Nicholas Copernicus 

(February 19, 1473 - Torun Poland)

Two Accomplishments:

• Formulated Heliocentrism - the idea that the sun is at the center of the solar system.

• Published a book based on the heliocentric theory. This book led to the Copernican Revolution (the idea that the heliocentric theory was false).

Francis Bacon 

(January 22, 1561-  York House, Strand)

Two Accomplishments:

• The first scientist to be knighted by royalty

• Created the scientific method (observation, measurement, experiment, formulation, testing, and hypotheses.)

Galileo Galilei

(February 15, 1564 - Pisa, Italy)

Two Accomplishments:

• Invented an improved telescope that allowed him to make detailed observations about space

• Invented the first pendulum clock ( a clock that uses a swinging weight as its timekeeping element) 

Johannes Kepler 

(December 27, 1571- Weil der Stadt, Germany)

Two Accomplishments:

• Introduced the three laws of planetary motion

• provided a new and correct description of how vision works

William Harvey 

(April 1, 1578 - Folkestone, United Kingdom)

Two Accomplishments:

• Studies in reproduction generated a wealth of observational detail

• The first person to correctly describe blood circulation. 

Rene Descartes 

(March 31, 1596 - Descartes, France)

Two Accomplishments:

•  Established modern geometry as the basis for the creation of analysis and calculus.

• Showed the differences between geometry and algebra

Robert Boyle 

(January 25, 1627 - Lismore, Ireland)

Two Accomplishments:

• discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa

• Discovered the oxygen element

Issac Newton 

(January 4, 1643 - Woolthorpe Manor House, United Kingdom)

Two Accomplishments:

• Formulated laws of gravity and motion

• Received many awards during his lifetime. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705. He was also made President of the Royal Society and was an Associate of the French Académie des Sciences.

Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier

(January 20, 1758 - Montbrinson, France)

Two Accomplishments:

• Played a vital role in the translation of many scientific works. These translations allowed information to be spread across civilizations.

• She drew many sketches and carved engravings of the laboratory instruments used by Lavoisier and his colleagues. 

Sophie Germain 

(April 1, 1776 - Paris, France)

Two Accomplishments:

• Despite her lack of formal education, she was the first woman known to have a great impact on mathematics. 

• Her work on prime numbers helped prove Fermat's Last Theorem. Fermat’s Last Theorem states that no three positive integers x , y , z x,y,z x,y,z satisfy x n + y n = z n x^n + y^n = z^n xn+yn=zn for any integer n > 2 n>2 n>2.

-proposed a heliocentric system, that which the planets orbit around the Sun

-Developed a system for calculating and predicting planetary motions.

Francis Bacon was born on January 22, 1561, at York House, strand.

-created the Scientific Method, also known as the Bacon Method.

-devised a method whereby scientists set up experiments to manipulate nature and attempt to prove their hypotheses wrong.

Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy.

- he was the first to report telescopic observations of the mountains on the moon, the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn.

-He invented an early microscope and a predecessor to the thermometer.

-The predecessor, the thermoscope, is a thermometer without the scale.

Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, 1571, at Weil der Stadt, Wurttemberg, in Germany.

-He discovered that planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when closer to the Sun; this became Kepler's Second Law.

-used simple mathematics to formulate three laws of planetary motion

William Harvey was born on April 1, 1578, in Folkestone, Kent, England.

-the first person to correctly describe blood's circulation in the body.

-published a book on human anatomy

Rene Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, at La Haye, in Touraine, France.

-developed rules for deductive reasoning, developed a system for using letters as mathematical variables

-discovered how to plot points on a Cartesian plane

Robert Boyle was born on January 25, 1627, at Lismore Castle, County Waterford, Ireland.

-discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa

-Robert Boyle discovered the oxygen element

• Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in Lincolnshire.

  -Developed three laws of motion.

  -Invented the reflecting telescope

Marie Paulze Lavoisier was born on January 20, 1758, at

- contributed thirteen drawings that showed all the laboratory instrumentation and equipment used by the Lavoisiers in their experiments

- She also kept strict records of the procedures followed, lending validity to the findings Lavoisier published.

Mary Somerville was born on December 26, 1780, at Jedburgh

-First women members of the Royal Astronomical Society.

-the first women's college at Oxford was named in her honor

• Robert Boyle(Jan 25, 1627)

  • Born in Ireland

  • Created Boyle's Law, which stated the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at a constant temperature.

  • Created an air pump that studied the properties of air and create a vacuum, which led to important discoveries about the behavior of gases.

    
    

• Isaac Newton(Jan 4, 1643)

  • Born in the United Kingdom

  • Laws of Motion: 3 laws that described how objects move in response to forces and they formed the basis for understanding the motion of everyday objects.

  • Newton, along with a German mathematician, is credited with inventing calculus, a part of mathematics that focused on rates of change and accumulation of quantities.

• Sophie Germain(Apr 1, 1776)

  • Born in France

  • Was interested in mathematical physics, and discovered major research of the theory of elasticity. Helped lay the foundation for understanding the behavior of how materials react under strain.

  • Contributed to the mathematical field. Discovered Germain Primes, which are prime numbers p for which 2p+1 is also prime.

• Born February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland 

• He was the astronomer who put forth the theory that the Sun was at the center of the universe and Earth spun around it annually. (Heliocentric)

• He developed a system to calculate and predict planetary motions

• Francis Bacon

• Born January 22, 1561 in York House, Strand

• He created the Scientific Method which is an empirical and inductive approach. 

• He indirectly contributed to the plate tectonic theory which explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements.

• Galileo Galilei

• Born February 15, 1564 in Pisa, Italy 

• He discovered the laws of free fall, projectile motion, and the concept of inertia.

• He identified the mountains of the moon, the moons of Jupiter, and the rings of Saturn.

• Born December 27, 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Germany

• He created the three laws of planetary motion which were, planets move in elliptical paths around the sun, planets cover the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where they are in their orbit, and that planets move faster in orbit the closer they are to the sun.

