Shaping Higher Education: Influential Factors and Voices by

Example: Morrill Act Legacy 1860

louisemichellevital — 2024-10-20 19:51:58 UTC

(OPTIONS FOR DEPTH)

Notable People:

Events:

Legacy:

Implications for the current/future state of Higher Education:

1848: Seneca Falls Convention

2024-10-21 22:33:30 UTC

In 1848, The Seneca Falls Convention played a critical role in advocating for expanded educational opportunities for women. Activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott argued that education was a fundamental right that should be available to women as well as men. From this point on, education became a core part of the broader push for women's equality, alongside suffrage and property rights.

Dartmouth Case 1819 - Supreme Court ruling that established Dartmouth College as a private institution and made it unconstitutional to impair, interfere or break contracts.

2024-10-21 22:34:04 UTC

Private schools vs public schools.

The Coming Crisis in Higher Education and Using History to Promote Reflection: A Model for Reframing Student Affairs Practice

2024-10-21 22:34:18 UTC

Higher education has been in crisis regularly through most of our history. And it likely always will be.

Focused and rooted on diversity: when it started, why it started and how it started.

Still an issue with modern day times such as news about lack of diversity in recent employment due to the end of Affirmative Action.

Spelman College graduates 1893

louisemichellevital — 2024-10-21 22:35:50 UTC

Group of Spelman College graduates posing in front of a campus building, 1893.

Fraternties & Sororities in History

2024-10-21 22:36:27 UTC

Fraternities were in many ways emblematic of the high collegiate era of the late 1800s and continue into today's culture and student life. They started relatively small and tended to congregate in rented rooms, but in the 1870s they acquired their own residential chapter houses. After 1890, some fraternities entered a more opulent age, characterized by impressive, custom-built houses and larger memberships. Although a popular area of student life, fraternities have received scrutiny throughout their existance for their secrecy, exclusiveness, snobbery, hedonism, and disregard of academics. Very prestige of fraternities consisted in leaving out the majority.

Fraternities were integral to the college ethos, supported and often praised by unviersity presidents, who themselves were graduates and brothers. Fraternity membership peaked in the 1920s, when about one-third of male students at western public universities belonged to fraternities, and perhaps 20 to 25 percent of women were in sororities.

1833: Oberlin College

2024-10-21 22:38:21 UTC

Oberlin College pioneered "the joint education of the sexes," enrolling women students beside men from its opening in 1833. While the first women took classes with men, they pursued diplomas from the Ladies Course. In 1837, four women enrolled in the Collegiate Department, and in 1841, three graduated.

1837: Mount Holyoke College

2024-10-21 22:38:34 UTC

Following Oberlin, several women's colleges were founded in the mid-19th century to offer higher education to women in an environment that was considered more "appropriate" than coeducation. Founded by Mary Lyon, the school aimed to provide women with an education equivalent to that of men, emphasizing science and mathematics, which were typically considered male domains.

Exclusion from early student activities

2024-10-21 22:38:38 UTC

Horowitz describes the student life taking shape in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Even though student life (and sports) were quickly gathering speed, they were not for everyone. Jewish, African American, and female students were excluded from all of these activities.

1776: Abigail Adams Calls for More Education for Women

mclark96_2 — 2024-10-21 22:39:21 UTC

Colonial women in America received limited education as it pertained to their traditional duties. Around the time of the revolution, young women started to learn reading and writing as they had pass this knowledge to their children. Women were limited on what they could learn and how they could advance in society beyond being a wife and mother.

Classical vs. Modern Education

2024-10-21 22:39:50 UTC

This is an example of the combination classical education requirements and the elective studies that started appearing in the 19th Century.

1870: New York Medical College for Women

2024-10-21 22:40:25 UTC

Women could earn degrees and learn subjects beyond the humanities and the domestic. #womeninstem

1926: The Seven Sisters

hontzs — 2024-10-21 22:44:24 UTC

In 1926, seven women's colleges came together to form their own consortium (Barnard, Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Smith, Radcliffe, Vassar, and Wellesley). Their goal was to overcome the challenges they faced in raising funds for their endowment, especially to increase the salaries of their professors to be equal to elite men's institutions. In addition to financial stability, the consortium resulted in annual meetings between the schools and discuss current issues in higher education.

Town and Gown

2024-10-21 22:45:16 UTC

Anthony Wood's "Riot at Oxford" 1354: several injuries and deaths due to riots at Oxford, due to not having their own exclusive buildings.

