and hollywood

Leftist appeal for studio workers

Effects:

Blacklisted from Hollywood

Imprisoned for 6-12 months and fined $1,000

Causes:

Cold War Paranoia

Russian Spy Ring in US

Nuclear Arms Race

Effects:

Ethel first Woman to be executed for crime other than murder

Dispute over guilt

Causes:

Cold War Paranoia

McCarthy's speech that claimed 57 communists had infiltrated the State Department

Effects:

Unable to make plausible charges against any person or institution

Caused people to lose jobs or be condemned

Led to the creation of the term McCarthyism, the persecution of innocent persons on the charge of being communist.

Causes:

Need to transition soldiers back into civilian life smoothly

Recognition of Service during WWII

Economic Stimulus

Effects:

Formation of educated middle class and therefore suburbia

Democratized access to education and homeownership

However, it was hard for African Americans to use these benefits.

Causes:

Post-War Housing demand as returning veterans started families

GI Bill which made housing accessible to whites

Technological innovations that made the mass production of homes possible.

Effects:

Suburbanization

Expansion of middle class

Created an idealized image of suburban life

Causes:

Post-war optimism

Economic growth and stability

Desire to fit in and form a family

Improvements in prenatal care

Effects:

Population Growth

Economic Growth

Civil Rights movements were driven by the young

Causes:

Need for a transportation network for international defense

Spur economic development

Effects:

Formation of the Interstate highway system

Popularity of cars grew

Allowed for more suburbs because people could more easily communite.

Causes:

African American soldiers just back from overseas were being dumped out of army trucks and beaten

Truman's desire to win the black vote and meet the demands of African American organizations

Effects:

Challenge to racial segregation

Paved the way for other civil rights reforms

Causes:

Coordinated lawsuits against school districts in Kansas

Civil Rights movement

Effects:

Overturned legal segregation and Plessy v. Ferguson

Symbol of progress

Success for the Civil Rights movement

Causes:

Emmett was unfamiliar with southern customs

White Supremacy and the idea of protecting white women

Effects:

Galvanized young African Americans out of a fear that this could happen to them or their relatives

Emmett Till's picture sparked national outrage

Causes:

The arrest of Rosa Parks

Civil rights movement

Wider goal of desegregation

Effects:

Civil Rights victory and Supreme Court ruling

Skyrocketed MLK to prominence

Causes:

Inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi

Goal to achieve legal equality for African Americans

Effects:

March on Washington

Civil Rights Act and Voting Act

Became a symbol of the movement

Causes:

Montgomery Bus Boycott

ideal of nonviolent resistance

Effects:

Made efforts to desegregate cities

Played a key role in the March on Washington and the Selma voting rights campaign

Causes:

Segregated lunch counters and the desire to challenge that

Tactics of nonviolence and civil disobedience

Effects:

Forced partial integration

Brought attention to segregation

Provided a template for nonviolent resistance

Causes:

Desire to put Supreme Court ruling into effect

Desire for de facto rights

Effects:

Elevated African American education

Attracted attention to the civil rights movement

Causes:

The success of a southern sit-in

Desire for a youth civil rights movement

Wanted to use a direct action approach

Effects:

Freedom Rides

Freedom Summer

Shift from nonviolence to black power

Causes:

Desire to challenge segregation

disappointment over non-enforcement

Effects:

Buses attacked

National attention towards civil rights movement

Showed the impact of nonviolent direct action

Causes:

Protest of segregation, lack of voting rights, and unemployment.

Collaboration of many Civil Rights organizations

Effects:

Pressured JFK to initiate a civil rights bill

Symbol of the civil rights movement and showcase of solidarity

Inspirational impact on civili rights movement

Causes:

Segregation and difficulty of voting in the South

Ensure constitutional right to vote

Effects:

President Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law.

Causes:

The eventual goal was to become the official Democratic Party of Mississippi or integrate with the official Democratic Party.