• He created a new, correct account of how vision occurs

• William Harvey

• Born April 1, 1578 in Folkestone, United Kingdom

• He was the first person to accurately describe the blood’s circulation in the body by showing that arteries and veins form a complete circuit that starts and ends at the heart. Blood circulates around the body and returns to the heart. 

• He proved that the valves in the veins allow the blood to flow only in the direction of the heart.

• Rene Descartes

• Born March 31, 1596 in Descartes, France

• He invented analytical geometry

• He also introduced skepticism as an essential part of the scientific method.

• Robert Boyle

• Born January 25, 1627 in Lismore, Ireland

• He discovered that in order to burn something you needed air.

• He believed that all matter was made of tiny corpuscles which are now called atoms. This was an early form of atomic theory.

• Isaac Newton

• Born December 25, 1642 in Lincolnshire, England

• He created the new theory of light and color which was when he discovered that sunlight is comprised of all the colors of the rainbow which could not be separated but all could not be recombined into the white light

• He discovered calculus which allowed him to draw tangents to curves, determine their lengths, and solve problems that geometry could not allow him to.

• Emilie du Châtelet

• Born December 17, 1706 in Paris, France

• She both performed a translation and commentary on Newton’s principia.

• She added her derivation of the notion of conserving energy from its principles of mechanics.

• Marie Paulze Lavoisier 

• Born January 20, 1758 in Montbrison, France 

• She contributed to chemistry since she received training that allowed her to draw precise experimental apparatuses to help people understand Lavoisier’s methods and results.

• She was also Lavoisier’s editor for his reports

- Heliocentrism/The Heliocentric Model; An astronomical model that shows the Earth and other planets revolving around the sun in the center of the universe.

- Developed a system for calculating and predicting planetary motions.

• Francis Bacon (January 22, 1561, York House, Strand)

- Created the Scientific Method; 1. The scientist must start with a set of unprejudiced observations, 2. These observations lead infallibly to correct generalizations or axioms, 3. The test of a correct axiom is that it leads to new discoveries.

- Wrote the book Novum Organum; A book about an inductive reasoning process that relied on experimentation and observation for understanding the world.

• Galileo Galilei (February 15th 1564, Pisa, Italy)

- Invented an improved telescope that allowed for greater space discoveries.

- Through his telescope invention, Galilei discovered the the four most massive moons of Jupiter, now known as the Galilean moons.

• Johannes Kepler (December 27th 1571, Weil der Stadt, Germany)

- Discovered two new regular polyhedra; A three-dimensional shape with flat polygonal faces, straight edges, and sharp corners or vertices.

- Used simple mathematics to formulate three laws of planetary motion; 1. Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus, 2. A planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, 3. A planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit.

• William Harvey (April 1st 1578, Folkestone, United Kingdom)

- Made contributions to anatomical study and physiology through his recognition of how blood pumps and moves throughout the body.

- Also made contributions to embryology with the publication of his book "Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium" (1651), in which he addressed many embryological issues including conception, spontaneous generation, and embryogensis; Process in which a fertilized egg develops into an embryo.

• Rene Descartes (March 31st 1596, Descartes, France)

- Invented analytical geometry; A branch of Algebra in which the position of the point on the plane can be located using an ordered pair of numbers called coordinates.

- Introduced an essential part of the scientific method known as skepticism; The act of suspending judgment when evaluating an explanation or claims.

• Robert Boyle (January 25th 1627, Lismore, Ireland)

- Invented the vacuum pump; An air pump capable of creating and sustaining a vacuum and used it to perform many famous experiments, investigating things like respiration, disease, combustion, sound, and air pressure.

- Discovered and 'created' Boyle's Law; The volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa.

• Isaac Newton (January 4th 1643, Woolsthorpe Manor House, United Kingdom)

- Invented the reflecting telescope; A telescope that uses mirrors to help astronomers see more clearly far-away objects in space.

- Developed/Created the three laws of motion; 1. An object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it, 2. The force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration, 3. When two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

• Margaret Cavendish (??? ??? 1673, Colchester, United Kingdom)

- Helped to popularize many of the ideas of the scientific revolution and she was one of the first natural philosophers to argue that theology was outside the parameters of scientific inquiry.

- Her work and her prominence as England's first recognized woman scientist argued strongly for the education of women and for their involvement in scientific pursuits.

• Sophie Germain (April 1st 1776, Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, France)

- The first woman known who managed to make great strides in mathematics, specifically in number theory.

- Created Fermat's Last Theorem; The statement that there are no natural numbers (1, 2, 3,…) x, y, and z such that xn + yn = zn, in which n is a natural number greater than 2.

Francis Bacon - January 22, 1561 - York House off the Strand, London - Came up with the Plate Tectonics theory-explains that plates move around the Earth's mantle, Came up with the Scientific method, also called Bacon's method, which explains a process of how to test hypotheses

Galileo Galilei - February 15, 1564 - Pisa, Italy - Came up with inertia- the property where objects in motion want to stay in motion and objects at rest want to stay at rest, Came up with projectile motion, which explains how objects act when thrown in the air

Johannes Kepler - December 27, 1571 - Weil der Stadt, Germany - Came up with two laws about the planets- that planets travel in elliptical paths around the sun and that they travel faster when they are closer to the sun, Came up with a third law that explained the relationship between a planet's distance from the sun and the amount of time it takes for that planet to orbit around the sun

William Harvey - April 1, 1578 - Folkestone, United Kingdom - Proved that blood comes from the heart and goes back to the heart, Proved that blood travels through one system of veins and arteries throughout the body

Rene Descartes - March 31, 1596 - Descartes, France - Invented analytical geometry- which is the coordinate plane from algebra, and expanded on the scientific method, adding skepticism, which said not to jump to conclusions and look at the bigger picture

Robert Boyle - January 25, 1627 - Lismor Ireland - Discovered the oxygen element(O), discovered that oxygen was required for making and maintaining fire

Isaac Newton - January 4, 1643 - Woolesthorpe Manor House, United Kingdom - greatly contributed to Calculus, a high-leveled math study, Created three laws of motion, which includes inertia, momentum, and objects' action and reaction

Caroline Herschel - March 16, 1750 - Hanover, Germany - Created a telescope that was able to see invisible objects and dust that other telescopes at that time could not see, Was the first woman to discover a comet

Sophie Germain - April 1, 1776 - Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, France - She greatly advanced Fermat's theorem, which says that no three positive integers and no integer value of n can satisfy the equation: a^n + b^n = c^n, first woman who received an award in math and number theory

February 19, 1473

Poland

Discovered the theory of the sun being in the center of the universe.

