Timeline Group 4 by Victor Ruesga

0-1551? The Coca Leaf

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-09 23:19:08 UTC

Origins:
- One of South America's oldest cultivated plants.
- Cultivation possibly began in the Amazon Rainforest.
- Spread to the Andes Mountains.
Indigenous Use:
- Chewed for centuries for energy and exhilaration.
- Incorporated into Inca cultural and religious ceremonies.
Colonial Period:
- Catholic Church opposed coca use, seeing it as an obstacle to Christianity.
- 1551: Catholic bishops pushed for a ban on coca.
- Outcome: Coca cultivation restricted but not fully prohibited.

1844

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 03:56:08 UTC

Dentist Horace Wells uses nitrous oxide for dental anesthesia, marking a pivotal moment in pain management. This event, though not directly related to cocaine, is significant because:

It highlighted the need for effective pain relief in medical procedures.
It encouraged research into other anesthetic substances, which eventually led to the exploration of cocaine's numbing effects.

1859

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 04:00:39 UTC

-German chemist Albert Niemann isolates cocaine from coca leaves, identifying its numbing properties.

-Leads to its use in medicine and, later, its abuse as a recreational drug.

1860

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 04:08:38 UTC

Angelo Mariani creates Vin Mariani, a popular tonic made from Bordeaux wine and coca leaves, marketed for its health benefits.

1884- Carl Koller

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 04:13:43 UTC

Koller applied a cocaine solution directly to the surface of the eye. He found it effectively numbed the eye, preventing patients from feeling pain during procedures.

1884- Sigmund Freud

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 04:21:59 UTC

-Father of psychoanalysis, was very enthusiastic about cocaine.

-He saw it as a wonder drug with potential for treating various ailments, including depression and morphine addiction.

-At 28 years old, he published a paper titled "Über Coca," a glowing review of cocaine. He praised its effects and advocated for its use.

1886

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 04:28:44 UTC

John Stith Pemberton, an American pharmacist, creates Coca-Cola. The original formula includes coca leaves (the source of cocaine) and kola nuts (containing caffeine).
Early marketing: Coca-Cola is initially marketed as a health drink and brain tonic, capitalizing on the perceived benefits of cocaine at the time.
Segregated soda fountains: In the racially segregated American South, Coca-Cola was initially primarily consumed by white customers at soda fountains.
Cocaine was largely viewed in a positive light by Western society. The societal view of cocaine in 1886 was largely one of acceptance and even enthusiasm.

1899

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 04:36:52 UTC

Bottling and wider access The bottling of Coca-Cola makes it more widely accessible and affordable, leading to increased consumption across socioeconomic and racial lines.

1900?

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 04:48:55 UTC

By the turn of the century, concerns about cocaine's addictive properties and its association with Black communities (fueled by racist propaganda) were increasing.

1903

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 04:52:23 UTC

Coca-Cola removes cocaine from its formula. While this is often attributed to health concerns, it's likely that racial prejudice and increasing regulatory pressure also played a significant role.
Even after 1903, Coca-Cola continued to use "decocainized" coca leaves – essentially, the leftover plant material after cocaine extraction. This still provides a small amount of cocaine, but it's negligible.

1906

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 04:57:17 UTC

Local restrictions: Many cities and states began to pass laws restricting the sale and distribution of cocaine, often targeting specific communities and businesses.
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906: This federal law required accurate labeling of food and drugs, including the amount of cocaine present. While not an outright ban, it aimed to increase transparency and curb misleading claims.
Cocaine's image shifted dramatically from a widely accepted medicine and tonic to a dangerous and increasingly controlled substance.

1885

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 05:06:06 UTC

Lloyd Manufacturing did advertise the cocaine in their toothache drops. The promised instantaneous relief was likely provided by the anesthetic properties of cocaine.

1914

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-18 05:30:42 UTC

Harrison Act: Restricted and regulated opium and coca products.
Outcome: Effectively criminalized non-medical drug use.
Racial Bias: Fueled by racist fears, especially the "Negro cocaine fiend" myth, which falsely linked Black men to cocaine-fueled violence. This myth helped the act gain support.

1810

madelinceja24 — 2024-10-18 05:44:29 UTC

Madelin Ceja

-Cannabis was introduced to Mexico by the Spanish as early as the 16th century, in the form of hemp. Spain encouraged the production of hemp in the territory, which was used to produce rope and textiles. Following the Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821), hemp farming decreased as subsidies from Spain evaporated.

Marcia Smith 1848

2024-10-18 05:53:56 UTC

Marcia Smith 1597

2024-10-18 06:11:08 UTC

1864

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-10-18 20:38:41 UTC

Benzodiazepine and Barbiturates: Innovation and history
Pharmaceuticals (benzodiazepines, barbiturates)
Beginning Stages in Germany
Adolf von Baeyer was a German chemist who first began synthesizing barbituric acid in 1864.
Medical use of the substance was not realized until 1903. Two German scientists, Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering, found that barbital was an effective method of euthanizing dogs.

1930s

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-10-18 20:46:56 UTC

Benzodiazepine and Barbiturates : Media and culture
Pharmaceuticals (benzodiazepines, barbiturates) Pharmaceutical Use and Marketing
German pharmaceutical firms have marketed benzodiazepine as Secanal, Luminal, and Nambutal.
Winthrop Pharmaceuticals introduces Mebaral, which is a barbituate derivative, as a sedative.
Advertising is aggressively aimed towards women
The drugs popularity spreads to the United States during the Great Depression in the 1930's

1492

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 21:23:20 UTC

1492: Christopher Columbus and his crew encountered tobacco for the first time when they arrived in the Americas. Native Americans introduced it to the European explorers. The crew had observed Indigenous people smoking dried tobacco leaves.

1556 - 1558

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 21:29:06 UTC

1556–1558: Tobacco was brought to Spain and Portugal from the Americas, initially used medicinally. Jean Nicot, a French ambassador to Portugal, introduced tobacco to France, and its use spread rapidly across Europe. The plant was named "Nicotiana" after him.

1612

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 21:31:31 UTC

An English settler, John Rolfe, successfully cultivated a sweeter variety of tobacco in Virginia. This marked the beginning of large-scale tobacco farming, leading to a booming industry in the colonies.

