DP L12 EMPHYSEMA by Daniel Tuan https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv en-us 2023-02-08 11:57:05 UTC 2025-11-12 21:22:46 UTC hello@padlet.com EMPHYSEMA tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473295613 2023-02-08 11:59:46 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473295613 Introduction tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473296673 2023-02-08 12:00:44 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473296673 Diagnostic Method tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473297039 2023-02-08 12:01:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473297039 Signs and Symptoms tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473297605 2023-02-08 12:01:42 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473297605 Pathophysiology tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473298820 Example used: Cigarette Smoking. ]]> 2023-02-08 12:02:51 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473298820 Causes tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473299548 2023-02-08 12:03:40 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473299548 Treatment tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473299992 2023-02-08 12:04:03 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473299992 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473398344 a type of COPD ]]> 2023-02-08 13:24:49 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473398344 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473399520 Walls of the alveoli are damaged --> become less elastic --> less able to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. ]]> 2023-02-08 13:25:44 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473399520 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473401249 alveoli may be narrow and collapse or stretch out of shape become abnormally large]]> 2023-02-08 13:26:44 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473401249 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473402899 lungs --> become floppy --> over-expanded --> difficulty in breathing]]> 2023-02-08 13:27:55 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473402899 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473407904 Destruction of Alveoli by breaking down the elastic fibers by proteases secluded by immune cells]]> 2023-02-08 13:31:43 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473407904 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473410407 damage to the lung parenchyma]]> 2023-02-08 13:33:34 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473410407 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473411414 Cigarette smoke --> Chronic Lung Damage]]> 2023-02-08 13:34:18 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473411414 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473413627 Environmental pollutants (e,g: Pollutants, Chemical dust, fumes, coal, wood smoke, BBQ smoke)]]> 2023-02-08 13:35:46 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473413627 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473415143 secondhand smoke or vaping --> increased risk of emphysema ]]> 2023-02-08 13:36:51 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473415143 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473416117 Allergy  (e.g: Cats/ Dogs / Dusts/ Peanuts)]]> 2023-02-08 13:37:33 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473416117 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473419928 Asthma (e.g: due to buildup of Mucus in airways) --> constant deep-cough--> alveoli may be injured ]]> 2023-02-08 13:39:58 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473419928 Others (e.g: Genetic abnormalities) tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473421406 Deficiency of a protein alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT).]]> 2023-02-08 13:40:54 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473421406 AAT normal function tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473429928 AAT inhibits neutrophil elastase (produced by the activation of the immune system)
Those neutrophils upon a trigger (e.g: smoking)--> release inflammatory cells (e.g: cytokines) --> release elastase -->break down elastin at the membrane of alveoli]]> 2023-02-08 13:46:52 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473429928 AAT deficiency --> emphysema tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473434607 AAT deficiency --> unable to inhibit neutrophil elastase --> upon trigger (e.g: smoking) neutrophils will produce elastase uncontrollably--> elastase not only break down elastin at the membrane of alveoli but also break down the walls of alveoli --> increase lung damage over time --> emphysema ]]> 2023-02-08 13:50:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473434607 CT Scan of the chest / Chest X-ray tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473443800 2023-02-08 13:55:52 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473443800 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473450325 CT scan with emphysema --> show small pockets of air throughout the lungs. --> those damaged lungs are where air becomes trapped --> forceful exhalation]]> 2023-02-08 13:58:42 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473450325 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473460771 If Emphysema is cause by asthma such as buildup of mucus in the alveoli air sacs --> under CT scan may be seen as consolidation ]]> 2023-02-08 14:04:32 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473460771 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473470638 Reduced surface area for gas exchange --> increase rate of blood flow through pulmonary capillary system --> Heart/Cardiovasular issues]]> 2023-02-08 14:07:16 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473470638 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473474646 Chest X-ray --> show abnormally large lungs 
Note: 
1) In early emphysema --> chest X-ray film shows usually normal. 
2)Diagnosing emphysema can't be done with an X-ray alone.]]> 2023-02-08 14:09:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473474646 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473481819  Infections --> due to smoking/air pollutants --> WBC increase 
Lack of O2 for gaseous exchange --> increase RBC to compensate ]]> 2023-02-08 14:13:02 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473481819 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473487132 Normal lungs -->  blow out most of the air in their lungs in 1  sec. 
Emphysema --> take longer to empty the lungs -->more than 10sec --> due to difficulty in breathing]]> 2023-02-08 14:15:59 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473487132 Medications tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473498358 Bronchodilator --> e.g: Tiotropium/Albuterol --> relax airway muscles --> opening of the airways towards the lungs --> more O2 flowing into lungs --> Reduce discomfort 