Developed a system to calculate and predict the motions of planets.

--------------------------------------------

Johannes Kelper

December 27, 1571

Germany

• Developed the Kepler's Laws

• discovered semiregular polyhedrons

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Galileo Galilel

February 15, 1564

Italy

• Discovered Jupiter's 4 biggest moons

• Invented an improved telescope

  
  

  ----------------------------------------

Issac Newton

December 25, 1642

UK

• Developed The Laws of Motion in 1686

• discovered that White Light is made of 7 colors

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William Harvey

April 1, 1578

UK

• Helped contribute to the study of anatomy

• Was the first to describe the circulatory system correctly

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Robert Boyle

January 25, 1627

Ireland

• had a theory that all matter was made of tiny corpuscles (atoms)

• Discovered the demonstration of a vacuum

--------------------------------------------

Francis Bacon

January 22, 1561

UK

• Created the Bacon Method

• Created a method where you try to prove your hypothesis wrong

--------------------------------------------

Rene Descartes

March 31, 1596

France

• Developed analytical geometry

• Created a scientific method called Skepticism

--------------------------------------------

Maria Sybilla Merian

April 2, 1647

Germany

• wrote scientific pieces that revolutionized both botany and zoology

• discovered that butterfly and moth eggs hatched into caterpillars

  
  

  --------------------------------------

Sophie Germain

April 1, 1776

France

• Proved Fermat's Last Theorem

• discovered prime numbers in a certain form

• Rene Descartes

  • Born 1596 in the then Kingdom of France

  • Pioneered the use of algebraic formulas to describe geometric figures, eventually formed a branch of math called analytical geometry and created the still used Cartesian coordinate plane

  • Explained the rainbow and perfected the unknown variable system(x,y,z,a,b,c)

• Robert Boyle

  • Born 1627 in County Waterford, Ireland

  • Is widely regarded as the first modern chemist and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry

  • Formulated a law that describes the proportional relationship between absolute pressure and the volume of gas

• Isaac Newton

  • Born 1642 in England

  • Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that was the dominant scientific viewpoint for centuries

  • Developed the theory of color based on a prism that separated white light into the colors of the visible spectrum

• Caroline Herschel

  • Born 1750 in Hannover, Germany

  • Was the first professional female astronomer

  • Built one of the largest telescopes of her time

  • Had become the first woman to discover a comet in her time

• Sophie Germain

  • Born 1776 in Paris, France

  • Was a mathematician, scientist, and philosopher that went against female prejudice during the time

  • Her work on Fermat’s last theorem provided a solid foundation for future mathematicians studying number theory

  • One of the major pioneers in the elasticity theory, which was largely under researched at the time

• Proposed a model of the Solar System where planets orbit around the Sun.

• Developed a system to measure, calculate, and predict a planet's motions.

Francis Bacon, Born 1561, United Kingdom.

• Made the Scientific Method under the name of the Bacon Method (a better name I would say) which allowed people to establish facts through a set system of experiments and explanations.

• Was a literary figure through his writing of many essays.

Galileo Galilei, Born 1564, Italy

• Invented an improved telescope that could be used to study the solar system.

• Discovered Jupiter's four largest moons.

Johannes Kepler, Born 1571, Germany.

• Used math to formulate the three laws of planetary motion: Planets move in elliptical orbits, over the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, and a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit.

• Invented a very powerful telescope.

William Harvey, Born 1578, United Kingdom.

• Proved that valves in veins allow blood to only flow to the heart.

• Was the first person to accurately describe the blood's circulation throughout the body; how blood flows through the body.

Rene Descartes, Born 1596, France.

• He invented analytical geometry where points on a plane can be found using a pair of numbers.

• Introduced skepticism as a part of the scientific method to encourage asking questions about processes and how they work.

Margaret Cavendish, Born 1623, United Kingdom.

• Popularized several important ideas of the Scientific Revolution.

• Wrote several papers concering gender and natural philosophy.

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

• Coined Boyle's Law talking about how gas relates to pressure and volume.

• Proved the existence of a vacuum.

Isaac Newton, 1642, England

• Found that white light was composed of several different colors combined into one.

• Coined the laws of motion and universal gravitation forming the basics of physics.

Caroline Herschel, Born 1750, Germany

• Built one of the largest telescopes of her time.

• Became the first woman to discover a comet in her time.