Fannie Lou Hamer

Effects:

Initial failure at the National democratic convention

The eventual integration of the official Democratic Party of Mississippi

Causes:

Frustration with slow progress in Civil Rights movement

Economic difficulties in the inner city

Effects:

Black Panthers

Making of music, media, and art to reinforce black culture

Causes:

Malcolm's readings in prison

Proficiency for public speaking

Parents were followers of Marcus Garvey

Effects:

Inspiration in the fight for equality

His martyrdom, ideas, and speeches contributed to the development of Black nationalist ideology and the Black Power

Popularized the idea of autonomy

Causes:

Police brutality

Fight for African American equality

Frustration with slow pace of Civil Rights movement

Effects:

Patrolled African American neighborhoods

Spread idea of black power

SNCC influenced

Causes:

Lyndon Johnson's presidency

The March on Washington

Movement against segregation

Effects:

Major victory for the civil rights movement

End of segregation

Causes:

Selma

Murder of voting rights activists in Mississippi

obstacles to voting for African Americans in the South

Effects:

Banned literacy tests

Effective legislation for the civil rights movement

Causes:

Desire to purge immigration law

Aim to end race discrimination

Effects:

Abolished the national origins quota

Decreased the number of non-hispanic whites

America grew more Ethnically diverse

Causes:

MLK's assassination

Desire to protect renter or seller from discrimination

Effects:

For the first time in American history legislation banned racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing.

Reduced residential segregation

Causes:

Miranda was not advised about his constitutional rights to an attorney nor against self-incrimination

Effects:

Invalidated Miranda's conviction

Now Miranda rights must be read

Retried and sentenced to 20-30 years in prison

Causes:

Estelle T. Griswold and Dr. C. Lee Buxton hoped to challenge the constitutionality of a Connecticut law that prohibited not just the sale but the use of contraceptives

Bill of rights

Effects:

Paved the way for legalization of birth control and Roe v. Wade

Couples were allowed to keep their decisions private

Causes:

Discrimination, educational segregation, voting rights, and ethnic stereotyping against hispanics

Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta Boycott

Effects:

Sparked national conversations on the political and social autonomy of Hispanic groups everywhere in the United States

The creation of bilingual and bicultural programs in the southwest, improved conditions for migrant workers, the hiring of Chicano teachers, and more Mexican-Americans serving as elected officials

Causes:

Poor conditions for American Indians in cities

Frustration over decades of poor federal policy

Effects:

Occupation of Alcatraz

Cultural advocacy

Causes:

Movement of women into the workplace

Involvement of women in Civil Rights movement

The feminine mystique

Effects:

Children's books were rewritten to prevent stereotyping

Employers were required to compensate with pay when found to discriminate against women

Women's studies departments were formed at colleges

Causes:

Police raid of stonewall inn and conflict between police and organizers

LGBT frustration over police brutality

Effects:

Sparked the modern day LGBTQ movement

Formation of LGBTQ civil rights organizations

Pride movement

Effects:

Causes:

Stonewall riots

Resist oppression and demand just treatment

Effects:

Made same-sex marriage legal under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Reduced prejudice against homosexuality

Causes:

Industrialization and rapid economic growth came at the cost of the environment

Effects:

Growth of the environmental movement

Set the stage for the establishment of the EPA

The banning of DDT

Causes:

When she surveyed her classmates, she found a lack of fulfillment in housewives

The spread of suburbia and suburban housewives

Effects:

Helped spark widespread public activism for gender equality

Sparked second-wave feminism

Causes:

Take action through intersectional grassroots activism to promote feminist ideals, lead societal change, eliminate discrimination, and achieve and protect the equal rights of all women and girls in all aspects of social, political, and economic life.

The Feminine Mystique

Growing women's movement

Effects:

Helped put women in political positions

Enacted tougher laws against violence, harassment, and discrimination

Increased education, business, and employment opportunities for women.

Causes:

Desire for Equality under the law

Feminist movement

Effects:

Failed to pass

Attention to legal discrimination against women

Causes:

Norma McCorvey was denied an abortion because her pregnancy didn't pose a medical risk to her life.

A women's right to abortion

Effects:

Gave women legal access to abortions without interference from the government

Victory for women's reproductive rights

Causes:

Advocating for better wages, safer working conditions, and less exposure to pesticides

Determination to earn protection for food and farmworkers

Civil disobedience and activism

Effects:

California agricultural labor relations act, which is the only law in the nation that protects farmers right to unionize

Successful strikes and boycotts

Labor contracts with higher wages and improved labor conditions

Causes:

Civil disobedience

Urban poverty

Promoting participatory democracy

Student movement

Effects:

Advocacy for democracy, civil rights, and various types of university reforms

Opposition to the Vietnam war

Causes:

The New Left/SDS

Issues with the American Government's handling of the Cold War

Criticized racial discrimination and economic inequality

Effects:

Called for an end to apathy and urged citizens to stop accepting life under big govt. and corporations

Condemned racism, conformity, and anticommunism

Causes:

Unknown because of the death of Lee Harvey Oswald

Effects:

Shock and Sorrow in the nation

LBJ sworn in

Causes:

Assassination of John F Kennedy

LBJ's father's debt

Effects:

The Great Society Program

Progression of Civil Rights

Escalation of Vietnam

Causes:

Gulf on Tonkin incident

Effects:

Launched America's full scale involvement in the Vietnam war

Questions over executive power

War powers resolution

Causes:

Dehumanization of Vietnamese

Psychological toll of the war on soldiers

Effects:

Intensified anti war sentiments in the US

Contributed to the early withdrawl

William Laws Calley convicted

Causes:

Le Duan

Hopes of achieving a victory that would end the grinding conflict

Effects:

Military defeat but PR victory for the communist

Loss of confidence in war effort domestically

Causes:

Anti-communist stance

Nixon's youth

Effects:

Ended involvement in Vietnam

Watergate

Diplomatic relations with China and Ballistic missile treat with Soviets

Controlled Substances Act

War on Drugs

Causes:

Desire to avoid American casualties

Beginning of withdrawal

Effects:

Eventual fall of Vietnam

South Vietnamese forces were outmatched by NVA and VC

Causes:

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Intimidation of North Vietnam

Effects:

Bombing ineffective

Pilots kept as POWs

Deaths of many Cambodians

Causes:

Anti war sentiments in the youth

National tension over the war

Effects:

Growing anti-war opposition

Nationwide student strike

Debates over war

Causes:

Robert McNamara became disillusioned with war

Anti-war sentiment

Effects:

Exposed the government's deception regarding the Vietnam War

Growth of anti-war sentiment

Causes:

Economic Toll

Anti-War sentiment

American Casualties

Effects:

US "loses"

Harmed international reputation

Communist takeover of Vietnam

Causes:

Vietnam War

Effects:

Ongoing balance of executive power

Goal of avoiding another lengthy conflict

Causes:

Breakdown in South Vietnamese military and political leadership

American withdrawal and lack of further aid

Effects:

Domino Theory did not occur

Many South Vietnamese fled to America

Revealed the extent of American failure

Causes:

LBJ's experience with poverty

Urban poverty in America

Environmental concerns

Civil Rights movement

Strength of liberalism

Effects:

Medicare, Medicaid, Older Americans Act

Increased urbanization of Native Americans

Stunted due to the Vietnam War

Causes:

Great Society programs

LBJ's experience with poverty

Effects:

Expansive social welfare legislation

Founding of the OEO

Causes:

Desire to dig up dirt on democrats

Unscrupulous tactics

Effects:

Tarnished Nixon's name

Gerald Ford's pardon of Nixon made him unpopular

Resulted in Nixon's resignation and 69 government officials being charged and 48 being found guilty

Causes:

Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon, making him unpopular

Watergate Scandal

Carter's Humanitarian concerns

Effects:

Carter focused more on humanitarian violations of the Soviet Union than easing relations, which grew tension

OPEC Crisis and Stagflation

Mediated Treaty between Egypt and Israel

Election of Reagan

Causes:

Retaliation for US aid to Israel

Effects:

Skyrocketing oil prices

Loss of faith in Jimmy Carter

Causes:

Jimmy Carter allowed the prime minister to come to America for medical care

Iranian hostility towards America

Effects:

Failed rescue attempt

Embarrassment of Jimmy Carter

Causes:

The Moral Majority

Economic downturns

Progress of Civil Rights movements

Effects:

Fusion of right and evangelical Christians

Debate over Roe v. Wade

Cultural polarization

Effects:

Causes:

Dissatisfaction with Jimmy Carter and liberalism

Dramatic conservative shift in American Politics

Effects:

Supply Side economics

Reaganomics

Increased Military Spending

End of Detente