Phylum Echinodermata by Amber Spurlock https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6 Evidence of Evolution (Amber Spurlock) en-us 2017-05-29 22:09:28 UTC 2023-02-28 17:56:30 UTC hello@padlet.com Echinoderms: Major Characteristics as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174306305 External- Echinoderms have radial symmetrical bodies which means body parts extend from one central region. Echinoderms have no cephalization, which means they do not have a head or a central location for sense organs. These organisms have spiky skin and pedicellariae which keep the skin clean from sea debris, two rows of tube feet under each limb, and flattened bodies. Their mouths are located on their undersides and their anuses are located on their topside. Echinoderms range from around 10 cm to 2 meters.

Internal- Echinoderms have endoskeletons made up of tiny bones called ossicles, which poke the skin giving the organisms their spiky texture. They also have a water vascular system, which is an internal system of water canals. Echinoderms have a nervous system made up of nerve rings around the mouth, radial rings that run down each arm, and no brain.

          Tube Feet- These structures are used for movement, respiration, eating, and elimination. They are connected to the water vascular system which is how they can move. Tube feet have an internal muscle called ampulla and when they contract water from the vascular system rushes to the structures allowing the feet to extend and causing the external muscle called the podia to act as suction cups.

Behavior- Echinoderms typically are both sessile and motile. The podia of their tube feet allow them to suction themselves in one place, and the tube fee also allow the organism to move when obtaining food. Most echinoderms reproduce outside the body through spawning; however, few species can produce asexually. In echinoderms reproduction can also occur through fragmentation, which is when the part of the organism is cut off the severed organism can regenerate lost body parts. In some cases, if enough of the organism was cut both severed parts can regenerate, creating a whole new organism.  When feeding most echinoderms use their arms and tube feet to capture food. Most of these organisms are filter feeders and eat whatever they can find.

Habitat- Echinoderms are marine animals and can live in many different types of habitats. Echinoderms have been found in saltwater environments around the world. Some echinoderms live in shallow waters all across the globe in warm or cold waters. In shallow shores organism can bury themselves under mud or sand, or they lay on top. Some even live in the deep sea. And some echinoderms even attach themselves to other organisms. 
 