1607

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 21:35:35 UTC

1607: The establishment of the Jamestown colony in Virginia by English settlers. Although the colony struggled, tobacco soon became a crucial cash crop that sustained its economy.

1619

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 21:38:03 UTC

The first African slaves were brought to Virginia to work on tobacco plantations, as the labor-intensive nature of tobacco farming required a large workforce. This event linked the growth of the tobacco industry to the expansion of slavery in the Americas.

1700's

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 21:39:47 UTC

Tobacco continued to grow in popularity in Europe, used mainly for pipe smoking and snuff. By this time, tobacco had become a major economic driver for the American colonies, with large quantities exported to Europe.

1847

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 21:55:40 UTC

Philip Morris, the famous British tobacco company, was established, initially selling hand-rolled Turkish cigarettes.

1881

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 21:58:15 UTC

James Albert Bonsack invented and patented the cigarette-rolling machine. This technology allowed for mass production of cigarettes, which led to a significant increase in cigarette consumption.

1900 - 1920

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 22:01:24 UTC

Cigarette smoking rose dramatically, especially after the machine allowed for cheaper and faster production. Cigarettes became a dominant product in the tobacco industry.

1900 - 1930

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 22:10:20 UTC

Various religious and health reform movements in the U.S. and Europe began to criticize tobacco use, particularly smoking. Moral entrepreneurs like religious groups and temperance advocates often led these movements.

1929

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 22:14:31 UTC

German scientist Dr. Fritz Lickint published one of the first formal studies linking smoking to lung cancer, which raised public awareness of smoking’s health risks.

1950

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 22:27:45 UTC

Research linking tobacco to cancer and other health issues began gaining momentum. The British Medical Journal and other publications reported on the growing evidence of tobacco’s harmful effects.

1964

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 23:51:29 UTC

January 11, 1964: The U.S. Surgeon General, Dr. Luther Terry, released a groundbreaking report titled Smoking and Health. It provided conclusive evidence that smoking caused lung cancer and chronic bronchitis. This report marked the beginning of serious public health campaigns against smoking in the U.S.

1965

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-19 23:54:18 UTC

The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act was passed, requiring warning labels on cigarette packages for the first time. It also marked the beginning of government involvement in regulating tobacco.

1970

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-20 23:56:00 UTC

The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act banned cigarette advertising on television and radio in the U.S.

1988

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-21 00:03:04 UTC

The Surgeon General's report declared nicotine as an addictive drug, similar to heroin and cocaine. This sparked more rigorous health warnings and policies to curb smoking.

1998

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-21 00:05:39 UTC

November 23, 1998: The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement was signed between four major tobacco companies and 46 U.S. states. The companies agreed to pay over $200 billion over 25 years to cover healthcare costs related to smoking. The agreement also limited tobacco advertising, especially targeting children.

2009

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-21 00:07:58 UTC

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority to regulate tobacco products through the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. This included restrictions on marketing, requirements for warning labels, and the regulation of ingredients in tobacco products.

2010's

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-21 00:10:28 UTC

Growing restrictions on smoking in public places, including restaurants, bars, and workplaces. Many countries passed comprehensive smoking bans and raised taxes on tobacco products to deter use.

2019

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-21 00:17:07 UTC

The FDA raised the minimum legal sales age for tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, from 18 to 21 years old in the U.S.

2020

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-21 00:20:41 UTC

The COVID-19 pandemic further spurred campaigns against smoking due to its impact on lung health.

2022

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-21 00:23:56 UTC

The FDA proposed banning menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars, aiming to reduce smoking rates, particularly among minority communities.

2023-2024

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-21 00:29:35 UTC

Efforts to reduce nicotine levels in cigarettes continued as part of ongoing tobacco control policies, alongside further restrictions on advertising and packaging in many countries.

Late 1970's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 03:15:16 UTC

Cocaine prices plummet. This led dealers to seek new ways to profit, resulting in the creation of crack cocaine.

1920's-1940's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 03:24:06 UTC

Cocaine use continued to decrease, becoming associated with marginalized groups and the criminal underworld. Enforcement of the Harrison Act made it difficult to obtain and expensive.

1930's-1940's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 03:30:48 UTC

Amphetamines, which were cheaper and more readily available, rose in popularity, further eclipsing cocaine. These were seen as more "functional" drugs and even prescribed by doctors.

1950's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 03:33:04 UTC

Cocaine was largely off the radar of law enforcement, considered a minor problem compared to heroin and marijuana.

1982-1983

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 03:45:06 UTC

First crackhouse found in Miami.
it quickly spread to New York and other major cities despite initially being considered a local problem.

1980's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 03:46:58 UTC

Beginning of Crack Epidemic: Crack could be produced by dissolving powdered cocaine in a mixture of water and ammonia and boiling it down until a solid formed. Broken into smaller chunks, or “rocks,” this solid form could be smoked.

1985-1989

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 03:54:49 UTC

The number of regular cocaine users increased significantly, from 4.2 million to 5.8 million.

1988

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 03:57:17 UTC

A study linked crack cocaine to a large percentage of homicides in New York City: 32% of all homicides and 60% of drug-related homicides.

1986

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 04:00:32 UTC

The Anti-Drug Abuse Act established a 100:1 weight ratio for crack and powder cocaine sentencing, meaning 1 gram of crack carried the same penalty as 100 grams of powder cocaine.
This led to significantly harsher sentences for crack offenses, which disproportionately affected African Americans.

1990's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 04:13:13 UTC

A growing recognition of the need for treatment and prevention programs led to increased funding for such initiatives alongside law enforcement efforts.
Community-based organizations played a crucial role in providing support, harm reduction, and advocating for policy changes to address the social impact of crack cocaine.

Early 1990's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-10-26 04:17:15 UTC

Media Attention and Public Fear: The crack epidemic continued to dominate news headlines, often portraying a bleak picture of inner-city communities ravaged by drug-related violence and social decay. This fueled public fear and anxieties about crime and safety.
Violence and Gangs: Crack-related violence remained a significant concern. Turf wars between rival drug gangs contributed to high homicide rates in many cities. Drive-by shootings and open-air drug markets were common in affected neighborhoods.
Impact on Families and Children: The crack epidemic had a devastating impact on families, leading to parental neglect, child abuse, and foster care placements. A generation of children grew up amidst the chaos and trauma of drug-affected communities.
Health Consequences: Crack addiction took a heavy toll on public health, with increases in HIV/AIDS transmission through needle sharing, overdose deaths, and other health complications associated with drug abuse.