steroids -->e.g: fluticasone -->   reduce swelling of the lungs 

Anti-cough / Anti-mucus medicine --> reduce buildup of mucus --> opening up of the airway --> more O2 flowing into the lungs


]]> 2023-02-08 14:22:09 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473498358 Cannot be cured / Only temporary symptomatic relief / with reduce risk factors tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473513549 Help minimise complications 
Slow progression throughout treatment]]> 2023-02-08 14:29:05 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473513549 Oxygen Therapy tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473516690 Lack of O2 in blood -->Supplement O2 -->Relieve shortness of breathe ]]> 2023-02-08 14:30:59 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473516690 Lung Volume Reduction Surgery tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473523466 Bullectomy --> Remove giant bullae -->removal of large air sacs with destroyed alveoli / removal of damage alveoli

]]> 2023-02-08 14:34:44 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473523466 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473543411 1. Smoking introduces harmful particles like tar --> activates inflammatory process (e.g: NK cells / dendric cells / CD4 T cells /CD8 T cells)
2. Neutrophils (PMN) and Macrophages move to the lungs 
3. Release of proteolytic enzymes (e.g: elastase)
4. Destruction of elastin by proteolytic enzyme elastase

*Lungs are usually protected against this enzyme elastase by antiproteases AAT

5. Till all elastin get destroyed --> nothing to protect alveolar walls --> alveolar damaged --> Emphysema develop 
6. Reduced surface area for gaseous exchange 
7. Increase the rate of blood flow through the pulmonary capillary system 
8. Cardiovascular system may be affected 
9. Increase RBC to compensate for lack of O2, increase WBC to fight harmful smoking particles 

]]> 2023-02-08 14:45:34 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473543411 So what will happen ?? tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473566150 1. Decrease in recoil --> Narrowing of bronchioles --> trapping air in alveoli --> difficulty to breathe 

2. Alveoli damaged -->less alveoli -->lesser O2 in blood --> affect normal organ function 

3. Unable to support bronchioles -->insufficient surfactant proteins (Clara Cells) --> Collapsing of bronchioles 

4. Obstruction of airflow --> O2 get trapped in the lungs --> Barrel Chest


]]> 2023-02-08 14:58:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473566150 Common Symptoms tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473578730 Progressively shortness of breathe 
Cough with sputum or heavy phlegm 
Wheezing 
Weight loss]]> 2023-02-08 15:05:08 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473578730 Condition advances without treatment tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473581276 Sleeplessness
Confusion
Weakness (due to lack of O2)
Appetite loss
Blue-toned skin (due to lack of O2, hypoxia？）
Unequal chest expansion （Barrel Chest）
]]> 2023-02-08 15:06:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473581276 tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473583447 More likely to develop acute bronchitis and other lung infection if treatment not given or delayed]]> 2023-02-08 15:07:56 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473583447 Early symptoms tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473586102 Troubled breathing 
 shortness of breath (e.g: when walking / climbing stairs)]]> 2023-02-08 15:09:32 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473586102 Resources tgimgim https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473605239 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/symptoms-causes/syc-20355555#:~:text=Emphysema%20is%20a%20lung%20condition,instead%20of%20many%20small%20ones.

https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/emphysema 

L12 Lecture Notes]]> 2023-02-08 15:19:42 UTC https://padlet.com/tgimgim/2rzrgzfb2mvv2bkv/wish/2473605239