The Safavid dynasty had its origin in theSafaviyya Sufi order, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Azerbaijan region. It was of mixed ancestry (Kurdish^[27] andAzerbaijani,^[28] which included intermarriages with Georgian,^[29] Circassian,^[30][31] and Pontic Greek^[32] dignitaries). From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted theIranian identity of the region,^[33] thus becoming the first native dynasty since theSasanian Empire to establish a unified Iranian state.^[34]

The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736) and, at their height, they controlled all of modern Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, most of Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq,Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts ofTurkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan andUzbekistan.

Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Persia as an economic stronghold between East andWest, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations and their patronage for fine arts. The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by spreading Shi'a Islam in Iran, as well as major parts of the Caucasus, Anatolia, andMesopotamia

                            Reference:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dy
nasty    

by Raiu Solomon                                                          

The war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War,Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War^{[25][26][27][a]} before the term "Iraq War" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War (also referred to in the US as "Operation Iraqi Freedom").^[28] The Iraqi Army's occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediateeconomic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. US PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush deployed US forces intoSaudi Arabia, and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene. An array of nations joined the coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the coalition's military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost.^[29]

The war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the US networkCNN.^[30][31][32] The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm.^[33][34]

The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991, continuing for five weeks. This was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a decisive victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory. The coalition ceased its advance, and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the ground campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas on Saudi Arabia's border. Iraq launched Scudmissiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel.

REF: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War

- Raiu A. Solomon

The Arabs are first mentioned in the mid-ninth century BCE as a tribal people dwelling in the central Arabian Peninsula.^[29] The Arabs appear to have been under the vassalage of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–612 BC), and the succeeding Neo-Babylonian (626–539 BC), Achaemenid (539–332 BC), Seleucid and Parthian empires.^[30][31][32] Arab tribes, most notably the Ghassanids and Lakhmids, begin to appear in the southern Syrian Desert from the mid 3rd century CE onward, during the mid to later stages of the Roman and Sasanian empires.^[33][34][35] Tradition holds that Arabs descend from Ishmael, the son of Abraham.^[36][37][38] The Arabian Desert is the birthplace of “Arab”.^[39] There are other Arab groups as well that spread in the land and existed for millennia.^[40][41]

Before the expansion of the Caliphate, "Arab" referred to any of the largely nomadic Semitic people from the northern to the central Arabian Peninsula and Syrian Desert.^[42][43][44] Presently, "Arab" refers to a large number of people whose native regions form the Arab world due to spread of Arabs throughout the region during the early Arab conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries.^{[45][46][47][48]} The Arabs forged the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661-750) and the Abbasid (750-1258) caliphates, whose borders reached southern France in the west, China in the east, Anatolia in the north, and the Sudan in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history.^{[49][50][51][52][53]} The Arab League endorsed the principle of an Arab homeland whilst respecting the individual sovereignty of its member states.^[54][55]

Today, Arabs primarily inhabit the 22 Arab states within the Arab League: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The Arab world stretches around 13 million km², from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. Beyond the boundaries of the League of Arab States, Arabs can also be found in the global diaspora.^[28] The ties that bind Arabs are ethnic, linguistic, cultural, historical, identical, nationalist, geographical and political.^[56][57][58] The Arabs have their own customs, language, architecture, art, literature, music, dance, media, cuisine, dress, society, sports and mythology.^[59][60][61] The total number of Arabs are an estimated 450 million.^[1] This makes them the world's second largest ethnic group after the Han Chinese.

Arabs are a diverse group in terms of religious affiliations and practices. In the pre-Islamic era, most Arabs followed polytheistic religions. Some tribes had adopted Christianity or Judaism, and a few individuals, the hanifs, apparently observed monotheism.^[62][63] Today, Arabs are mainly adherents of Islam, with sizable Christian minorities.^[64] Arab Muslims primarily belong to the Sunni, Shiite, Ibadi, Alawite, Druze and Ismaili denominations. Arab Christians generally follow one of the Eastern Christian Churches, such as the Maronite, Coptic Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic, or Chaldean churches.<sup>[65][66]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs</sup>

Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.

At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns) fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death. Not only was Suleiman a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development.

Breaking with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married Roxelana, a former Christian girl converted to Islam from his harem, who became subsequently known and influential as Hürrem Sultan. Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. Suleiman's previous heir apparent, Mustafa, had been strangled to death 13 years prior at the sultan's order. His other son Bayezid, had been killed by his support and Selim's order in 1561 with four of his sons.

Reference: https://www.geni.com/people/Suleiman-the-Magnificent/6000000007976831309
By Princess Abegail M. Maranan

The term genocide was coined in 1943 in response to mass murder of populations in the 20th century, these included the killing of Armenians beginning in 1915 and to the mass murders in Nazi controlled Europe. It has been applied to the Holocaust and many other mass killings. Other well-known examples including the Greek genocide, the Assyrian genocide, the Serbian genocide, the Holodomor, the 1971 Bangladesh genocide, the Cambodian genocide, the Guatemalan genocide, and, more recently, the Bosnian Genocide, the Kurdish genocide, and the Rwandan genocide.^[a]

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide
by Johann Siegfried R. Cumagun

It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure.

Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare). Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures) have been completed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum
by Johann Siegfried R. Cumagun

The text of the letter was published in the press one week later, on 9 November 1917. The "Balfour Declaration" was later incorporated into both the Sèvres peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire, and the Mandate for Palestine. The original document is kept at the British Library.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration
by Johann Siegfried R. Cumagun

OPEC's objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry.

http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm