From the summit, you can enjoy a view of Sanxia, Yingge, and Bade, and on clear days, you can even see Taipei 101. I think the scenery on Yuan Mountain has the characteristics of a public good. First, it is non-excludable—everyone can enjoy it, as the hiking trail is freely accessible without an entrance fee. Second, it is non-rivalrous, meaning one person’s enjoyment does not reduce another’s right to enjoy it. However, when there are too many visitors, overcrowding can affect the experience of others. If you ever visit Sanxia, be sure to take a trip to Yuan Mountain and enjoy its beautiful views.

The blue sky and white clouds in this photo present one of the purest beauties of nature. From an economic perspective, the blue sky and white clouds are a typical example of a public good. Public goods possess two main characteristics：nonexcludability and nonrivalry. No one can be excluded from enjoying the beauty of the sky, and one person’s enjoyment does not reduce the opportunity for others to appreciate it as well. These features make this beautiful scenery a natural resource shared by everyone.

The installation of sidewalks not only makes pedestrians safer, but also beautifies the cityscape, reduces traffic accidents, and produces positive externality. However, these positive impacts cannot be reflected by the market, so the government needs to invest funds for construction and maintenance to ensure the overall safety of society.

No one can be prevented from using the phone stand, and one person’s temporary use does not reduce others’ opportunity to enjoy the same benefit. Just like street lighting or public parks, this simple service relies on people’s honesty and cooperation.

It reminds us that even small public goods in daily life require social responsibility to be sustained — if users stop returning the stands, the benefit for everyone will disappear.

The sunset is a type of public good because everyone can enjoy its beauty at the same time and no one can be excluded from viewing it. It is non-rivalrous and non-excludable.

This environment also produces positive externalities where the presence of greenery and clean water improves air quality and local biodiversity, benefiting everyone nearby.Additionally, the aesthetic and recreational value of the area can increase residents’ mental well-being and potentially raise nearby property values.

It fulfills the non-excludability principle of public goods—you cannot demand payment from others to view this scenery. Anyone can enter the university and witness this view.

It also satisfies the non-rivalry principle, as others viewing it does not diminish the benefits enjoyed by others.

and rivalrous, because the seats are limited.

When the area becomes crowded, others cannot find a place to study.

I think this shows how shared spaces in universities can face overuse problems, similar to the "tragedy of the commons."

I wonder if the university could manage this better by setting up a reservation system or adding more study areas.

In economics, wall murals can be considered a public good. When one person enjoys the mural, it does not reduce or diminish another person’s ability or right to enjoy it as well—this is non-rival. Moreover, anyone walking by can freely view the mural, and it is difficult to exclude others from doing so—this is non-excludable.

Both sides of the alley are decorated with delicate and colorful murals, which not only beautify the street and revitalize the space but also give the city a stronger sense of uniqueness and character.

From an economic perspective, we could say this traffic jam is a kind of negative externality. The truck driver’s accident created negative effects for third parties—other drivers and passengers lost time because of it—yet they don’t get compensated. So the cost is basically passed on to other people or to society as a whole.

From an economic standpoint, the flowers, grass, and trees on campus serve as classic examples of pure public goods. Pure public goods are defined by nonexcludability and nonrivalry. Everyone is free to admire the cherry blossoms without being excluded, and one person’s enjoyment of this natural beauty does not diminish others’ ability to appreciate it as well.

From an economic perspective, Neihu Sports Park is a public good provided by the government. As an open public facility, anyone can freely enter, take a walk, exercise, or enjoy the night view, which shows its non-excludability. Moreover, the park not only provides citizens with a place for leisure and relaxation but also beautifies the city environment, improves air quality, enhances residents’ happiness, and even increases nearby property values and commercial activity, thus generating positive externalities.

Anyone who is in this space can enjoy the view freely. And while I am looking at this stunning view , others can experience the same beauty at the same time. Because of those reason, the scenery has the qualities of non-excludable and non-rival, which makes it a kind of public good.

I am deeply moved by this beautiful scenery. By sharing this photo, I hope more people can see and enjoy this beautiful moment from our school.

At the center of NTPU stands the famous NTPU Stone. Students often like to take pictures here during important moments, such as graduation. The clouds and the warm glow of the sunset in the background make it especially beautiful.

During this season, having a picnic on the grass is also a wonderful choice.

Many children and dogs play here too — it’s such a peaceful and heartwarming sight, don’t you think?

A transformer box converts high-voltage electricity into lower voltage for safe use in homes and businesses.

However, this one blocks the walking path, forcing pedestrians to walk on the road.

It creates a negative externality because the inconvenience and safety risk are borne by pedestrians, not by the organization that installed it.

It also reduces the accessibility of a public good — the sidewalk.

This example shows the need for better government regulation and urban planning to prevent such problems.

These facilities embody the concrete practice of public goods in society, serving not only as shared spaces for health and recreation among urban residents but also as important mechanisms that promote social cohesion and equity. Through the use of these public facilities, citizens can enhance their physical and mental well-being while developing a sense of social responsibility and public awareness through shared experiences, thereby demonstrating the social value and sustainability of public goods.

U-bike creates several positive externalities. Including reducing air pollution and carbon emissions, because it encourages people to ride a bike rather than riding motorcycle or driving. It also eases traffic congestion and creates a trend of exercise, making residents healthier. However, there are some negative externalities. There may be some safety risks, if people ride on the sidewalk. Additionally, the city will be mess if many riders park on the wrong places.

U-bike are not public goods. Because you have to pay for them before you use it, they are exclusive. In addition, if one person ride on a u-bike, there is no possible for another one using it. Therefore, they are rival. Since U-bike is exclusive and rival, they are private goods.

perspective, the scenery of the lake is a kind of a public good. Public goods are

non-excludable and non-rival. No one can be excluded from enjoying the scenery , and one person's enjoyment does not influence others to watch it, either. These characteristics make this “Mind Lake” scenery become the resource everyone can enjoy it.

Regarding the second concept in public finance—externalities—music festivals can generate both positive and negative externalities, such as waste, noise, and tourism. Garbage can be managed more easily through proper cleaning and recycling systems. In contrast, noise and tourism can be harder to balance, as one represents a negative externality while the other can be positive. The government sponsors music festivals to promote the music industry and stimulate the local economy, but externality issues must still be addressed for the event to remain sustainable.

From a public finance perspective, the Christmas tree can be regarded as a public good.

People passing by can enjoy its beautiful appearance without having to pay any cost, which demonstrates its non-excludability.

At the same time, many people were taking photos with the tree, illustrating its non-rivalrous nature — everyone can appreciate it at the same time without affecting others’ enjoyment.

Because of such an attractive decoration, more people are drawn to the area around Zhongshan Station, which in turn benefits local shops and stimulates the economy of the Zhongshan commercial district.