]]> 2017-05-29 22:30:01 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174306305 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174309152 2017-05-29 23:19:32 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174309152 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174309233 2017-05-29 23:21:02 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174309233 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174309709 2017-05-29 23:28:10 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174309709 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174310005 2017-05-29 23:31:44 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174310005 Exemplary Organisms as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174310069 2017-05-29 23:32:42 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174310069 Red Sea Urchin as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174310911 Scientific Name-Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
Location- Pacific coast of North America (Baja California, Isla Cedros, Gulf of Alaska) and the Northern Coast of Japan.
Habitat- rocky reefs in between tide marks (underwater at high tide above water at low tide).
External Characteristics- Round shape, chalky shells called “tests” all covered by a thin layer of tissue. Red sea urchins can grow up to 19 cm. Shell color can be in between light and dark purple, spikes can be red, pink, purple, maroon, or brown and can be as large as 8 cm (used to scare away predators and for movement).
Internal Characteristic- Water vascular system allowing tube feet to extend. Tube feet are normally red. Red sea urchins have an “Aristotle’s Lantern” which is a feeding structure of urchins, located on the mouth surface and it has five teeth. These urchins have a gill-like internal structure which helps with movement and eating.
Behavior- Red Sea Urchins live in schools. The schools stay in the same relative location when food is plentiful they move more when there is less food. Red sea urchins eat with their “Aristotle’s Lantern” and are able to hunt for food in groups and use their tube feet to move. They eat bull kelp, giant kelp or if no food is available they absorb their own tissue. To escape from predators such as horn sharks and spiny lobster, small red sea urchins hide under larger urchins to stay out of sight. They are nocturnal creatures
Natural Variation-life span 100-200 years]]> 2017-05-29 23:43:25 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174310911 Common Sun Star as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174314023 Scientific Name-  Crossaster papposus
Location- North Pacific and Atlantic Coast. Gulf of Maine and East port. 
Habitat- Rock bottoms as deep as 330 m deep and they can sustain strong sunlight.
External Characteristics- 8-14 inches in diameter and can have 8-14 arms which are one half the radius of the sea star. They have a white underside and the top is white, pink, or dark red. Top side is covered with pseudo paxillae (“fine spines” on the tissue). They also have a bare mouth and tube feet with suckers. They can regrow limbs if they are cut off.
Internal Characteristics-  bilateral symmetries
Behavior- As the common seastar grows they travel to deeper waters. They produce larvae in late winter. High up in its food chain, meaning they do not have too many predators. To capture their prey the seastar uses its tube feet to physically raise its body and then jump on its prey and completely cover it. Common sea stars have chemoreceptors which they use to sense prey. It is a top predator, who eats urchins and invertabres. They are nocturnal creatures and they also live and feed in groups.
Natural Variation- diameter can be 8-14 inches and can have 8-14 arms 
]]> 2017-05-30 00:14:22 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174314023 Three-Rowed Sea Cucumber as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174314409 Scientific Name-  Isostichopus badionotus
Location-  Northern Pacific coast of South Africa and close to the Galapagose Islands and Venezuela.
Habitat- These sea cucumbers live in shallow and calm waters.
External Characteristics- These organisms have a cucumber shape, no limbs besides tube feet, mainly solid in color ranging from orange to brown, covered in dark wart-like dots, big mouth with bushy tentacles. Average .1-.3 meters in length.
Internal Characteristics- These sea cucumbers have no spine but they have light and touch receptors.
Behavior- Breed in late winter and early spring. Live individually and spend most of their time feeding. Uses tentacles to eat anything off the ocean floor. They must eat a lot because ocean floor sediments have little nutrients so they need to eat all the time to make sure they get proper nutritious foods.  They are nocturnal creatures
Natural Variation- .07- 6.56 ft in length
]]> 2017-05-30 00:17:06 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174314409 Taxonomic Classification as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174317906 2017-05-30 00:58:35 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174317906 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174317946 2017-05-30 00:59:13 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174317946 Taxonomic Classification as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174318038
The taxonomic classification of the echinoderms show that each species in the phylum is very diverse. By only having a common kingdom and phylum shows how the organisms studied are very unique because the more common classifications mean a closer relationship between organisms. ]]> 2017-05-30 01:00:23 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174318038 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174324337 FO
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  • Tube feet are a homologous structure that in the past were used for motion and collecting food. The use remains the same in present time, but some organisms use them for more than their basic functions. They are a part of the organisms water vascular system. 
  • In Strongylocentrotus franciscanus tube feet are used to chemically detect food, for movement, or to stay in one place. 
  • In Crossaster papposus tube feet are used to catch prey by extending them, essentially growing taller and gaining height on their food.
  • In Isostichopus badionotus tube feet are used for motion and they are their only apendages.
    • ]]>     2017-05-30 10:36:37 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174380345     as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174381036 2017-05-30 10:42:53 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174381036 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174381468 2017-05-30 10:47:04 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174381468 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174381554 2017-05-30 10:47:53 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174381554 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174381927 E
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    ]]>     2017-05-30 21:42:53 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174510142     Punctuated Equilibrium as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174510243 The divergent evolution of the Cryptasterina pentagona and Cryptasterina  hystera proves punctuated equilibrium is at work in the Phylum Echinoderm. Echinoderms do not change all that often but when they do it occurs at a rapid pace. Researchers say ”the two sea star species would win in an evolutionary race”. ]]> 2017-05-30 21:43:34 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174510243 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174511211 2017-05-30 21:52:46 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174511211 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174511300 E
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    G]]>     2017-05-31 11:05:38 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174594406     Red Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174594810 Random Mating- This species does not know or care who they mate with. Every organism mates with several others (male and female- polygynandrous). Red sea urchins in warm areas spawn all year while those in cooler location only spawn from June-September. Sexual maturity is around 2 year old and there is no known rate of spawning.]]> 2017-05-31 11:09:25 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174594810 Common Sun Star (Crossaster papposus) as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174594827 Random Mating- This species does not know or care who they mate with. Spawning and external fertilization in late winter months. ]]> 2017-05-31 11:09:31 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174594827 Three- Rowed Sea Cucumber (Isostichopus badionotus) as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174594848 Random Mating- This species does not know or care who they mate with.
    Spawn in the late winter early spring months. Parents are not involved in their offspring after spawning. This organism can also produce an offspring by cutting itself in two and regenerating.]]>     2017-05-31 11:09:41 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174594848     as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174612557 2017-05-31 13:09:25 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174612557 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174612677 M
