Swedish forestry companies: The use of new plant material to adapt to increased temperatures and changing hydrological regimes; adjusted silvicultural (the process of regenerating, tending and harvesting a forest) and management programmes with shorter rotation/harvesting cycle to take increased storm risk into account; improved forest roads to deal with warmer winters and limited access to winter roads; and development of forestry machines able to operate on non-frozen, waterlogged grounds. The companies only proposed a few measures to adjust to larger forest fire risk.

Examples include:building or strengthening of coastal and river flood defences and beach nourishment.

and vulnerabilities. Not only protecting from negative

impacts, but building a resilience by taking advantage of

any possible benefits future climate events could bring.

eg: managerial, legal and policy

examples: floods, forest fires and droughts.- European Commission is sending alerts and constantly updated maps to national authorities so they can warn about upcoming threats. Used and developed in Ispra , Italy.

In summary the restoration of the wetlands started in 2002 by the WWF is still going strong and was effective in restoring the population. but not in 2024 the government wants to convert it back to agricultural land against community wishes. so the WWF are once again rallying to stop it.

Retreat: Built up areas on coastlines are moved backwards, ‘retreating’ from an area of danger.

Accommodate: Development of new agricultural practices such as GM crops, which will allow plants to thrive in warmer conditions. Furthermore, water usage will be made to be more efficient through useage of gray water which will decrease water stress.

Protect: Strategies to defend areas under threat from climate change impacts such as sea level rise prevent threats from materialising into real hazards. Hard and soft engineering strategies can be used for this protection, as well as less simpler strategies such as protection from vector borne diseases.

Austria have taken a soft, legislative approach to forest management in order to aid species in their adaption to changing climates.

Spain have taken a green approach to the problem of drought in their forests by providing more genetic variation possibilities for more drought resistant flora, mainly in the form of genetically modified species.

France has published a soft approach by having forest managment schemes in place, redefining harvest criteria for farmers and applying a ‘more dynamic thinning regime’. This reduces the woodland density as well as removing poorer quality trees, which will ensure less competition between trees and more nutrients for growth.

Sweden has used a green approach, using new plant material to allow adaption to new, higher temperatures. They have also changed their hydrological reigimes in a soft approach in which they adjusted harvesting and management programs / regimes.

Accommodate

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• The European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) is a organisation made from a collaberation of the Joint Research Centre with the national flood forecasting centres in the Member States and meteorological services. The overall aim of the collaberation is to improve the disaster risk management. The main things it does is:

  
  

- Flood warning information up to 10 days in advance

- A European overview of ongoing and forecasted floods, providing the European Commission with useful information for the preparation and management of aid during flood crises

- Application of state-of-the-art weather forecasting and novel methods in probabilistic flood forecasting;

- Research applied to on-the-ground operations

waves and sea currents to naturally disperse the sand further down the coast. By making use of natural coastal processes, nourishments should be needed only once every five or ten years, potentially reducing significantly maintenance costs compared to traditional coastal defence. The Sand Motor will contribute to coastal safety in the long term and also create areas for nature and recreation.