1. The inner core is a hot and dense ball mostly made out of iron. 

2. Its radius is about 1,220 kilometers (758 miles). 

3.The temperature in the inner core is about 5,200° Celsius  

(9,392° Fahrenheit) 

4. it Spins Faster Than the Surface of the Earth 

5. the inner core Creates a Magnetic Field 

6. the inner core is Almost the Size of the Moon 

7. The core of the Earth is liquid.  

8. it is responsible for the generation of Earth's magnetic field  

9. the inner core of the earth is 1 billion to 1.3 billion years old 

10. During the Earth's inner core, a state of matter called supranic exists between solids. 

Upper Mantle
The mantle as a collective of both the lower and upper mantles are solid and are located between the earth's cores and the crust. The upper mantle is slightly thicker than the outer core and it exactly 2,900km in thickness and is 84% of the volume. Both nickel and iron were taken away from rocks and created the core, which was the start of the mantle, and this process took place 4.5 billion years ago. As time passed by water seeped into the mantle making it a solid structure. This process is named outgassing. Silicates are the main rocks or substances that make up the earth's mantle, unlike the outer core which contains mainly iron and nickel.

Lower mantle  

Earth's lower mantle is part of its interior structure. Solid rock makes up the lower mantle, located 400 to 1,800 miles below the surface of the Earth. It mostly consists of magnesium silicate perovskite (Mg, Fe, Al) (Si, Al) O3, magnesiowustite (Mg, Fe) O, and calcium silicate perovskite CaSiO3. The lower level of the mantle is called the asthenosphere and it is softer and weaker, particularly in its upper portion where a small amount of melting can occur. The lower mantle has a lower melting point than areas of high pressure. This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. 

Crust  

Overlying the crust is the mantle, which is a harder layer that makes up the Earth's surface. The outer shell of the Earth is made up of the crust and the upper mantle. Many types of rocks make up the crust, which is lighter than the mantle. Underneath the oceans, the crust generally extends only five kilometres beneath the surface. Under continents, the crust's thickness varies, but averages around 30 km; under large mountain ranges, such as the Alps or Sierra Nevada, the crust can have a 100 km deep base. Approximately 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago, the Earth's crust began to form. Previously, marine sedimentary rocks were used to date the planet's crust, but these are either scarce or contain 3-billion-year-old altered isotopes. 

Atmosphere
The word atmosphere is a Greek word that comes from atoms which means vapour and sphaira meanign sphere. The earth is the third planet from the sun, making it the perfect place for us humans and animals to reside, despite the fact that we know that climate change is an issue today. This precious earth that we live on today was formed 4.5 billion years ago in accordance with evidence provided by scientists. Throughout millions maybe billions of years our earth has rapidly changed. Many years ago, it consisted of only carbon dioxide and only a bit of oxygen. It is approximated that is weighs almost 5.5 quadrillion tones. 

Crust, mantle, core, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core.

Inner Core = hottest layer of the earth 

The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. The layer below the rigid lithosphere is a zone of asphalt-like consistancy called the Asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is the part of the mantle that flows and moves the plates of the Earth.

What are the temperatures of each Earth's layer?

The temperature is around 1000°C at the base of the crust, around 3500°C at the base of the mantle, and around 5,000°C at Earth's centre.

Some of the most obvious physical properties of a mineral are hardness (resistance to scratching), tenacity (resistance to impact), specific gravity (relative density), cleavage (the tendency of some crystals to split along planes of weakest atomic bonding), magnetism, conductivity of electricity, reactibility to acids etc. These measurable physical properties, along with a number of optical ones such as lustre, refractive index and selective absorption of light rays, enable minerals to be positively identified by scientific instruments.

Minerals are formed naturally by geological processes. A mineral is a homogeneous solid that can be made of single native element or more usually a compound. Minerals make up Earth's rocks and sands, and are an important component of soils.

 

There are four main types of weathering. These are freeze-thaw, onion skin (exfoliation), chemical and biological weathering. Most rocks are very hard. However, a very small amount of water can cause them to break.

They study what minerals each rock contains and also study the history of the Earth.

- Rocks in space?

Sometimes rocks from space land on Earth, however most of the time they land in the sea.

These rocks are called meteorites.

If you’ve ever seen a shooting star, it’s actually a bit of space rock entering the atmosphere!

We have two types of minerals that are called classes and are named secondary and primary minerals. The primary category consists of those that have melted and cooled after the overflowing of magma from a volcanic eruption. Those that are formed in a different way are categorized as secondary data. Primary minerals can through time alter to secondary, however the opposite process is not possible. 

Igneous rocks: form when molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies. 

 Metamorphic rocks: form when rocks are exposed to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors. 

Since the beginning of time, mankind has used rocks as anything from primitive tools and weapons to different building materials. 

 The igneous rocks granite, basalt, gabbro, obsidian, and pumice are a few examples. More information about igneous rocks. 

Sedimentary rocks are made of sediment that has been slowly accumulated, frequently as strata at the bottom of lakes and oceans. 

 Chalk, mudstone, flint, greywacke, and sandstone are a few examples of sedimentary rocks. More information about sedimentary rocks. 

Metamorphic rock example: Slate, quartzite, granulite, schist, marble, and quartzite are examples of metamorphic rocks. More details about metamorphic rocks. 

Limestone, a sedimentary rock, undergoes metamorphic transformation to become marble. 

 The igneous rock basalt transforms into the metamorphic rock granulite. 

Different types of rock are created when different minerals mix. Quartz, feldspar, and mica are three of the minerals found in granite, for instance. 

Crystallizing minerals are either molten or dissolved in liquids like water. Crystals make up 85% of the minerals and rocks on Earth. 

 Strange Rocks Facts 

A stone may begin as one type and change often. In fact, rocks are constantly changing, a process known as the rock cycle. However, the progressions move so slowly that it is difficult to see them. 

The earth's crust is made from rock. 
Scientists have used rocks to approximate the age of the earth which they think is about 4.54 million years old. 

The lightest rock that can float is pumice and it can do that because it tiny holes ad spaces in it that allow it to float on water. 

Due to the lack or shortage of gemstones are in the world, people love them as they are pretty and rare and only a 100 of them are left. 

Some things you use at your house that you may not expect are actually made from rocks such as soap, toothpaste, batteries and make-up. 

Igneous rocks are located on the earth's crust.
Sedimentary rocks are located on the earth's surface.
Metamorphic rocks are located on Greenland.

Defining The words 

Weathering: is the process of slow division and shattering of minerals and rocks. The factors that influence weathering are water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals as well as temperatures. Every rock and mineral on earth including diamonds go through this process, no matter how hard they are. 

Erosion: Earthen materials are worn away during erosion, a geological process in which they are moved by wind or water. Weathering, a related process that does not involve movement, dissolves or breaks down rock. 

Why does erosion happen: erosion is caused when water glaciers and wind flows which keeps constantly changing the shape of the landscape. Erosion happens quicker on bare rock which is not protected by soil. 

Deposition: Rocks are broken down by weathering, and the resulting particles are then taken up and moved by erosion. The eroding agent will finally deposit the degraded material in a new location. Deposition refers to the procedure' final step. 

Why does deposition happen: deposition happens when gravity ice water waves or winds have no energy left and can no longer Carries its load of eroded material.  

Since minerals are inorganic materials, they are unrelated to either plants or animals. The study of minerals is known as mineralogy. Numerous minerals have been identified by mineralogists, or individuals who study minerals. Metals like gold, silver, copper, and platinum are some of the most prevalent minerals.