World History by Izabela Anic

Chriostopher Columbus

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Italian explorer

navigator

colonist - completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain

Chinese maritime expansion

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British Expansion

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Slave Trade

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Fur Trade

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Counter Reformation

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Copernicus' Heliocentric Solar System

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Renaissance

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Scientific Revoluiton

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Protestant Reformation

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Aztec and Inca Empires

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Spanish Colonization of Americas

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Portuguese Expansion

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Enlightment

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Columbian Exchange

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labor shortage --> death
made room for:
immigrant newcomers
colonizing Europeans
enslaved Africans

Mercantilism

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European governments served their countries' economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (metals: silver, golf)<--national prosperity

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Europe needed specific goods Americas had and Americas needed workers

Europe traded materials for people with Africa

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high demand for Africans, warfare increased so African chiefs would trade to get guns and materials needed

Igbo & Iroquois

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Ch. 12 - Worlds of Fifteenth Century

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Aztec

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Central America

semi-nomadic group

sacrifice

Inca

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Andes Mountains

gender parallelism - women and men work in different fields but are satisfied

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Igbo

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East of the Nigeria River (region of West Africa)

dense population and extensive trading networks

reject kingship and state-building efforts of their neighbors
instead:
relied on other institutions to maintain social cohesion beyond level of the village

Iroquois

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now New York

limited government, social equality, & personal freedom

Chapter 13 - Political Transformation

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Ch. 14 - Economic Transformations

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China had all materials they needed

didn't need to trade with anyone else

$ became wealthy because people wanted to trade with them $

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Silver Trade

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Gold was huge demand by China and lost it's value

therefore, silver mine (awful conditions, many people died working) find became huge

Spain became very wealthy and that led to the Spanish colonization of the Americas

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temperature started to drop --> needed warmth

Russia bought fur --> not enough $money$ so they sent people to Siberia to keep hostage

North America
natives get to pick who they trade with and what they get in return

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Before:
lots of agriculture ---> less fur bearing animals

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people needed warmth --> in need for fur bearing animals

high demand for fur so it eventually ran out

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population increase --> big movement to Americas

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Locke, Konte, Smith

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rebirth of ideas

changes in government --> believe people should have say in church

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Capernicus was first thinker to start questioning if Catholic Church teaching the earth is center of universe is true

sun is center ----- changed teachings that were taught for many years

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1517

95 Theses

Martin Luther
causes split in Catholic church

creates Protestant faith from this

only needed Bible & "Faith Alone"

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Catholic church response to Martin Luther and they try to fix corruption & make church whole again

-Jesuits-

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positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets orbiting around it

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fully agricultural

avoided incorporation into larger empires or civilizations and had not developed own city- or state-based societies

usually living in small village-based communities and organized kinship relations

created societies largely without the oppressive political authority, class inequalities, & seclusion of women <--- common in civilizations

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"Renaissance" means "rebirth"

The Renaissance was a period of time from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe. This era bridged the time between the Middle Ages and modern times

advances in science, art, and government that had been made by the Greeks and Romans were lost during this time

cultural movement - humanism

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capture trading posts-->wealthy

Portuguese explorers such as Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan began to build Portugal into a vast colonial empire. Portugal established colonies in South America, Africa, and the Far East

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This movement gave birth to the new label 'imperialism', which later changed in meaning to cover expansion of territory, power and influence. After a major rebellion in India (the 'Indian mutiny') in 1858 the British government took direct control of allBritish possessions in India

Catholic

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Protestant

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Beginning with Columbus in 1492 and continuing for nearly 350 years, Spain conquered and settled most of South America, the Caribbean, and the American Southwest. ... To add insult to smallpox, the Spanish explorers enslaved the Native Americanswho weren't killed and then took their natural resources

Taper Rebellion

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Boxer Rebellion

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Latin American Revolution

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Causes of the Revolution

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· No respect for the creoles

· No free trade

· Spain became weak

· Events in Europe

Outcomes of the Revolution

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INDEPENDENCE

o Affects it had on different people

o Map of geographical changes

Important People

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· Simón Bolívar

· Charles IV

· Napoleon

Anatomy of a Revolution

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· Class antagonism

· Economically weak

· Financial breakdown

Tanzimat Ottoman Empire

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1839-1876

Series of government reforms

that was made to centralize and rationalize rule and get more revenue for military defense of this empire

Tried to halt the empires decline

Unsuccessful in long run as this empire is no longer around

French Revolution

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789-1815

caused by the estates general (unfair way of voting) and the monarchies demanding commoners pay taxes

Led to spread of enlightenment across Europe and there no longer being a monarch in this country.

