Pharmacology by https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91 en-us 2023-03-03 17:43:24 UTC 2023-03-03 20:54:42 UTC hello@padlet.com Sympathetic Nervous System/ Adrenergic System jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2502934894 Neurotransmitters: - Acetylcholine (ACH) 
                                 - Norepinephrine (NE)
                                 - Epinephrine (EPI)
                                 - Dopamine (DA)
- ACH is released in the ganglion
-Dopamine is the precursor to Norepinephrine
-NE is released in the postganglionic nerve ending
-Epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla


]]> 2023-03-03 17:44:49 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2502934894 Parasympathetic Nervous System/Cholinergic jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2502951922 Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine (ACH)
ACH is released at the ganglia as well as the postganglionic nerve ending.]]> 2023-03-03 18:00:25 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2502951922 The 4 Sympathetic/Adrenergic Receptors jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503052250 1) alpha-1: Locations: gland, smooth muscle, eyes, most arteries, and veins
                  Actions: -smooth muscles of blood vessel contract & vasoconstrict. This results in increased blood pressure. 
                                 - pupils will dilate 

2) alpha-2: Locations: smooth muscle of blood vessels, brain, prejunctional membrane in nerve endings
                  Actions: - Contraction of smooth muscles in blood vessels decrease, which result in decreased blood pressure
                                 - Decrease release of NE at the postganglionic nerve endings.

3)beta-1: Location: Heart
                 Actions: increases force of contraction, heart rate, and conduction of the heart.

4) beta-2 : Location: smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries, coronary arteries
                   Actions: - smooth muscle relaxation
                                  - Bronchodilation (lungs+ bronchi)
                                  - uterine relaxation
- relaxation of cornonary arteries + skeletal muscle arteries, resulting in vasodilation.]]> 2023-03-03 19:35:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503052250 Drug Classification of Sympathetic / Adrenergic System jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503055084 - Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists
- Adrenergic Agonists
- Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
-Beta-Adrenergic Drugs
-Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs]]> 2023-03-03 19:39:00 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503055084 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503062558 - Stimulates Alpha-1 receptor

- Actions: - contraction of smooth muscle + blood vessel constrict resulting in increased blood pressure.
                 - vasoconstriction of nasal passages resulting in decongestant effect.

Drugs: 1. ephedrine (increases BP)
            2. phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)]]> 2023-03-03 19:47:13 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503062558 Adrenergic Agonists jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503064888 - Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors

-Actions: - vasopressor-vasoconstriction (increases BP)
                - Bronchodilator
                - cardiac stimulator

Drugs: 1. epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

           

]]> 2023-03-03 19:49:48 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503064888 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503068356 - stimulates alpha-1 receptors

Actions: - binds to alpha-1 receptor and blocks it
               - causes relaxation of smooth muscle
               - vasodilates blood vessel (decrease BP)
              - relaxes uterine smooth muscles ( increase urination)

Drugs: 1. prazosin (Minipress®) (for hypertension)
            2. terazosin (Hytrin®) - (for hypertension, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)
            3. doxazosin (Cardura®)-  (for hypertension, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)]]> 2023-03-03 19:53:44 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503068356 Beta Adrenergic Agonists jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503074134 Two subcategories: Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists + Beta-3 Adrenergic Agonists

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists:
Stimulates either d-1, beta-1, or alpha-1 depending on level of dose

Low Dose: - stimulates d-1 receptor in kidneys
                   - vasodilation
                   - increased renal blood flow
Moderate Dose: - stimulates beta-1 receptors in heart
                          - increase force of contraction and CO.
High Dose: - stimulates alpha-1 receptors
                    - vasoconstriction ( Increases BP)

Drugs: 1. dobutamine (Dobutrex®)
                    ]]> 2023-03-03 20:01:01 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503074134 jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503076509 Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists:

Stimulates beta-2 receptors

 Actions: - uterine relaxation
               - bronchodilation

Drugs: 1. albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®) (bronchodilator)
2. terbutaline (Brethine®) (bronchodilator, uterine relaxant)
3. formoterol (Foradil®) (bronchodilator)
4. salmeterol (Serevent®) ( bronchodilator)

]]> 2023-03-03 20:03:59 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503076509 Beta-Adrenergic Block Drugs jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503083135 2 subcategories: selective beta-1 blockers +non-selective beta blockers

Selective beta-1 blockers:
- Stimulates beta-1 receptors and blocks it
- decreases force of contraction
- decreases HR, conduction, CO, BP

Drugs: 1. atenolol (Tenormin®)
            2. metoprolol (Lopressor®)

Non-selective beta blockers:
- Stimulates and blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors
- decreases force of contraction
-decreases HR, conduction, CO, BP
- can cause bronchoconstriction

Drugs:    1. nadolol (Corgard®)
    2. propanolol (Inderal®) 
    3. timolol (Blocadren®)


]]> 2023-03-03 20:11:39 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503083135 The 3 Parasympathetic/Cholinergic Receptors jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503093404 1) muscarinic: Locations: cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands, parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings  
                         Actions: -decrease HR, 
                                        -bronchoconstriction
                                        - increases digestion, ­ GI secretions,                    urination
                                         - constricts pupils

2) nicotinic 1(Nn): Locations: ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves 
                                Actions: conduct impulses across the autonomic ganglia to the postganglionic fibers of both autonomic divisions 

3) nicotinic 2 (Nm): Locations: cell membranes of skeletal muscles
Actions: contracts skeletal muscles
]]> 2023-03-03 20:24:53 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503093404 Drug Classifications of Parasympathetic/Cholinergic System jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503095424 - Direct –Acting Cholinergic Agonists
- Indirect-acting drugs
- Anti-Cholinergics]]> 2023-03-03 20:27:37 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503095424 Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503100647 - stimulates + binds to  muscarinic receptors

Actions: - mimics ACH (creating a longer duration of action)
              -pupil constriction
              -increases urination
              -increases GI secretions

Drugs: 1. acetylcholine (Miochol-E®)
            2. pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
            3. bethanechol (Urecholine®)

]]> 2023-03-03 20:34:31 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503100647 Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Drugs (anticholinesterases) jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503104672 -stimulates all cholinergic receptors by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, resulting in increase of ACH.

Drugs: 1. neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

* Used as a treatment for Myasthenia gravis.]]> 2023-03-03 20:40:18 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503104672 AntiCholinergic Drugs jenhuang3897 https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503108380 stimulates and binds to cholinergic receptors

Actions: -act as a blocking drugs
               - Increases HR
               -Decrease digestion + urination + GI secretion
               - decreases vagus nerve activity
              - bronchodilation

Drugs: 1)atropine (increase HR, decrease unrination+digestion, vagus nerve activity)
             2) dicyclomine (Bentyl®) (decreases GI secretion)
             3) ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®) )bronchodilation]]> 2023-03-03 20:45:48 UTC https://padlet.com/jenhuang3897/2q4a207ggoyjvn91/wish/2503108380