Still an issue with modern times such as schools pushing out communities to grow their university campus. E.g - Northeastern and Roxbury

College football

2024-10-21 22:45:52 UTC

The first college football team was established in New Jersey in 1869. At the same(ish) time, land grant universities were blooming. These schools were more agriculturally focused and appealed to a wider array of the population including more rural students as well as less wealthy individuals. They were overall more accessible. These days, the former land grant universities make up some of the largest football teams in terms of monetary value and viewership.

Riot at Oxford

2024-10-21 22:46:35 UTC

A new model for Oxford University includes residence halls built and owned by the university. This is put in place to create a buffer between “Town” and “Gown” and in response to the riot of 1354. We see this as the model for centralized organization of residence halls. Fast forward to now almost every school has a residence life department and on-campus staff to support and oversee students that live in residence halls.

14th Amendment & Equal Protection Clause

2024-10-21 22:48:42 UTC

granting citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the US; no state can deny rights of equal protection under the law to any person - including protections within the classroom

1980-1990: Majority Enrollment

2024-10-21 22:49:21 UTC

1908: Supreme Court upholds Kentucky Day Law

2024-10-21 22:51:46 UTC

Following the Civil War, the considerable black population at Berea College aggravated white students. Supreme court upheld the state's right to prohibit the operation of integrated schools in Berea College v. Kentucky and extended Plessy v. Ferguson. Later reconsidered in the 1954 case Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka.

Student Support Services

2024-10-21 22:54:52 UTC

A great example of the lack of student support services in the history of higher education were the Blue Skins Group incidents from 1822 to 1826. They reported the vandalism incidents that occurred at St. Mary's College but were completely dismissed. Faculty members ignored these students which were part of an underrepresented group as they were already going through negative experiences. There was a lack of student support which caused distress amongst the students. Students were not able to trust their professors and confide in them.

Technological Advances

2024-10-21 22:55:00 UTC

The evolution of technology influences how instruction has developed in higher education. Examples of inventions:

1440s - Printing press
1890 - Chalkboard
1920s - Radio
1930 Overhead projectors
1951 - Videotapes
1959 - Photocopier (access to mass production of materials)
1972 - Handheld calculator
1968 - First online course
1990 - Internet
2002 - Recorded lectures are available
2006 - Youtube
2011 - Zoom

1972: Title IX

2024-10-21 22:55:01 UTC

A major turning point in U.S. education policy, Title IX prohibited gender discrimination in educational institutions, leading to a massive increase in women’s participation in higher education and sports.

Compromise of 1877

2024-10-21 22:56:14 UTC

"Compromise of 1877 - The Democrats agreed not to block Hayes’ victory on the condition that Republicans withdraw all federal troops from the South, thus consolidating Democratic control over the region. As a result of the so-called Compromise of 1877 (or Compromise of 1876), Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina became Democratic once again, effectively bringing an end to the Reconstruction era. Thus initiating the Jim Crow laws of segregation – Legal racial segregation. were meant to marginalize African Americans by denying them the right to vote, hold jobs, get an education, or other opportunities. Those who attempted to defy Jim Crow laws often faced arrest, fines, jail sentences, violence and death."

Theoretical Influences and Historical Determinants in Student Affairs

2024-10-21 22:57:10 UTC

Reason & Kimball's Theory-to-Practice is a foundational aspect of Student Affairs and thinking about Student Development by using history as a tool to learn more about our students as individuals and at a large to create spaces and groups. We see this implemented through student organizations and clubs, affinity groups and creating space spaces for students to come when they have issues.

The Abolitionist Movement

louisemichellevital — 2024-10-21 22:57:39 UTC

The Abolitionist Movement

Medieval Instruction

2024-10-21 22:57:47 UTC

Medieval schooling included heavy lessons in Latin and training for taking jobs in the church. Recitations and furious notetaking during lectures were the common methods of learning.

Bible Riots

louisemichellevital — 2024-10-21 22:57:55 UTC

Philadelphia's Bible Riots of 1844 reflected a strain of anti-Catholic bias and hostility that coursed through 19th-century America. Granger Collection, New York

Classical Higher Eduction Curriculum: The Sophists and the Philosophers

2024-10-21 22:59:04 UTC

Early higher education curriculum began in Ancient Greece (c. 428-399 BCE) through the teachings of the Sophists, professional educators who charged a fee for education. Curriculum included morality, art of logical argument (dialectic) and the art of persuasive speaking (rhetoric), as well as language, literature, philosophy, art and architecture, history and culture. Other pivotal events in early higher educatiopn include Plato and the establishment of the Academy, and the school established by Isocrates. The Classical curriculum would lay the foundation for Western higher education.