• Heliocentrism - an astronomical model which illustrates the Earth and other planets centered around the sun

• Quantity theory of money - the theory that the price of goods and services is directly related to the amount of money in an economy

  
  

• Francis Bacon (January 22, 1561, United Kingdom)

• Scientific Method - a formulation for an experiment that consists of steps in the order of observing, questioning, researching, coming up with hypothesis, experimentation, data collection, and organizing the conclusion based on the information gained 

• Plate Tectonic Theories - a suggested idea that the Western Hemisphere once was joined by Eurasia

  
  

• Galileo Galilei (February 15, 1564, Italy)

• Refracting telescope - a telescope used to view outer space, used by Galilei to observe findings such as spots on the Sun, Jupiter and its moons, the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, and the Moon’s craters

• Projectile motion - a combination of constant horizontal velocity and vertical motion which the only vertical force was concluded as gravity at a rate of 9.8m/s^2

  
  

• Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571, Germany)

• Three laws of planetary motion - the three laws states that planets orbit like ellipses around the sun, that planets covered the same amount of area with the same moving pace no matter where the orbit is, and that the ratio of orbitation is proportional to the size of the planet

• Keplerian Telescope - a type of telescope used to view distant objects, used by Kepler to discover more than 2,600 planets 
  

• William Harvey (April 1, 1578, United Kingdom)

• Process of Circulation of Blood - blood is pumped around the body by the heart

• Distinguished Differences in Arteries and Veins - arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry it to the heart

  
  

• Rene Descartes (March 31, 1596, France)

• Analytical Geometry  - coordinate geometry, consisting of algebra being graphed on a plane using coordinates

• Skepticism - the adding of skepticism into the scientific method and the philosophy of viewing the world through reasoning and careful observation, with the famous quote “I think, therefore I am.”

  
  

• Robert Boyle (January 25, 1627, Ireland)

• Boyle’s Gas Law - the pressure by gas is inversely proportional to the volume at a constant temperature, shown by the equation pv=k 

• Vacuum pump - an air pump with the ability of a vacuum, used to experiment and investigate things like diseases and the properties of sound and air pressure

  
  

• Isaac Newton (January 4, 1643, United Kingdom)

• Three Laws of Motion -  the laws that govern all motion, the first stating that an object will not change its motion unless another force affects it, the second that the force of an object can be found using the equation its mass times acceleration, and the third that when two objects clash, equal forces are applied to each other in opposite directions

• Composition of White Light - the discovery that white light was composed of seven visible colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet

  
  

• Emilie du Châtelet (December 17, 1706, France)

• Energy Conservation - a principle of energy derived from Newton’s laws stating momentum is proportional to velocity, and that kinetic energy depends on the square of velocity

• Translation and Commentary on Principia Mathematica - translated the Principia Mathematica into French 

  
  

• Caroline Herschel (March 16, 1750, Germany)

• Comet Discovery - became the first woman to discover a comet, eight comets in total and 3 new nebulae

• 12 Meter Reflector - was a Newtonian telescope known to be the largest telescope with a 6 inch diameter speculum mirror

Nicolaus was a Polish astronomer.

• He forwarded the theory of a heliocentric model, that the Sun is near the center of the universe and that the Earth spins on its axis once daily; revolving annually around the Sun.

• His approach to scientific inquiry set a model example for model scientific methodology which helped to focus the importance of observation, measurement, and mathematical examples in explaining the natural phenomena.
  

Francis Bacon - January 22, 1561, York House, Strand

Francis served as an attorney general and Lord Chancellor of England; resigning amid charges of corruption.

• Bacon played an indirect role in contributing to the plate tectonic theory.

• Bacon created the Scientific Method. (Also known as the Bacon Method)

Galileo Galilei - February 15, 1564, Pisa, Italy

Galileo is known for being the first to report telescopic observations of the mountains on the moon, the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn.

• Galileo invented an improved telescope that allowed him to observe many things in outer space. 

• He discovered the four most massive moons of Jupiter. 

• Galileo invented an early microscope and the predecessor to the thermometer. 

Johannes Kepler - December 27, 1571, Weil der Stadt, Germany

Johannes is known for his three laws of planetary motion.

• Invented the first powerful telescope.

• Invented the field of optics. 

William Harvey - April 1, 1578, Folkestone, United Kingdom 

• Recognized that the blood flows rapidly around the human body.

• The first person to correctly describe the blood’s circulation in the body.

Rene Descartes - March 31, 1596, Descartes, France

Rene is often credited with being the “Father of Modern Philosophy”

• Invented analytical geometry.

• Introduced skepticism as an essential part of the scientific method.

Lady Margaret Lucas Cavendish - 1623, Colchester, United Kingdom

Lady Margaret was one of the most creative female authors of the 17th century.

• Was one of the most published women of the 17th century.

• Unusually for the time, she wrote plays, essays, biographies, criticisms, and some of the earliest proto-science fiction.

Robert Boyle - January 25, 1627, Lismore, Ireland

He is known for his famous Boyle’s law.

• Invented the vacuum pump, discovering that air was necessary for burning.

• Founded the Royal Society, which recognized, promoted, and supported excellence in science and encouraged the development and use of science for humanity's benefit. 

Issac Newton - January 4, 1643, Woolsthorpe Manor House, United Kingdom

He is most known for discovering the laws of gravity.

• Invented the reflecting telescope.

• Discovered calculus.

• His greatest contribution to science is the formulation of three laws of motion, which laid the foundation for the principle of universal gravitation.  

Mary Somerville - December 26, 1780, Jedburgh, United Kingdom

Mary was a Scottish scientist, writer, and polymath.

• A first woman member of the Royal Astronomical Society.

• She was perhaps the first person to be labelled a “scientist”

• Proposed heliocentrism, the concept that the planets orbit around the sun.

• Published "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium", which further solidified this heliocentric theories with mathematical evidence.

Francis Bacon: January 22, 1561, York House, Strand

• Created the Scientific Method - the best-known way to discover how and why the world works, without our knowledge being tainted by religious, political, or philosophical values

• Played an indirect role in contribution to plate tectonic theories

Galileo Galilel: Ferbruary 15, 1564, Pisa, Italy

• Created an upgraded telescope that set the pace for greater astronomic discoveries

• With that telescope, he found the four biggest moons of Jupiter

Johanes Kepler: December 27, 1571, Weil der Stadt, Germany

• Founded the basic theories of universal gravitation

• Created the Keplerian telescope, which was a great improvement from previous ones

William Harvey: April 1, 1578, Folkestone, UK

• First person to correctly describe the circulation of blood through the body

• Wrote books on his novel discoveries

Rene Descartes: March 31, 1596, France

• Created the foundation for coordinate geometry, also known as Analytical Geometry

• Introduced Skepticism to the scientific method, which made sure that one could not just jump to conclusions

Margaret Cavendish: 1623, Colchester, United Kingdom

• One of the most published female natural philosophers of the 17th century

• She extensively published works under her own name, many to do with gender

Robert Boyle: January 25, 1627, Lismore, Ireland

• One of the founding members of the Royal Society, the oldest scientific academy

• He found that air is a key part of burning something

Issac Newton: January 4, 1643, Lincolnshire, England

• Created calculus, the branch of math that deals with the rate of change between things

• Created the 3 Newtonian laws of motion through the Principia

Emilie du Châtelet: December 17, 1706, Paris, France

• Provided translation and commentary to Issac Newton's Principia

• Her work made the important ideas of Principia more accessible

• Francis Bacon- Born on January 22, 1561, in York House, London, England

  -Created the Scientific Method

  -Wrote the book "Nova Atlantis"

  
  

• Galileo Galilei- Born on February  15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy

  -Invented an improved telescope that could see further and clearer than previous ones

  -Discovered that the moon was not smooth, but had craters and mountains

  
  

• Johannes Kepler- Born on December 27, 1571, in  Weil der Stadt, Germany

  -Developed a novel explanation for the behavior of light in the newly invented telescope

  -Discovered several new, semiregular polyhedrons

  
  

• William Harvey- Born on April 1, 1578, in Folkstone, United Kingdom.

  -First person to correctly describe blood circulation in the body

  -Wrote "Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus"

  
  

• Rene Descartes- Born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye, Touraine, France

  -Invented analytical geometry and introduced skepticism as an essential part of the scientific method

  -Regarded as one of the greatest philosophers in history

  
  

• Robert Boyle- Born on January 25, 1627, born in Lismore, Ireland.

  -Discovered that air was necessary for burning

  -Inventing the vacuum pump

  
  

• Isaac Newton- Born on January 4, 1643, in Lincolnshire, England

  -Devised law of universal gravitation

  -Developed three laws of motion

  
  

• Sophie Germain - Born on April 1, 1776, in Paris, France

  -The first woman known who managed to make great strides in mathematics

  -Awarded the enormously prestigious Paris Academy of Sciences Prize

  
  

• Mary Somerville - Born on December 26, 1780, in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, Scotland

  -Her book, On the Connexion of the Physical Science, was amongst the best-selling science books of the 17th century

  -Discussed the possibility of another unknown planet in the solar system, leading to the investigation and then discovery of the planet Neptune

Born February 19, 1473

Copernicus pioneered the idea that the Earth revolves around the sun.

He also suggested that the Earth completes its orbit of the sun annually, and spins fully daily.

Francis Bacon - United Kingdom

Born January 22, 1561.

Created the scientific method/Bacon method.

Also influenced the plate tectonic theory, explaining earthquakes and other natural disasters.

Galileo Galilei - Italy

Born February 15, 1564. Created an improved version of a telescope, which allowed him to view objects farther out in the solar system.

Made a lot of enemies in the Catholic Church because he was too cool and made discoveries that went against the Church.

Johannes Kepler - Germany

Born December 27, 1571.

Created the Three Laws of Planetary Motion, including discoveries such as,

Planets orbit in ellipses, not circles.

Planets always travel at the same speed, all the time.

The amount of time a planet takes to orbit an object is proportional to it's size.

William Harvey - United Kingdom

Born April 1, 1578. Was the first to accurately depict the flow of blood in the body.

Additionally showed that arteries and veins in the body all lead back to the heart in a full circuit.

Rene Descartes - France

Born March 31, 1596.

Came up with analytical geometry.

Put the idea of skepticism into the scientific method.

Robert Boyle - Ireland

Born January 25, 1627.

Invented the vacuum pump.

Before most people were aware of the theory, he believed that everything was made of small "corpuscles", now known as atoms.

Isaac Newton - United Kingdom

Born January 4, 1643.

First European to discover the concept of gravity.

Created Newton's 3 Laws of Motion, in his book, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica".

Maria Sybilla Merian - Germany

Born April 2, 1647.

Described the lives of close to 200 different animals.

Discovered new species of animals in Europe.

Sophie Germain - France

Born April 1, 1776.

First woman to win the Paris Academy of Sciences prize.

Discovered Sophie Germain primes.

Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland. 

He was an astronomer who developed the theory that the Sun was at the center of the universe and Earth spun around it . (Heliocentric). He developed a system to calculate and predict planet motions

Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon was Born January 22, 1561 in York House, Strand. He created the Scientific Method which is a method to decipher scientific experiments, and discoveries. He indirectly contributed to the plate tectonic theory which explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements.

Galileo Galilei

Galileo was Born February 15, 1564 in Pisa, Italy He discovered projectile motion, the laws of free fall,and the concept of inertia.

He identified the mountains of the moon, the moons of Jupiter, and the rings of Saturn.

Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler Born December 27, 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Germany. Kepler is responsible for creating the three laws of planetary motion which were, planets move in elliptical paths around the sun, planets cover the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where they are in their orbit, and that planets move faster in orbit the closer they are to the sun. He did intense researcher on vision and sight.

William Harvey

William Harvery was Born April 1, 1578 in Folkestone, United Kingdom.

He was the first person to accurately describe the blood’s circulation in the body by showing that arteries and veins form a complete circuit that starts and ends at the heart. Blood circulates around the body and returns to the heart. 

He also proved that the valves in the veins allow the blood to flow only in the direction of the heart, which create further advances within the respiratory system.

Sophie Germain

Sophie Germain was born on 1 April 1776 and she died on 27 June 1831. Germian was one of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after.^[1] Because of prejudice against her sex, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics, but she worked independently throughout her life

Marie Paulza Lavoiser

Marie Paulza Lavoiser was born on January 20,1758 in Montbrison, France. She contributed to the advancement of chemistry with the precise experimental apparatuses.