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    N]]>     2017-05-31 13:09:53 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174612677     Sea Urchin as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174612967 The purple sea urchin has adapted to increasing acid levels of the ocean in response to climate change and fossil fuel usage. To adapt themselves in more acidic waters the sea urchins have changed their frequency of genes related to metabolism, growth and the movement of ions into and out of the cell. Researchers believe this is caused by natural selection. ]]> 2017-05-31 13:11:12 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174612967 Sea Cucumber as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174613140 The Pelagothuria natatrix is a sea cucumber that has evolved to avoid the sea floor. Most sea cucumbers live on the ocean floor which is where they get their food. This species has evolved into a jellyfish-looking sea cucumber which floats in the water. They also evolved into a sausage shape and they evolved anal teeth to keep other organisms out. This evolution occurred due to lack of food sources on the ocean floor and increasing amounts of predators. ]]> 2017-05-31 13:12:09 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174613140 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174613525 2017-05-31 13:14:13 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174613525 Crinoids as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174614027 The crinoid gardens after their near extinction they were able to diversify and regenerate their population. Unfortunately, in the cenozoic era (65 million years ago) they faced another major decline in population, which caused another threat of extinction. In order to adapt and prevent extinction they were able to evolve and move to deeper waters. Prior to this evolution crinoids could not survive in deep waters or they would have move there the first time they faced extinction. The crinoids had to evolve and adapt to a new kind of environment to keep their population alive.]]> 2017-05-31 13:16:23 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174614027 Darwin´s Theories of Evolution as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174615892 2017-05-31 13:24:08 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174615892 Descent With Modification as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174616377 Decent with modification is shown through the phylum echinodermata because every organism in this group has radial symmetry. This special characteristic must have come from a common ancestor and later on thousands of new species evolved. Every species in this phylum has unique and diverse qualities but they had to of evolved from one species which gave them all radial symmetry. ]]> 2017-05-31 13:26:06 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174616377 Natural Selection- Directional as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174616506 2017-05-31 13:26:33 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174616506 Sea Stars as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174619806 These sea stars are one of the top predators in their food chain; however the organisms with more arms have an advantage. They are able to move quickly and efficiently, escaping possible predators. This is an example of  directional evolution because the organisms with low and average amounts of arms are being eaten more often than those with the most possible arms. The extreme trait (more arms) is more successful in survival than the average and the other extreme form of the trait. ]]> 2017-05-31 13:40:32 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174619806 Sea Cucumber as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174620054 Three-rowed sea cucumbers have a unique way of defending themselves. When threatened by a predator the three-rowed sea cucumber expel their internal organs through its anus as a way to feed and satisfy its prey. Later the cucumber is able to regenerate its organs. The organisms who cannot regenerate as fast tend to be eaten more often. This is an example of directional evolution because the sea cucumbers who regenerate their organs faster tend to outlive those who regenerate more slowly. In this case the extreme case (very quick regeneration) is more successful in survival than the average and the opposite extreme form of the trait. ]]> 2017-05-31 13:41:39 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174620054 Sources as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174690238 Echinoderms general information- text book (Modern Biology Holt, Rinehart and Winston) 
    Sea Urchin- http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strongylocentrotus_franciscanus/ 
    Sea Star- http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Crossaster_papposus/
    Sea cucumber- http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Isostichopus_badionotus/
    Reproduction- http://www.oceaninn.com/wildlife/echinoderms.htm
    Eating- https://www.britannica.com/animal/echinoderm
    Fossils- 
    Homologous Structure- http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/echinodermata.html
    Embryology- https://evodevojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-9139-3-17
    Adaptive Radiation- 
    Divergent Evolution- 
    Chromosomal comparison-
    Karyotype-
    internal bilateral symmetries or asymmetries- http://images.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/OR/SeasideSchoolDistrict/SeasideHigh/Uploads/Presentations/CnidariaCtenophora-2014.pdf
    DNA analysis- 
    Chromosomal analysis
    Protein Analysis-
    Phylogenetic tree-
    Microevolution- 
    Trait-
    Natural Selection-
    Geographic isolation-
    Reproductive Isolation-
    Punctuated equilibrium- 
    ]]>     2017-05-31 19:05:04 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174690238     Phylogenetic Tree as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174703160 This tree shows the ancestral history connecting chordates and echinoderms. Their common ancestor had an internal skeleton, which is the major anatomical similarity that connects these distinct groups of organisms. After evolving from the ancestor with an internal skeleton Chordata and Echinodermata diverged and diversified.]]> 2017-05-31 20:41:02 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174703160 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174705178 T    V
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    N]]>     2017-05-31 20:59:53 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174705178     Red Sea Urchin as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174705327 The color range varies from light to dark purple and their spines can be several colors: red pink, light/dark purple, maroon, or brown. The color of a sea urchin can be influenced by their environment. By having a variation of color, sea urchins in different locations can be camouflaged. Two pigments control their color: Carotenoid pigment (controls red, orange, yellow)  and naphthoquinone pigment (controls purple, green, and red).

    ]]>     2017-05-31 21:01:41 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174705327     as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174705670 2017-05-31 21:05:14 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174705670 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174705726 2017-05-31 21:05:44 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174705726 Common Sun Star as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174706376 All organism in the species are red but the banding around them can be different. The possible colors are white, pink, yellow, or dark red. The different colors are used for camouflage or warning coloration against predators. ]]> 2017-05-31 21:10:05 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174706376 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174706488 2017-05-31 21:11:21 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174706488 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174706568 2017-05-31 21:12:05 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174706568 Three-Rowed Sea Cucumber as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174706967 Colors in this species can range from orange to brown. This variation depends on environment; the color of the sea cucumber depends on the sand color of the organism's habitat. ]]> 2017-05-31 21:16:02 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174706967 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174707221 2017-05-31 21:18:19 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174707221 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174707305 2017-05-31 21:19:10 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174707305 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174707796 2017-05-31 21:24:21 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174707796 as4671 https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174708065 2017-05-31 21:26:55 UTC https://padlet.com/as4671/2qe4iuqlotn6/wish/174708065