Circa 1000 - 1400 AD

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-26 19:26:27 UTC

Circa 1000–1400 AD: Indigenous peoples in the Americas began cultivating and using tobacco for medicinal, religious, and ceremonial purposes. Tobacco use was widespread across many tribes, with rituals and beliefs surrounding its consumption.

1948

msmith408_2 — 2024-10-26 19:34:07 UTC

Dr. Evarts Graham and Dr. Ernst Wynder, American researchers, published a landmark study that definitively linked cigarette smoking to lung cancer in men.

1955

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-10-28 20:42:25 UTC

Pharmaceuticals (let's focus on benzodiazepines!)
Innovation and discovery
Leo Sternbach was a Polish American chemist working at Hoffman-La Roche. He began working at Hoffman-La Roche in 1941.
Hoffman-La Roche (presently known as Roche) was producing vitamins in the late 1800s and early 1900s
Sternbach was developing new drugs in 1955 when he discovered chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, flurazepam, nitrazepam, flunitrazepam, clonazepam and trimethaphan. All of these drugs are versions of benzodiazepine, in the family of benzodiazepine, or are classified as being in the benzodiazepine family; dependent on its compounding structure.
What is benzodiazepine? Sometimes referred to as "benzos"; Simply put, these are a class of depressant drugs. Benzodiazepine-classified drugs result in a range of effects from sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsive, and anti-anxiety. When prescribed and used properly it is reported that they can help treat insomnia, seizures, anxiety, muscle spasms, and panic disorders.

Marijuana / Cannabis

mceja44_2 — 2024-10-29 02:48:02 UTC

Origins

Chinese Emperor Shen Nung in 2727 B.C

-South-East Asia has also been proposed as an alternative region for the primary domestication of cannabis. Cannabis provided fibers for ropes and nets, food, and seeds for oil

-Originally evolved in Central Asia before people introduced the plant into Africa, Europe and eventually the Americas

7000 BCE in China-Alcohol

jcrane4_2 — 2024-10-29 03:47:37 UTC

Origins

7000 BCE in China

earliest alcoholic beverage in the world was a mixed fermented drink of rice, honey, and hawthorn fruit and/or grape.
The residues of the beverage, dated ca. 7000–6600 BCE
recovered from early pottery from Jiahu, a Neolithic village in the Yellow River Valley

1700-1784

jcrane4_2 — 2024-10-29 04:15:44 UTC

1700: Alcohol is starting to gain popularity amongst Americans

1784: Psychiatric Benjamin Rush writing begins to create the Temperance Reform Movement. This is also the time when writings of drinking alcohol becoming a social concern.

1826

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-04 21:50:24 UTC

During this time as alcohol stated to gain popularity, laws started to form to be able to control the intake of alcohol.

The Temperance Reform was excessive drinking viewed as non-Christian, a vice. This view is that people should drink moderately and not abstain.

The Six Sermons of Intemperance is the argument of having total abstinence. The government viewed this that there was not a safe line between moderate and immoderate use of alcohol.
- The impact of the Six Sermons were:
  - Employees stopped supplying workers with alcohol during their breaks
  - Farmers stopped harvesting crops together with the communal jug
  - Railroad employees began to fire people who drank on the job.
  - Liquor rations no longer distributed to army soldiers
  - 1846 is when states moved to prohibit alcohol
  - 1/3 of stated became dry states

1846

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-11 21:46:00 UTC

In 1846 States begin to move to prohibit alcohol making 1/3 of states become dry states.

Maine was the first state to prohibit alcohol by outlawing the manufacture and sale of distilled spirits.

1850

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-14 21:49:36 UTC

By 1850, about 1/3 of the population were living in states that were banned from selling alcohol. Because there was a conflict over the abolition of slavery, it made the issues with the ban of alcohol less important and because of this, the number of states took back their "dry" laws.

1861-1865

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-14 22:15:47 UTC

During the civil war years many states started to repeal the dry laws. This was did not resolve the issue of prohibition, all it did was delayed it.

1862

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-14 22:57:37 UTC

During this time there was a high number of Irish immigrants. Many saloons and those who drank symbolized degeneracy and inferiority. The Irish immigrants were willing to work for low wages during this time since they were very poor.

1874

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-15 04:00:54 UTC

The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WTCU)

One of the most powerful anti-drinking lobby amongst women during women's rights, suffrage, world peace and laws against statutory and forcible rape.
During this movement it was for the wives to focus on the right to control their husband's drinking and drink in moderation.

1893

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-15 04:42:28 UTC

The Anti-Salon League

This movement was organized and lobbied all levels of government. Its main focus was to prohibit alcohol.
This movement focused more on the immigrants within catholicism such as the Irish, Italians and Germans.
Their main target of this group was because many of these groups came from "wet" cultures and strongly opposed the prohibition.

1895

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-15 18:53:14 UTC

The National Prohibition Party

This was similar to the Anti-Salon League in which also supported prohibiting alcohol.

1911

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-16 05:23:55 UTC

Role of Big Businesses

41 states passed the worker compensation laws.
During this time businesses were now responsible for work accidents
Because they were now responsible for work related accidents, they took an anti-drinking stance.

1920

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-16 22:35:53 UTC

The Volstead Act & National Prohibition Act

National legislation that prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation, importation and exportation of "intoxicating liquors"
This act banned all beverages containing more than 0.5% alcohol.
With this act it represented the triumph of protestants over Catholics, native born Americans over immigrants, rural and small-town dwellers over urban residents

1933

jcrane4_2 — 2024-11-17 00:14:33 UTC

After the Volstead Act, there was a decline in drinking
An increased inorganized and violent crime (murder increased)
Increase in dirty alcohol

1937

mceja44_2 — 2024-11-18 18:44:00 UTC

Madelin Ceja

Marihuana Tax Act which marked the first federal regulation of cannabis in the US .

This was under the importation, possession and/or distribution of marijuana were regulated .

Importers were required to register and pay an annual tax of $24.

1973

mceja44_2 — 2024-11-18 18:55:45 UTC

Oregon was the first state decriminalize .
Possession of 28.35 grams (1 ounce) or less is a violation (not a crime) punishable by a $500 to $1,000 fine; stricter punishments exist for sale or cultivation.

1787

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-02 18:06:37 UTC

-King Andrianampoinimerina of Madagascar banned cannabis and imposed the death penalty for its use.

1906

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-02 18:15:01 UTC

In the United States , increased restrictions and labeling of cannabis (legal term marijuana or marihuana) as a poison began in many states from 1906 onward, and outright prohibitions began in the 1920s.

1937

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-02 18:20:02 UTC

-Cannabis indica fluid extract, American Druggists Syndicate, pre-1937

-The tincture is typically made by soaking the dried flowers of the female hemp plant (marijuana) in ethanol.

1905

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-02 18:24:31 UTC

-A 1905 Bulletin from the United States Department of Agriculture lists twenty-nine states with laws mentioning cannabis.

-Eight states and territories are listed with "sale of poisons" laws that specifically mention cannabis: North Carolina, Ohio, Wisconsin, Louisiana, Vermont, Maine, Montana; and the District of Columbia. Among those states that required a prescription for sale were Wisconsin and Louisiana.

2020

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-02 18:30:12 UTC

As of January 2020, 11 states and the District of Columbia have passed legislation permitting recreational marijuana 33 states and the District of Columbia have some medical marijuana laws on the books.

1990

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-02 18:35:13 UTC

In December 1990, a group of Deadheads distributed flyers to people in Oakland, inviting them to smoke “420” on April 20 at exactly 4:20 pm. One of these flyers ended up with Steve Bloom, who happened to be a reporter for High Times magazine, an authority on cannabis culture.

1942

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-02 18:41:29 UTC

World War ll -era shortages in fiber causes US hemp production to ramp up again to supply the Navy with rigging , due to loss international supplies .(RABD Drug Policy Research Center)

1912

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-02 18:42:33 UTC

Barbiturates: Media and Culture
Pharmaceuticals (let's focus on barbiturates!)

Bayer introduces barbituric acid derivative, phenobarbital. It is marketed and sold as the drug Luminal.
Roughly translated, this ad in particular states this is a safe depressant
Similar to the ads we see on TV today, even over 100 years ago drug manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies were heavily marketing their products and aiming the advertising at a very specific audience.

1975

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-02 19:11:25 UTC

Benzos : Culture
1975: The Year benzodiazepine sales peaked in the U.S
Prescription drug names: Valium, Klonopin, Xanax, Ativan, Halcion, Librium, Tranxene, Serax, Centrax. Just to name a few
1977: benzodiazepines are the most prescribed drugs globally

2000s

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-02 19:29:37 UTC

Benzodiazepine and Barbiturates: Culture and Media
"Xanax doin' damage,make it night so I can handle you...Xanny pills, then I feel my body startin' to give up.." - Future, lyrics from song 'XanaX Damage'
The lyrics from the above mentioned song tell a story told thousands of times before: someone who is upset and sad, missing their significant other after a break-up. However, the lyrics also express the artists use of the prescription benzodiazepine drug , "Xanax". Referred to in Pop Culture as "Xannys" as a way to escape the emotional pain.

1983

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-02 21:57:54 UTC

Benzodiazepine and Health
By 1983 there was 17 different brand name prescription benzodiazepines on the market, worth 3 Billion worldwide
In the 1980's, people who have been taking these drugs long-term are noticing the drug loses its efficacy over time
People begin to experience withdrawal symptoms. This leads to heightened public awareness in the U.K. of the addictions and withdrawal people are experiencing with regard to benzodiazepines

1999

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-02 22:10:16 UTC

Benzos: Law
1999: A Memorandum by Dr Reg Peart to Parliament (UK)
Largest Class Action Lawsuit to date filed against British drug manufacturers
The lawsuits involves 14,000 patients and 1,800 law firms over the course of 2 decade
In 1993-94 the Benzodiazepine Litigation ended, due to the withdrawal of Legal Aid Board funding.
Over £50 million pounds was spent on legal aid by the drug companies.
Since this event the number of prescriptions for all Sedative/Hypnotic drugs has increased, prescriptions for Valium increased by 15% between 1994-97.
"This submission concerns the nature and causes of 40 years of Benzodiazepine dependency and is a skeletal outline of chronological events, circumstances and consequences, plus suggestions to improve the current situation and prevent such a problem in the future with other drugs. The objective is to present an overview, and to provide a framework for more detailed submissions on specific areas by other organizations and individuals. It is requested that a separate inquiry be set up for the Benzodiazepine health problem" - Dr Pearts Memorandum
This shows that the Pharmaceautical companies are powerful and difficult to fight, and prescriptions are issued regardless of legal action

1960s-70s

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-02 22:21:01 UTC

Benzo Use and Celebrity
Marilyn Monroe, Judy Garland and Jimi Hendrix, just to name a few, all had barbiturates in their system at the time of their deaths.
The First Lady, Betty Ford, wife of President Gerald Ford, stated in 1978: "The medicines I took ..had been prescribed by doctors, so how could I be a drug addict?"

1996-2019

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-02 22:40:58 UTC

Benzodiazepine : FDA
From 1996-2013 Benzodiazepine prescription increase by 320%, overdoes deaths associated with benzo use increased over 500%
2016: The Food and Drug Administration issues a blackbox warning , stating that taking opioid medication along with benzodiazepines may result in death
2019: Based on a National Survey on Drug Use and Health of adults 18 and older, approximately 30 million U.S. adults take a benzodiazepine. Approximately 25 million taking them according to their prescription, and 5 million abuse the drug

2014

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-03 16:48:18 UTC

Madelin Ceja

On January 1, 2014, Colorado became the first state to license recreational dispensaries, with 37 stores selling to adults 21 and older. Sean Azzarati, an Iraq war veteran, was the first person to legally buy marijuana.

1950s

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-03 16:49:28 UTC

In the 1950s Congress passed the Boggs Act and the Narcotics Control Act, which laid down mandatory sentences for drug offenders, including

marijuana possessors and distributors.

2009

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-04 17:53:50 UTC

-Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. directed federal prosecutors to back away from pursuing cases against medical marijuana patients, signaling a broad policy shift that drug reform advocates interpret as the first step toward legalization of the drug.