1. He proposed a heliocentric system, that the planets orbit around the Sun

2. He developed a system for calculating and predicting planetary motions

Francis Bacon, January 22, 1562, York House, Strand

1. He created the Scientific Method, also known as the Bacon Method.

2. Bacon formulated a method where scientists set up experiments to manipulate nature and attempt to prove their hypotheses wrong.

Galileo Galilei, February 15, 1564, Pisa, Italy

1. He was the first to report telescopic observations of the mountains on the moon, the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn

2. He invented an improved telescope

Johannes Kepler, December 27, 1571, Weil der Stadt, Germany

1. He founded the three laws of planetary motion

2. He discovered many new semiregular polyhedrons

William Harvey, April 1, 1578, Folkestone, United Kingdom

1. He was the first person to correctly describe blood circulation in the body

2. He showed that arteries and veins form a complete circuit that starts at the heart and leads back to the heart

Rene Descartes, March 31, 1596, Descartes, France

1. He invented analytical geometry

2. He introduced skepticism as an essential part of the scientific method

Robert Boyle, January 25, 1627, Lismore, Ireland

1. He invented the vacuum pump

2. He discovered that air was necessary for burning

Isaac Newton, January 4, 1643, Woolsthorpe Manor House, United Kingdom

1. He invented the reflecting telescope

2. He devised the law of universal gravitation

Émilie du Châtelet, December 17, 1706, Paris, France

1. Her translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica

2. Her elucidation of the concepts of energy and energy conservation

Sophie Germain, April 1, 1776, Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, France

1. Her theorem aimed at proving the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem

2. She won an award from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her work on the theory of elasticity in physics and she published two philosophical papers

- Torun, Poland

- Proposed Heliocentrism (The idea that everything in the universe revolves around the sun

- Developed a strategy for predicting planetary movements

2. Francis Bacon (1/2/1561)

- York House, Strand

- Developed the Scientific method (Involved testing hypotheses)

- Contributed to the tectonic plate theory (The idea that the earth's crust consists of tectonic plates)

3. Galileo Galilei (2/15/1564)

- Pisa, Italy

- Invented an improved telescope

- contributed to heliocentrism

4. Johannes Kepler (12/27/1571)

- Weil der Stadt, Germany

- Established the three laws of planetary motion (1. Planets move in elliptical paths around the sun 2. A planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit 3. A planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit

- Provided a revised account about the functionality of vision using light

5. William Harvey (4/11/578)

- Folkstone, United Kingdom

- Accurately described the circulation of blood in the body

- Supported his hypothesis with research and experiments

6. Rene Descartes (3/31/1596)

- Descartes, France

- Invented analytical geometry (Use of algebraic expressions to describe geometrical figures

- proposed his theory of nature (described the separation between mind and body)

7. Robert Boyle (1/25/1627)

- Lismore, Ireland

- Invented the vacuum pump

- Discovered that air was necessary for fire

8. Isaac Newton (1/4/1643)

- Woolsthrope Manor House, United Kingdom

- Developed the three laws of motion

- established calculus

9. Maria Sybilla Merian (4/1/1647)

- Frankfurt, Germany

- Described the life cycles of 186 species of insect

- Ran the only all-female scientific illustration workshop in Europe in her lifetime

10. Sophie Germain (4/1/1776)

- Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, France

- Discovered the number theory (Germain's Theorem For an odd prime exponent p, if there exists an auxiliary prime θ such that there are no two nonzero consecutive p-th powers modulo θ, nor is p itself a p-th power mod- ulo θ, then in any solution to the Fermat equation zp = xp+yp, one of x, y, or z must be divisible by p.)

- First Woman to make great strides in mathematics

• Born 1473 in Torun Poland

• Believed that everything revolved around the sun and not the Earth

• Published the book that led to the Copernican Revolution

 Francis Bacon

• Born 1561 in the United Kingdom

• Developed a method of careful observation in scientific knowledge

• He contributed to the tectonic plates theory

Galileo Galilei

• Born 1564 in Pisa, Italy

• Significantly improved the telescope to be able to magnify way more than any other at the time

• Saw the mountains and craters in the moon and measured the size of the mountains

 Johannes Kepler

• Born 1571 in the Holy Roman Empire

• Discovered the 3 major laws of planetary motion

• Invented the a new type of telescope that was more powerful than any other at the time

William Harvey

• Born 1578 in England

•  Wrote books that revolutionized the medical field.

• First person to accurately describe the bloods circulation in the body

 Rene Descartes

• Born 1596 in France

•  He perfected the unknown variable system

• He invented the Cartesian method and the Cartesian coordinate system

Robert Boyle

•  Born 1627 in Ireland

• Made a new law called Boyle's law about pressure and volume of a gas

• Known as the father of modern chemistry 

Isaac Newton

• Born 1642 in England

• Proposed a new theory for light and color 

• Developed the laws of motion

Caroline Herschel

• Born 1750 in Germany

• She built the largest telescope of her time

• She discovered Uranus with her sibling.

 Mary Somerville

• Born 1780 in the United Kingdom

• She was labeled as the worlds first scientist

• Wrote a lot of books about science.

• Born on February 19, 1473, Tourún, Poland

• Died on May 24, 1543, Frombork, Poland

• Heliocentrism: everything in our solar system revolves around the sun

• Wrote a manuscript, "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium," in 1532 that expounded on his heliocentrism and drew a model representing his idea.

Francis Bacon

• Born on January 22, 1561 York House, Strand

• Died on Highgate, London, United Kingdom

• He created the Scientific method also known as the Bacon Method, which was a collection of scientific results called the Great Insurrection.

• "Of Proficience and Advancement of Learning Divine and Human", written in the form of a letter to King James, would be considered the first step in the “partitions of sciences”.

Galileo Galilei

• Born on February 15, 1564, Pisa, Italy

• Died on January 8, 1642, Arcetri, Italy

• He was the first to report observations of the moon, the moons of Jupiter, and the rings of Saturn through a telescope.

• He also calculated the law of free fall, which states that the distance of a falling object is directly proportional to the square of the time it takes to fall.

