https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10 en-us 2018-03-31 12:52:56 UTC 2018-03-31 20:36:12 UTC hello@padlet.com katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247595373 This viral pathogen is responsible for a range of symptoms, anything from the common cold, respiratory illness, diarrhoea and pinkeye/ conjunctivitis. It can be responsible for severe illness in infants and people with weakened immune systems. ]]> 2018-03-31 13:01:26 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247595373 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247595964 Millions of Adenovirus can be contained in the water molecules of a sneeze. It can also be transported via the faecal/oral route. Hand to the eye, touching an infected individual and exposure to infected tissue or blood.]]> 2018-03-31 13:11:32 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247595964 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247596601 Antibodies patrol the interstitial area around the cell. When an invader is detected. The Y-shaped antibodies bind to the virus and its projections. This alerts the white blood cells to the presence of an intrusion. Some viruses manage evade being engulfed by the white blood cells. Not all of the viral projections are covered in antibodies. Some are free from antibodies entirely. The Viral pathogens move towards the cellular membrane.]]> 2018-03-31 13:24:05 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247596601 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247597249 Viruses have developed an amazing strategy to enter the cellular membrane.
 The Adenovirus has evolved and developed the ability to mimic the substrate that allows for the cellular membrane lock and key mechanism activation.The virus Fool our membrane into treating the virus as an important required nutrient. ]]> 2018-03-31 13:33:52 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247597249 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247597528 The Virus is transported into the cell by a process of endocytosis. Specialised proteins have formed a coating around the virus and utilising the cellular membrane it is pulled into the cell. Another specialised protein helps the coated vesicle to bud off inside the cell.]]> 2018-03-31 13:37:44 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247597528 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247600343 The Endosomes are like the sorting station and they break down larger molecules into smaller more manageable components to be utilised by the cell. The Virus is about to be digested. The finger-like projections are the first parts to break away from the virus at the start of cellular digestion. A protein is released from the virus which targets the wall of the endosome. Adenovirus is released. Some of the viruses with tightly bound antibodies do not survive this stage as the protein allowing escape cannot be released.]]> 2018-03-31 14:13:00 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247600343 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247601105 The Adenovirus have no mode of motility. Our own motor proteins are used to aid the journey of the virus. Motor proteins only travel in one direction. However, a second motor protein coded to travel in the opposite direction is used to help the virus navigate any obstacle. Via the motor proteins, the virus now has access to ATP.]]> 2018-03-31 14:24:38 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247601105 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247601759 Along the internal transport network are tagging proteins. They attach to the virus and mark them for destruction. The proteasome destroys the virus. Yet only one Adenovirus is needed to make it to the nucleus achieve the ultimate goal. ]]> 2018-03-31 14:35:35 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247601759 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247602856 Again the protein capsule of the virus contains information to mimic and disguise itself as important chemical information needed inside the nucleus. Projections on the surface of the nucleus attach to the virus to pull this information through the nuclear pore. The virus is much too big. Meanwhile, the motor protein attached to the virus, (the hijacked mode of transport) is fooled into thinking that virus has hit an obstacle and begins to pull in the opposite direction.
The virus is pulled apart releasing the small segment of viral DNA which is now free to enter the nuclear pore.  ]]> 2018-03-31 14:51:28 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247602856 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247603913 The Ribosomes cannot distinguish between our own DNA and viral DNA. Once the viral DNA has been decoded and transcribed. The blueprints for the cellular destruction is in the final stages. The Ribosomes float freely outside the nucleus quickly and accurately follow instruction from the blueprints and providing the viral protein molecules needed to build the next viral army within the nucleus, only the functions needed for viral replication are left switched on inside the nucleus. The nucleus quickly decays, as the newly formed copies of the virus are formed filling up all available space within. Each multilayered protein capsule finally receives the single strand of DNA needed for future replication. ]]> 2018-03-31 15:08:52 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247603913 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247604903 A flagged fragment of the viral pathogen is transported to the surface of the cell as a final distress call. ]]> 2018-03-31 15:22:42 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247604903 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247605346 Up to 10,000 new Adenovirus can be harboured in the nucleus ready for release. The chemical distress signal sent from the nucleus was picked up by the white blood cells. As the decaying cell is lysed open and the virus escapes to continue the spread. White blood cells arrive in large numbers. They are fully prepared to engulf the decayed infected cell its contents. They also engulf healthy cells adjacent to the infected cell as a further precaution. Any escaped viruses are quickly picked up by the now more receptive antibodies that flood the interstitial fluid. Healthy cells surrounding the inhabited cell destroy themselves as a means to stop the spread of infection. Our bodies will keep a copy of the information relating to that particular virus in the bone marrow forever, and if the body has a further encounter, the antibodies can quickly respond avoiding future infection and illness from that particular virus. 
This battle goes on all the time and we are mostly unaware. It only takes one successful virus to enable the spread.]]> 2018-03-31 15:29:05 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247605346 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247611310 Bacterial pathogen and the process of infection.
Cholera Vibrio is transmitted via the faecal-oral route it is prevalent in areas of severe overcrowding and poor sanitation. 
Environmental disasters in poor countries often result in devastating outbreaks of this bacterial infection.
This infection causes diarrhoea, severe dehydration and death. 