-The government's top lawyer said that in the 14 states with some provisions for medical marijuana use, federal prosecutors should focus only on cases involving higher-level drug traffickers, money launderers or people who use the state laws as a cover.

1992

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-04 18:02:05 UTC

-In 1992, George H. W. Bush discontinued the program after Randall tried to make AIDS patients eligible for the program.

- At the time, thirteen people were already enrolled and were allowed to continue receiving cannabis cigarettes; today the government still ships cannabis cigarettes to seven people.

1982

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-04 18:02:33 UTC

Irvin Rosenfeld, who became eligible to receive cannabis from the program in 1982 to treat rare bone tumors, urged the George W. Bush administration to reopen the program; however, he was unsuccessful.

1805

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:48:37 UTC

Morphine isolated from opium.
Friedrich Sertürner isolates morphine from opium. This marks the beginning of modern opioid pharmacology and sets the stage for future opioid developments.

1874

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:49:00 UTC

Heroin first synthesized from morphine.
English chemist C.R. Alder Wright first synthesizes heroin (diacetylmorphine) from morphine. This discovery would later lead to widespread use and abuse of heroin.

1898

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:50:31 UTC

Bayer Pharmaceutical Company begins commercial production of heroin.
Bayer markets heroin as a "non-addictive" substitute for morphine and a cough suppressant. This commercial production significantly increases heroin's availability and use.

1914

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:53:23 UTC

Harrison Narcotics Tax Act passed, restricting opioid use.
This act marks the first federal regulation of opioids in the United States. It requires registration and taxation of those producing, importing, or distributing opium and coca products.

1970

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-04 23:53:35 UTC

In the 1970s, synthetic THC was created to be administered as the drug Marinol in a capsule. However, the main mode of administration for cannabis is smoking because its effects are almost immediate when the smoke is inhaled.

1924

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:53:52 UTC

Heroin Act bans production and sale of heroin in the US.
The act prohibits the importation of opium for the purpose of manufacturing heroin. This leads to the development of a black market for heroin.

1959

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:54:06 UTC

Fentanyl first synthesized by Paul Janssen.
Belgian physician Paul Janssen synthesizes fentanyl, a highly potent synthetic opioid. This marks the beginning of a new era in pain management and, eventually, drug abuse.

1968

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:54:16 UTC

Fentanyl approved for medical use in the United States
The FDA approves fentanyl for medical use as an anesthetic. This opens the door for its widespread use in healthcare settings.

1970

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:54:41 UTC

Controlled Substances Act classifies heroin as Schedule I drug.
This act establishes federal drug policy in the US, categorizing controlled substances based on their potential for abuse and medical use. Heroin is classified as having no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.

1980

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:54:53 UTC

Increased use of fentanyl in cardiac operations.
Fentanyl becomes widely used in cardiac surgeries due to its potency and rapid onset. This expands its presence in medical settings.

1990

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:55:05 UTC

Duragesic (fentanyl transdermal patch) approved.
The FDA approves the fentanyl patch for chronic pain management. This new delivery method increases accessibility to the drug for both medical and potentially illicit use.

1995-Late 1900's

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:55:18 UTC

OxyContin (oxycodone controlled-release) approved.
Purdue Pharma introduces OxyContin, marketing it as a safer, less addictive opioid. This leads to widespread prescribing and contributes significantly to the opioid epidemic. Overprescribing of prescription opioids begins
Pharmaceutical companies reassure medical professionals that patients would not become addicted to opioid pain relievers. This results in increased prescribing rates and subsequent rise in opioid addiction.

2007

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:56:20 UTC

Fentanyl-laced heroin emerges as a significant issue

Drug dealers begin mixing fentanyl with heroin to increase potency and profits. This dangerous combination leads to a surge in overdose deaths.

2010

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:56:32 UTC

Mexican heroin production increases, ensuring low-cost supply.

Mexican cartels ramp up heroin production to meet growing US demand. This shift in production leads to increased availability and lower prices of heroin in the US.

2013-2014

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:56:48 UTC

First detection of illicit pills containing fentanyl.
Law enforcement agencies detect counterfeit prescription pills containing fentanyl. This marks the beginning of a new, more dangerous phase in the opioid crisis.

2015-2016

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:56:58 UTC

Fentanyl overtakes prescription opioids in overdose deaths.
Fentanyl becomes the leading cause of opioid-related deaths, surpassing prescription opioids. This shift highlights the growing danger of synthetic opioids. The CDC reports that synthetic opioids are now responsible for more deaths than any other type of opioid. This underscores the severity of the fentanyl crisis.

1996-1999

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-04 23:57:00 UTC

Between 1996 and 1999, eight U.S. states supported cannabis prescriptions opposing policies of the federal government. Most people who are prescribed marijuana for medical purposes use it to alleviate severe pain.

2017

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:57:23 UTC

President issues Executive Order 13784 on combating opioid crisis. The US government officially declares the opioid crisis a public health emergency. This leads to increased funding and resources for addiction treatment and prevention efforts.

2018

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:57:44 UTC

Fentanyl and analogues responsible for most drug overdose deaths in the US.
The CDC reports that fentanyl and its analogues are involved in the majority of drug overdose deaths. This highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions against synthetic opioids.

2020

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:57:53 UTC

86% of opioid deaths in Wisconsin connected to synthetic opioids like fentanyl.
This statistic from Wisconsin exemplifies the nationwide trend of fentanyl's dominance in opioid-related deaths. It demonstrates the pervasiveness of synthetic opioids in the drug supply.

2021

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:58:03 UTC

Over 71,000 fentanyl-related deaths in the US.
The CDC reports a record number of fentanyl-related deaths, underscoring the ongoing severity of the opioid crisis. This data drives continued efforts to address the epidemic.

2024

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-04 23:58:29 UTC

Ongoing efforts to combat the opioid crisis and address fentanyl-related overdoses continue.
Public health officials, law enforcement, and policymakers continue to implement strategies to reduce opioid addiction and overdose deaths. These efforts include improved access to treatment, harm reduction strategies, and attempts to disrupt the illicit drug supply chain.