Feminist Revolution

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2nd Wave took place in the 1960's and 70's

and was started to show that women could be more than just homemaker

Resulted in: legalization of Abortion and the 1969 Divorce Reform act. Though things got better, still fighting for equality today
(#MeToo movement and equal pay)

Chinese Revolution

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1920's-1950's

Nationalists and CCP fought for power in this country. Civil war broke out after WWII. CCP won and created a communist society ruled by Mao ZeDong which has caused many problems and several million deaths. This country is till communist.

American Revolution

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After monarchy began to put heavy taxes on things such as tea, this led to the Deceleration of Independence and war with the monarchy. With the help from the french these colonists won and now this country is independent.

Russian Revolution

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Two revolutions
one in Feb. 1917 and Oct. 1917

February revolution led to October revolution.
Revolution led to civil war which led to communism in this country.

Haitian Revolution

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The largest Slave revolt in world history, this was when an island fought against the government for freedom and many other things like slave freedom. Ended in freedom for slaves but now country is very poor because wealth went down after slavery ended.

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Industrial Revolution

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What does it mean to be industrialized?

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create products with machines/technology and sell to consumers

When did Industrialization start?

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1750s

When did it end?

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1900s

What were some of the highlights during the industrial revolution

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-steam engine
-light bulb
-railroads
-conveyor belt
-assembly line
printing press

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IR Characteristics

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First Industrial Revolution 1750-1850

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¨Steam power

¨Iron

¨Textiles

¨Britain

Second Industrial Revolution 1850-1900s

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¨Electricity

¨Steel

¨Germany, Belgium, America

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Early Industrial Revolution

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Reasons Marxist view failed…

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1.Standard of living rose

2.Rising middle class (30% of pop)

3.Sanitization reform

4.Abolishing child labor

*Still many issues needed to be fixed, but shows that Capitalism could be reformed

Standard of Living

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measure of quality of life or level of material prosperity enjoyed by individuals, a specific demographic group, or a geographic region - country. In economics, it's usually used to determine the relative prosperity of the population of an entire country & is often compared to the standard of living that populations of other countries enjoy.

Colonial Encounters & New Imperialism 1850-1915

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Imperialism

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takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the economic, political, and social life of the people of that nation

Sphere of Influence

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Area which an outside power claims exclusive trade privileges over another nation

Forms of Imperialist Rule

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Economic Imperialism

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Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other government

Causes of Imperialism

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1.) Nationalism

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2.) Social Darwinism

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3.) Militarism

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4.) Religion

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5.) Industrialization

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Industrial nations needed more raw materials to supply factories

searching for new markets to sell their good

looking for new places or enterprises to invest profits

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National pride led by many nations to strive for a world empire

most Europeans felt their nationality was superior to that of Africans & Asians

English boasted "The sun never sets on the British Empire"

Kaiser Wilhelm wanted Germany to have it's "place in the sun"

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Military power was used to achieve nation's goals

A nation with more colonies had more power, security, trade, money, & colonial men for their country

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Darwin's theory of natural selection & survival of the fittest were used by many in support of imperialism

Many believed that it was natural and right for stronger nations to conquer weaker ones

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Christian missionaries wanted to help African & Asians & worked to carry the "White Man's Burden"

"Civilize" the nations by:

Christianize the natives
bringing natives the technological benefits of western civilization
teaching Africans to read & write

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Britain On Top

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In mid-1800s, Britain was the most powerful nation in the world

-it's factories produced more goods than those of any other country

-British Navy guarded the oceans so that those goods could be shipped safely to parts around the globe

-British banks loaned the money needed to build factories, mines, and railroads worldwide

-by late 1800s, however, Germany and the US were challenging Britain's economic leadership

-Faced with possible decline, Britain looked increasingly to its colonies for markets and resources

Empires Competing

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Other countries followed Britain's lead and came to see colonies as necessary for their economic well-being

-French and Dutch expanded their holdings and by 1900 France has an empire second in size only to Britain's

-Spain and Portugal attempted to build new empires in Africa

-Austria-Hungary moved into the Balkans

-Russia expanded into Caucasus, Central Asia, and Siberia

-Countries that had no colonies set out to acquire them

-Belgium, Italy, and Germany all took over lands in Africa (with Germany also taking an interest in East Asia & the Pacific islands)

Berlin Conference 1884-1885

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European nations met to lay down

rules for the division of Africa

-Any European nation could claim land in Africa by telling the others and showing they could control the area

¨Europeans paid no attention to the ethnic and linguistic divisions in Africa when dividing it amongst themselves

-No African leaders attended this meeting

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