(1850) Open Curriculum

2024-10-21 23:05:15 UTC

In 1850, Francis Wayland proposed a "New Curriculum" (the predecessor to the Open Curriculum that we see today at 12 colleges such as Brown, Amherst College, University of Rochester, and Smith College). Wayland proposed that "students choose what every student might study what he chose, all that he chose, and nothing but what he chose." The new curriculum did not succeed but did return as a curriculum model in the 1960s.

Jewish Students Facing Discrimination & Targeted Admissions Policy Changes

2024-10-28 20:53:16 UTC

By 1911, the newest senior society unanimously voted “That Jews should be denied recognition at Yale.” Such attitudes reflected a national trend in Yale’s social base but apparently did not affect classroom treatment. However, it signaled the hardening of social lines at colleges and universities, especially after 1900. This also distinguished the high collegiate era from the late collegiate era.

After 1900, the elite of the legal profession, represented in the American Bar Association and the AALS, became increasingly alarmed by the influx into the profession of less-well-educated lawyers from urban proprietary schools, especially the large numbers of immigrants and Jews. New admissions policies allowed elite universities to discriminate against ethnic minorities, particularly Jews. Efforts to solve the "Jewish problem."

In the 1920s many of the leading universities and colleges decided that rising numbers of Jewish students upset the social life of their institutions and sought ways to restrict their matriculation. The new admissions practices—making character a requirement for all students—provided a means that did not explicitly target a single group. Hence, they served to mask anti-Semitism. Part of a broader agenda aimed at shaping the community life of students. Believed that Jewish students were more deceitful and less honorable than their Protestant counterparts. Thought they would interfere diverse student population.

BC’s Solution to LGBTQ+ Demands Gets Tepid Response

2024-10-28 20:55:27 UTC

Boston College students demanded for LGBTQ acceptance in their college, they were placed in the multicultural center and rejected a proposal for asking for a physical space and staff that be a supportive system for their students.

Fisk University Student Protest

2024-10-28 20:55:52 UTC

1925-1927: Students protested against Fisk University's President McKenzie after he was seeking endowments from Northern foundations that were sympathetic to his views. President McKenzie attempted to repress student initiative, undermine equalitarian spirit, and control thinking on race relations to produce a class of black intellectuals that would accept racial hierarchy.

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

2024-10-28 20:57:36 UTC

Supreme Court case declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Moral Character

2024-10-28 20:57:39 UTC

During the reformations that happened amid the 20th century a focus on faculty shaping the “whole person” and the “students character”. Faculty as advisors and a shift of dorms being central to the college community also was important. A shift of focus from just transcripts to essays as well.

1925: Fisk University Riot

2024-10-28 20:58:00 UTC

Fisk University protested against oppressive campus policies and racial discrimination, linking their fight for educational freedom to broader social justice movements and the New Negro Movement, demanding an education free from prejudice and advocating for self-determined, culturally relevant learning environments.

Primary and Secondary Education in the Black Community (early 1900s)

2024-10-28 20:58:30 UTC

Black communities organized, funded, and provided their own education infrastructure in the early 1900s. Teaching institutions such as the Tuskegee institute helped train teachers, local communities built school houses, and everyone raised money to help support education. While there was some support from philanthropic groups, it was not without caveats. Often times it only went towards vocational education, not college preparatory work. They also faced resistance from White Southerners, they feared that an education Black population would threaten the current power structures.

1920 Elective Choices

2024-10-28 20:58:47 UTC

Based on Chapter 8: Administrative Order: critics who argued against students choosing their elective courses claimed that students are choosing courses that do not relate to their future careers. Elmil Wilm of Harvard was one of these critics.

YMCAs on campus

2024-10-28 21:01:25 UTC

especially on HBCUs

1920 Freshmen orientation

2024-10-28 21:01:29 UTC

Introduction of freshman orientation programs in the 1920s. These programs, developed at universities like the University of Chicago, University of Michigan, University of California, and Yale, aimed to help new students adjust to the academic, social, and moral aspects of college life.

1928- Start of Accreditation of HBCUs

hontzs — 2024-10-28 21:12:25 UTC

In 1928 an accreditation body first recognized HBCUs and considered them for accreditation. However, they were in a separate category for them instead of them being judged in the same category of PWIs. During this time there was a struggle to raise funding and convince wealthy philanthropists to donate to HBCUs and not getting accredited would make it harder for them get funding.