]]> 2018-03-31 16:48:48 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247611310 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247612385 Is a gram-negative bacteria with a flagellum for motility and appears red in colour under a microscope. By drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food these bacteria are ingested. They cant survive in high acidity but a smaller number make it through to the small intestine. Once in the lumen of the small intestine, secretes a toxin-carrying an (a) and (b) subunits. They bind to a G-protein. Once bound the (a) unit moves into the epithelial cell via endocytosis. The (a) molecule keeps the G alpha protein in its active state continually stimulating the formation of cAMP. This activity via a number of processes creates the loss of sodium ions from the epithelial cell and also blocks the cells innate reuptake mechanism for sodium. 
Ion channels are opened in the Lumen and chlorine is drawn out of the epithelial cells and into the lumen of the small intestine. Due to the negative nature of the lumen caused by the flow of chlorine, and the high sodium content in the lumen water is drawn out of the epithelial cells via osmosis as the water follows down the electrochemical gradient. The cells of the epithelium are left severely dehydrated. And the individual will experience a large amount of watery diarrhoea. This water will be lost quickly and the individual will be left severely dehydrated quickly and have an electrolyte imbalance. Without sufficient treatment relatively quickly the infection could result in death, as the blood thickens due to dehydration essential blood supply is slow to reach vital organs.


 ]]> 2018-03-31 17:04:43 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247612385 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247619406 Sepsis can occur from a number of different bacterial infections. Which can enter the body orifices and via breaks in the skin. Bacteria entering the bloodstream causes serious symptoms. ]]> 2018-03-31 18:46:32 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247619406 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247620470 White blood cells react to the presence of the bacteria in the bloodstream. They release an inflammatory substance. The combination of the Endotoxin release alongside the inflammatory substance release is called Sepsis.
When the bacterium causes the extreme inflammatory response inside the blood vessel. Vasodilation causes low blood pressure. Even with fluid replacements, severe effects can occur in the major organs. Sepsis can cause fluid to leak into the lungs drastically reducing oxygen capacity. Sepsis also causes small blood clots in the vessels cutting off the oxygen supply to the affected tissues. A severe build-up of lactic acid occurs due to the lack of oxygen in the tissues. This causes septic shock and can be fatal.

]]> 2018-03-31 19:01:42 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247620470 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247622850 A very small capsid that contains double-stranded DNA. It is acquired via blood to blood or another bodily fluid virus. Holds its own RNA polymerase also. When it infects the blood it travels to the liver where it infects the hepatic cells of the liver. When the virus enters the liver cell, using the microtubules the capsid migrates toward the nucleus. On reaching the nucleus the core or the capsid dissolves releasing its DNA into the host cell. Once inside the nucleus, the DNA Coils up inside the host nucleus. The viral RNA produces many viral mRNA. This provides the instructions for the ribosomes to produce complex viral molecules. Reentering the cell reverse transcription occurs whilst maintaining a small section of RNA so creates a DNA RNA hybrid. The small remaining section of RNA is able to replicate another strand of DNA. The copies DNA and remaining strand of RNA are packaged in a capsid and ready to emerge as a progeny virus

]]> 2018-03-31 19:38:53 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247622850 katielouisesherman https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247623858 Alberts, B. (2017). Molecular biology of the cell. Garland science.
Marieb, Elaine Nicpon, and Katja Hoehn. Human anatomy & physiology. Pearson Education, 2007.
Bhattacharjee, s. ( 2014). Shomu's Biology. Retrieved from https://www.shomusbiology.com/.]]> 2018-03-31 19:56:03 UTC https://padlet.com/katielouisesherman/2syx5dcfzb10/wish/247623858