Johannes Kepler

• Born on December 27, 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Germany

• Died on November 15, 1630, Regensburg, Germany

• Three major laws of planetary motion-planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as its focus; the time necessary to traverse any arc of planetary orbit is proportional to the area of the sector between the central body and that arc; and there is an exact relationship between the squares of the planets’ periodic times and the cubes of their mean distances from the Sun.

• Created a novel explanation for the behavior of light in the newly invented telescope.

William Harvey

• Born on April 1, 15718, Folkestone, United Kingdom

• Died on June 3, 1657, Roehampton, London, United Kingdom

• The first person to accurately describe blood circulation in the body.

• He showed that arteries and veins form a complete circuit that starts at the heart and leads to the back of the heart.

Rene Descartes

• Born on March 31, 1596, Descartes, France

• Died on February 11, 1650, Stockholm, Sweden

• Developed techniques that made analytic geometry possible.

• Introduced an idea of a natural world, which stated that human beings were directly related to the brain which led to a modern mind-body problem.

Margaret Cavendish

• Born in Colchester, United kingdom

• Died on December 16, 1673, Welbeck Abbey, United Kingdom

• Introduced the idea that the natural world is purely material and that there are no substances and outside forces that can casually affect the world in the course of nature.

• Throughout the 1650s, discussed the ideas of sex and gender, marriage, courtship, and infidelity.

Robert Boyle

• Born on January 25, 1627, Lismore Ireland

• Died on December 31, 1691, London, United Kingdom

• Boyle’s law-The volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure or increases with decreasing pressure.

• Boyle’s atomic theory-Everything was composed of tiny particles.

Isaac Newton

• Born on January 4, 1643, Woolsthorpe Manor House, United Kingdom

• Died on March 31, 1727, Kensington, London, United Kingdom

• Three laws of motion- (1) an object will not change unless acted upon by an external force; (2) the force of an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration; (3) when two forces interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

• Universal Gravitation-bodies with mass attract each other with a force that varies due to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.

Caroline Herschel

• Born on March 16, 1750, Hanover, Germany

• Died on January 9, Hanover, Germany

• Became the first woman to discover a comet, Comet C/1786 P1 (Hershel).

• She detected three new nebulae, known as gas clouds.

• Nicolaus Copernicus(Feb 19, 1473)

  • Born in Poland

  • Put the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe, and the Earth spins once daily, and once a year around the sun: heliocentric.

  • Wrote a book that led to the Copernican Revolution (that the Earth was NOT the center of the universe)

    
    

• Francis Bacon(Jan 22, 1561)

  • Born in Strand

  • Created the Scientific Method(Bacon Method) which is a procedure that has characterized natural science, consisting of observation, measurement, experiment, formulation, testing, and modification.

  • Contributed to English literature through his essays and writing. They covered a wide range of topics, showing observations on subjects like truth, ambition, and friendship. His way of thinking of complex ideas made him a literary figure.

    
    

• Galileo Galilei (Feb 15, 1564)

  • Born in Italy

  • Provided strong evidence for the heliocentric model of the solar system by making telescopic observations of the night sky like the Moon's surface and the phases of Venus

  • Made important contributions to the physics field by stating that an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force. (Foundation for Isaac Newton's laws of motion)

    
    

• Johannes Kepler(Dec 27, 1571)

  • Born in Germany

  • Created the Laws of Planetary Motion: 3 laws that were based on observation of the positions of planets. They provided a more accurate and comprehensive description of planetary motion than earlier models.(Also laid foundation for Isaac Newton's discoveries)

  • Made contributions to field of optics by understanding how lenses work and improving design of telescopes. Helped future development for telescopes and microscopes.

    
    

• William Harvey(Apr 1, 1578)

  • Born in the United Kingdom

  • First to recognize the full circulation of blood in humans.

  • Discovered Capillaries: existence of tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, a key part of the circulatory system that was later discovered.

    
    

• Rene Descartes(March 31, 1596)

  • Born in France

  • Introduced the use of coordinate systems and algebraic equations to represent geometric shapes.

  • Made concept of Cartesian dualism. It says that the mind and body are separate, with the mind being non-material and the body being material.

    
    

• Margaret Cavendish(1623)

  • Born in the United Kingdom

  • Wrote many plays, poems, and essays that covered many topics, making her one of the most well-known female authors of the 17th century

  • One of Cavendish's most famous works is "Observations upon Experimental Philosophy". It critiqued the scientific and philosophical views of her time and she presented her own ideas on natural philosophy, including her views on the nature of matter, motion, and the human soul.

• Robert Boyle(Jan 25, 1627)

  • Born in Ireland

  • Created Boyle's Law, which stated the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at a constant temperature.

  • Created an air pump that studied the properties of air and create a vacuum, which led to important discoveries about the behavior of gases.

    
    

• Isaac Newton(Jan 4, 1643)

  • Born in the United Kingdom

  • Laws of Motion: 3 laws that described how objects move in response to forces and they formed the basis for understanding the motion of everyday objects.

  • Newton, along with a German mathematician, is credited with inventing calculus, a part of mathematics that focused on rates of change and accumulation of quantities.

• Sophie Germain(Apr 1, 1776)

  • Born in France

  • Was interested in mathematical physics, and discovered major research of the theory of elasticity. Helped lay the foundation for understanding the behavior of how materials react under strain.

  • Contributed to the mathematical field. Discovered Germain Primes, which are prime numbers p for which 2p+1 is also prime.

Born: February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland

He was the first European scientist to propose the idea that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

Copernicus also argued that Earth turned daily on it's axis and that gradual shifts of this axis accounted for the changing of seasons.

-Francis Bacon

Born: January 22, 1561 in York House, Strand

He was one of the leading figures in natural philosophy and in the field of scientific methodology.

He also indirectly contributed to the tectonic plate theory which explains how major land forms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements.

-Galileo Galilei

Born: February 15, 1564 in Pisa, Italy

Galileo invented an improved telescope that allowed him to see more of space.

Galileo was also chair of mathematics at the universities of Pisa and then Padua.

-Johannes Kepler

Born: December 27, 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Germany

Kepler introduced the three laws of planetary motion

He also provided a new and correct account of how vision occurs

-William Harvey

Born: April 1, 1578 in Folkestone, United Kingdom

He was the first person to describe accurately how blood was pumped around the body by the heart.

Harvey was the first to suggest that humans and other mammals reproduced via the fertilization of an egg.

-Rene Descartes

Born: March 31, 1596 in Descartes, France

Made an important connection between geometry and algebra.

He also promoted a new conception of matter which allowed for the accounting of physical phenomena by the way of mechanical explanations

-Robert Boyle

Born: January 25, 1627 in Lismore, Ireland

Boyle made significant experiments with air pumps

He also presented the first Litmus test

-Issac Newton

Born: January 4, 1643 in Woolthorpe Manor House, United Kingdom

Newton developed the three laws of motion that are still used prominently in science today

Newton also determined that white light was a composite of all colors on the spectrum

-Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier

Born: January 20, 1758 in Montbrinson, France

She assisted translating documents about chemistry from English to French

She was able to accurately and precisely draw experimental apparatusess

-Sophie Germain

Born: April 1, 1776 in Paris, France

Germain contributed in the number theory with her interests being stimulated by Adrien Marie Legendres

She was offered a prize for a mathematical account of phenomena exhibited in experiments on vibrating plates

Born: February 19, 1473 (Torun, Poland)

1. First European scientist to propose the Heliocentric Theory: the theory that Earth and all the other planets revolve around the sun (as opposed to everything revolving around Earth)

2. Deemed the "father of modern astronomy" for using geometry to calculate and predict the planets' rotations

Francis Bacon

Born: January 22, 1561 (London, England)

1. Created the Scientific/Bacon Method: question, research, hypothesize, experiment, analyze data, conclude, communicate

2. Knighted in 1603 by King James I

3. The Royal Society was founded in 1660 after Bacon's death to discuss his ideas

Galileo Galilei

Born: February 15, 1564 (Pisa, Italy)

1. Invented an improved telescope and used it to discover the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, and the mountains upon Earth's moon

2. Conceptualized inertia: the idea that, once in motion, an object is likely to stay in motion, the same principle also applying to an object at rest (the idea was further developed by Newton)

Johannes Kepler

Born: December 27, 1571 (Weil der Stadt, Germany)

1. Created the three fundamental laws of planetary motion: planets move in elliptical orbits (The Law of Ellipses), planets are the same size no matter where they are in orbit (The Law of Equal Areas), orbital periods are proportional to the size of a planet's orbit (The Law of Harmonies)

2. Discovered the path of light in the human eye, thus explaining central vision acuity, dark adaptation, and errors of refraction

William Harvey

Born: April 1, 1578 (Kent, England)

1. The first to recognize the full circulation of blood through the human body and describe it correctly

2. Discovered that menstrual blood did not aid the formation of a fetus, thus debunking Aristotle's theory

René Descartes

Born: March 31, 1596 (Touraine, France)

1. Wrote the famous words cogito ergo sum: "I think, therefore I am."

2. Lobbied for understanding the natural world through skepticism by establishing four rules for finding the truth: doubt everything, break problems into smaller parts, solve the simpler ones first, and be thorough

Robert Boyle

Born: January 25, 1627 (Lismor, Ireland)

1. Invented the vacuum chamber and used it to conduct experiments on air

2. Discovered that the volume of a gas decreases when pressure is increased, and vice-versa

Isaac Newton

Born: January 4, 1643 (Lincolnshire, England)

1. Knighted by Queen Anne in 1705

2. Formulated the law of universal gravitation

3. Presented the three laws of motion: Galileo's inertia (1), the acceleration of an object depends on its mass and the amount of force applied (force = mass x acceleration)(2), and when an object exerts force on another, it will exert equal force back (3)

Maria Sybilla Merian

Born: April 2, 1647 (Frankfurt, Germany)

1. The first person to document the process of a bug's metamorphosis from caterpillar to butterfly/moth

2. Studied and recorded the life cycles of 186 different species of insects, often painting her discoveries

Sophie Germain

Born: April 1, 1776 (Paris, France)

1. Created Sophie Germain's Theorem, based off of that of Pierre de Fermat (an accepted truth of algebra)

2. Wrote Considerations Generales Sur L'Etat Des Sciences Et Des Lettres, a philosophy text praised by her contemporary Auguste Comte; in it Germain argues that there are no differences between the sciences and the humanities

February 19, 1473

Torun, Poland

• established the heliocentric system

• established a system for predicting planetary motion

  
  

Francis Bacon

January 22, 1561

York House, Strand

• established the scientific method

• knighted by royalty

  
  

Galileo Galilei

February 15, 1564

Pisa, Italy

• Upgraded the telescope

invented the pendulum clock

Johannes Kepler

December 27 1571

Weil der Stadt, Germany

• established the laws of planetary motion

• discovered how vision works

  
  

William Harvey

April 1 1578

Folkestone, United Kingdom

• discovered how blood circulates through the body

• ran a variety of anatomical experiments and published his findings

Rene Descartes

March 31 1596

Descartes, France

• created geometry

• started using letters as variables in math

  
  

Robert Boyle

January 25, 1627

Lismore, Ireland

• discovered gas's volume depends on pressure

• discovered oxygen as an element

Isaac Newton

January 4, 1643

Woolthorpe Manor House, UK

• Established the laws of gravity

• Established the laws of motion

  
  

Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier

January 20, 1758

Montbrinson, France

• spread scientific knowledge by helping to translate scientific works

• kept records of procedures to validate her works

  
  

Sophie Germain

April 1, 1776

Paris, France

• proved the Fermat's Last Theorem

• established prime numbers as a concept