1910

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-05 00:07:30 UTC

Madelin Ceja

-After the Mexican Revolution of 1910, Mexican immigrants flooded into the United States, bringing with them the recreational use of marijuana.

- The drug became associated with the immigrants and the fear and , in turn, prejudice about the newcomers became associated with marijuana.

-Anti-drug campaigners warned against the encroaching "Marijuana Menace". During the Great Depression, massive unemployment and increased public resentment and fear of Mexican immigrants escalated public and governmental concern about the potential problem of marijuana.

2024

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-05 00:17:08 UTC

As of today there are 38 states in the United States have legalized medical marijuana, and 24 states have legalized recreational marijuana.

At the federal level, cannabis is a Schedule I drug, which means it's prohibited for any use. However, federal law is generally not enforced against the possession, cultivation, or distribution of cannabis in states where it's legal.

Early 2000's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 01:27:41 UTC

Decline of the Crack Epidemic:

While crack remained a problem, its use began to decline from its peak in the late 1980s. This was attributed to various factors, including increased awareness of its dangers, law enforcement efforts, and changing drug trends.

Social Implications of Cocaine 1990's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:15:04 UTC

Crack's Lingering Shadow: While crack use declined, its devastating impact on communities and families persisted.
Shifting Demographics: Cocaine use diversified, with increasing use among suburban and affluent populations.
New Forms Emerge: Powder cocaine regained popularity, and new forms like "crack lite" appeared.
War on Drugs Continues: Mass incarceration and aggressive policing remained central to drug policy, with continued racial disparities.
Harm Reduction Gains Traction: Needle exchange programs and other harm reduction strategies emerged to address the health consequences of drug use.
Pop Culture Glamorization: Cocaine remained a fixture in movies, music, and television, often portraying a glamorous lifestyle associated with its use.

Late 1990s - Early 2000s:

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:21:38 UTC

Fluctuations in cocaine use occur, influenced by economic conditions, availability of other drugs, and shifting social norms.
Cocaine remains a public health concern, linked to serious health issues like heart disease, stroke, and overdose.

Social Implications in Late 1990s - Early 2000s

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:25:22 UTC

Cocaine's image changed: It was no longer solely associated with the urban poor; use increased among affluent groups.
Hidden problem: Cocaine addiction persisted as a less visible but still serious issue affecting various communities.
Health risks remained high: Cocaine continued to be linked to heart problems, stroke, and overdose.
"Club drug" association: Cocaine became part of the club scene, promoting recreational use and downplaying risks.
Shifting focus: Emphasis moved towards treatment and harm reduction, recognizing addiction as a health issue.

Mid-2000s:

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:26:54 UTC

Emphasis on treatment and harm reduction strengthens, with development of new medications and therapies.
Dramatic increase in prescription opioid abuse diverts attention and resources from cocaine, despite its continued prevalence.

Social Implications Mid-2000's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:33:38 UTC

Opioids overshadowed cocaine: The rise of opioid addiction shifted attention and resources away from cocaine, even though it remained a problem.
Cocaine use was widespread: It persisted across different social groups, from affluent partygoers to marginalized communities.
Online drug markets grew: The internet made it easier to obtain cocaine, potentially increasing its accessibility.
Harm reduction was emphasized: Strategies like needle exchange programs aimed to reduce the negative consequences of cocaine use.

2010

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:35:25 UTC

Fair Sentencing Act passed, addressing the sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine, promoting fairer treatment in the criminal justice system.

Early 2010s:

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:39:19 UTC

The opioid epidemic explodes, with prescription painkillers and heroin increasingly dominating the drug landscape. This overshadows cocaine, though its use continues.
Increased awareness of addiction as a disease: More emphasis is placed on treating addiction as a public health issue rather than a moral failing, leading to expanded access to treatment and harm reduction services.

2016-2019:

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:40:40 UTC

Fentanyl enters the drug supply: The potent synthetic opioid fentanyl begins to contaminate the cocaine supply, leading to a surge in overdose deaths. This highlights the dangers of an increasingly unpredictable drug market.
Cocaine use remains steady: Despite the opioid crisis, cocaine use persists, particularly among young adults and in nightlife settings.
Growing concern about stimulant use disorders: Increased attention is paid to the specific challenges of stimulant addiction, including the lack of FDA-approved medications for treatment.

2020

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:43:49 UTC

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupts drug markets and access to treatment services, with potential impacts on cocaine use patterns.
Increased focus on mental health: The pandemic also brings greater awareness of the link between substance use and mental health disorders, leading to calls for integrated treatment approaches.

2023:

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:47:05 UTC

Oregon decriminalizes small amounts of all drugs, including cocaine, as part of a shift towards a public health approach to substance use. This sparks debate about drug policy reform across the US.

Social Implications Today

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 02:48:45 UTC

Overdose crisis: Cocaine, often mixed with fentanyl, contributes to rising overdose deaths.
Health problems: Cocaine use is linked to heart issues, stroke, mental health disorders, and infectious diseases.
Social costs: Cocaine use can lead to family breakdown, crime, and community instability.
Inequity persists: Black and Latino individuals are disproportionately affected by cocaine-related arrests.

2024

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-05 21:45:47 UTC

Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates: Health
July 1, 2024: BMC Medicine journal releases study findings: Benzos may shrink the brain
In the journal BMC Medicine, researchers have stated use of benzodiazepines over time may speed up the natural age-related dwindling of two regions of the brain involved in memory and mood regulation: the hippocampus and the amygdala.

A study involves almost 5,500 people

Social Significance of Cocaine 0-1550

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 23:31:25 UTC

Before 1550, the social significance of cocaine was primarily centered on the Andean cultures of South America.
It played a crucial role in religious ceremonies, medicine, social customs, and economic activities.
The global impact of cocaine was limited until much later in history.

Social Significance 1800-1900

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 23:35:14 UTC

Medical Marvel to Menace: Cocaine went from a celebrated medicine to a recognized danger.
Widespread Use: Cocaine became popular across social classes for recreation.
Growing Concern: Addiction and negative effects led to increasing worry.
Shifting Views: Cocaine's image tarnished, setting the stage for future control.

Social Significance 1900-1920

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 23:38:20 UTC

Demonization: Cocaine became a scapegoat, linked to crime and racial stereotypes.
Going Underground: Cocaine use became increasingly hidden and illicit.
Social Stigma: Cocaine was linked to "deviance" and marginalized groups.
Prohibition's Prelude: The era set the stage for cocaine's full criminalization.

Social Significance 1920-1940

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 23:42:26 UTC

Criminalized: Cocaine is officially outlawed, driving it underground.
"Reefer Madness" Era: Propaganda and fear-mongering further demonize cocaine.
Jazz Age Indulgence: Despite prohibition, cocaine remains popular in some circles, particularly among musicians and the wealthy.
Hidden Epidemic: Addiction and social problems related to cocaine persist, but are largely hidden from public view.

Social Significance 1940-1960's

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 23:46:35 UTC

Post-War Decline: Cocaine use decreased, likely due to wartime restrictions and shifting social priorities.
"Hidden" Drug: Cocaine fades from the public eye, its use confined to smaller, marginalized groups.
Limited Availability: Wartime disruptions and ongoing prohibition limit cocaine's supply and accessibility.
Precursor to the "Swinging Sixties": Cocaine remained relatively dormant in mainstream society, setting the stage for its resurgence in the counter-culture era.

Social Significance 1960-1980

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 23:48:21 UTC

Counter-Culture Cachet: Cocaine becomes associated with wealth, glamour, and the "high life" of the era.
Fueling the Party: Cocaine's stimulant effects align with the era's social scene and fast-paced lifestyle.
Mainstreaming: Cocaine use expands beyond marginalized groups, penetrating mainstream society and artistic circles.
Overshadowed Dangers: Despite growing use, the serious health and social consequences of cocaine remain largely ignored.

Social Significance 1980-1990

vruesga1_1 — 2024-12-05 23:51:28 UTC

Crack's Devastating Rise: The cheap and potent crack cocaine ravaged inner cities, fueling violence and addiction.
War on Drugs Intensifies: Harsher penalties and policing disproportionately impacted Black communities.
Media Frenzy: Media coverage fueled fear and prejudice around crack use.
"Just Say No": Government campaigns attempted to curb drug use through moral messaging.
Cocaine Bear - 1985

March 1933

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-06 20:36:39 UTC

Cullen-Harris Act

President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Cullen-Harrison Act, which amended the Volstead Act to allow the production of some beer and

State alcohol control boards

These boards adopted strong regulations that continue to influence American drinking habits

AA was created

Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith founded Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). The alcohol problem had shifted from being a moral issue during the century to a social, cultural, and political one during the campaign for Prohibition, and finally, to a therapeutic one involving individuals.

1934-1935

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-06 21:13:27 UTC

Growth of the Alcohol Industry Post-Prohibition

The Federal Alcohol Administration (FAA) was established by the U.S. government to regulate alcohol production, distribution, and sales, ensuring compliance with laws.
The introduction of light beer began, with brewers like Anheuser-Busch and Miller Brewing Company leading the charge.

1885

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-07 01:22:00 UTC

Club Drugs: Methamphetamine . Innovation and history
In 1885, a Japanese pharmacist, Nagai Nagayoshi discovered that ephedra, a plant used to treat breathing conditions, also contained ephedrine, a chemical stimulant.
8 years later, he synthesized methamphetamine from this plant.

1919

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-07 01:25:56 UTC

Club Drugs: Meth. Innovation and history
1919: Akira Ogata discovered a way to break ephedrine down into a crystal-like form.
This becomes the first known formula for crystal meth

1950s

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-07 01:31:45 UTC

Club Drugs: Meth and popular use
1950s : meth is legal and taken by many Americans as a diet drug and stimulant.
Truck drivers, college students and many others take meth to stay awake for long hours
Its addictive nature was recognized until the 1970s
By then, over a million people were using meth.

1980s

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-07 01:43:36 UTC

Club Drugs / Raves / GHB

Club Drugs/GHB /Media and Culture
Club drugs range from MDMA(ecstasy) to stimulants (meth and cocaine) to sedatives (GHB, Rohypnol)
GHB and other Club Drugs are associated with EDM (electronic dance music) parties, raves, and dance clubs
Unlike other drugs, such as opiates or benzos, (established according to pharmaceutical or chemical properties) - Club drugs are a "category of convenience"
These drugs done due to the locations they are consumed
Club drugs are generally used by adolescents and young adults

Social Significance of Marijuana 0-1000 A.D.

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-08 02:53:37 UTC

Ancient Times (Before 1000 AD)

Medicinal and Spiritual Use: Cannabis has been used for its medicinal and spiritual properties in various ancient civilizations, including China, India, and Egypt. It was often used to treat a variety of ailments and as a sacrament in religious rituals.

Social Significance of 1600s-1800s

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-08 02:55:18 UTC

1600s-1800s

Industrial Hemp: Cannabis, primarily in the form of hemp, was widely cultivated for its fiber, used to make rope, textiles, and paper. It was a crucial crop in many countries, including the United States.

Social significance of Marijuana

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-08 02:56:15 UTC

Early 1900s

Immigrant Influence: Mexican immigrants brought cannabis to the United States, popularizing its recreational use.
Racial Bias and Prohibition: Negative stereotypes and racist propaganda associated cannabis use with Mexican immigrants and other marginalized groups, leading to its criminalization in many states.
1900s
- Medical Use in the West: Cannabis is widely used in Western medicine for various ailments.
- Recreational Use Emerges: The plant's psychoactive properties become more widely known and used for recreational purposes.

Social Significance of 1960s-1970s

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-08 02:57:25 UTC

1960s-1970s

Counterculture Movement: Cannabis became a symbol of the counterculture movement, associated with peace, love, and rebellion against societal norms.
War on Drugs: The U.S. government launched the War on Drugs, leading to increased criminalization and harsh penalties for cannabis possession and use.
Medical Marijuana Laws: Some states begin to legalize cannabis for medical use.

Social Significance of 1980s-1990s

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-08 02:59:09 UTC

1980s-1990s

Medical Marijuana Movement: The medical marijuana movement gained momentum, with advocates pushing for the legalization of cannabis for medicinal purposes.
Cultural Acceptance: Despite legal restrictions, cannabis culture continued to thrive, with a growing number of people using it for recreational and medicinal purposes.
1990s
- Decriminalization Movement: Efforts to decriminalize possession of small amounts of cannabis gain momentum.
- Medical Marijuana Expansion: More states legalize medical marijuana, leading to increased public acceptance.

Social Significance of 2000s-2020s

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-08 03:01:12 UTC

2000s-2020s

Legalization Wave: A wave of legalization swept across the United States and other countries, with many states and countries legalizing cannabis for medical and recreational use.
Mainstream Acceptance: Cannabis has become increasingly mainstream, with a growing number of businesses, celebrities, and politicians supporting its legalization and use.
Diverse Applications: Cannabis is being explored for a wide range of applications, including pain management, anxiety relief, and treatment of various medical conditions.

Social significance of Marijuana -2800 B.C.

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-08 03:04:09 UTC

Ancient Times (Before 2800 BC)

Medicinal and Spiritual Use: Early civilizations in China, India, and the Middle East recognized cannabis's medicinal properties and used it in religious rituals.

2800 BC

Pharmacopoeia: Emperor Shen Nung, the Father of Chinese Medicine, includes cannabis in his pharmacopoeia.

Social Significance 1930s

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-08 03:06:10 UTC

1930s

Marijuana Tax Act: This U.S. federal law effectively criminalizes cannabis, driven by racial prejudice and misinformation.
Reefer Madness: A propaganda film fuels public fear and hysteria about marijuana.

Social Significance of Marijuana 2010

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-08 03:08:01 UTC

2010s

Recreational Marijuana Legalization: Colorado and Washington become the first states to legalize recreational marijuana.
Industry Growth: The cannabis industry emerges, creating jobs and generating tax revenue.

Social Significance of Marijuana 2020s

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-08 03:09:59 UTC

2020s

Continued Legalization: More states legalize both medical and recreational marijuana.
Social Acceptance Grows: Public opinion continues to shift in favor of cannabis legalization.
Research and Innovation: Increased research into cannabis's medical benefits and potential therapeutic uses.

1950's

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 05:47:25 UTC

Growth of Liquor and Cocktail Culture

Post-WWII, there was a rise in the popularity of cocktail culture, with cocktails becoming trendy in social settings. Whiskey, gin, and rum-based drinks were particularly popular during this time.
The rise of the tiki bar and exotic cocktails, such as the Mai Tai and Zombie, became popular as part of a larger cultural trend towards escapism and leisure.

1960

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 05:51:35 UTC

Alcohol use became more widely depicted in films, television, and music, often associated with youth rebellion and counterculture.

1967

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 05:56:04 UTC

The first breweries began to experiment with craft beer styles, setting the foundation for the craft beer movement of the 1980s.

1970s

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 05:59:10 UTC

The use of alcohol in college and youth culture continued to grow, often associated with socialization and rebellion.

1929

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-08 07:15:19 UTC

Barbiturates and Law
California passes one of the first laws regulating the sale of barbiturates.
Unfortunately it is fairly ineffective, and the production of barbituates actually continues to increase.

1980's

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 14:41:20 UTC

The craft beer movement began to gain traction as consumers sought alternatives to mass-produced beer. Small, independent breweries started popping up across the United States, emphasizing quality, flavor, and innovation.

1984

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 14:46:23 UTC

Smirnoff Ice is a flavored malt beverage that was launched and contributed to the increasing popularity of mixed drinks and ready-to-drink cocktails.

1988

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 14:50:53 UTC

The minimum drinking age was raised to 21 in all U.S. states, which became a federal requirement under the National Minimum Drinking Age Act.

1990's

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 15:03:37 UTC

The popularity of wine coolers and alcopops surged, particularly among young drinkers.

1996

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 15:05:03 UTC

The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) was created to oversee the regulation of alcohol distribution, ensuring consistency and quality.

1998

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 15:56:03 UTC

The U.S. experienced a dramatic rise in wine consumption, thanks to the growing influence of the California wine industry and global trends towards "wine appreciation.

2000s

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 15:58:36 UTC

Increased awareness of health concerns related to alcohol, such as liver disease, led to more discussions around moderate drinking.

2007

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 16:01:16 UTC

Alcohol-related social media campaigns gained traction, with companies promoting products through digital platforms and targeting a younger demographic.

2010's

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 16:07:59 UTC

The craft beer movement exploded, with thousands of new breweries opening in the United States and around the world. This led to increased variety and quality in beer options.
The craft spirits market, including craft whiskey and small-batch gin, grew rapidly, with more distilleries entering the market.
Non-alcoholic beverages like alcohol-free beer and mocktails became more popular, reflecting a shift towards moderation and health-conscious drinking.

2014

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 16:50:34 UTC

Hard seltzers such as White claw and Trulys gained popularity, especially among younger consumers, changing the alcoholic beverage landscape.

2020

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 17:00:53 UTC

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a surge in home drinking, and the alcohol industry adapted with online sales, direct-to-consumer shipping, and virtual happy hours
There was an increased focus on sustainable and eco-friendly production practices in the alcohol industry, including eco-conscious packaging and sustainable farming practices for ingredients like grapes and barley.

2021-2024

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-08 17:21:36 UTC

The rise of low- and no-alcohol options has continued, driven by a generational shift toward mindful drinking, with younger consumers increasingly avoiding heavy drinking in favor of healthier lifestyles.

1960s

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-09 05:19:55 UTC

GHB: Innovation and history
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) Henri Laborit , a French neurobiologist, begins research on y-Hydroxybutyric Acid, and its use on humans
y-Hydroxybutyric acid is a naturally occuring neurotransmitter and depressant
It is studied and sold in Europe in 1964 as an anesthetic

2000

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-09 05:36:28 UTC

GHB: Legislation and law
1996 Hillory J Farias dies of GHB poisoning after GHB is slipped into her soda
1999 Samantha Reid dies of GHB poisoning after GHB is slipped into her soda
Their deaths are used as an example during legislation for the "Hillory J Farias and Samantha Reid Date Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000"
This legislation makes GHB a Schedule 1 controlled substance
In the 1990s GHB became known in the media as a date-rape drug
When consumed, someone feels sleepy and may become unconscious, it can lead to death

2022

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-09 06:56:12 UTC

Benzos and racial disparities
A study released in 2022 conducted between 2009-2018 found that Benzos were prescribed at a higher rate to White people diagnosed with anxiety
Black patients, Hispanic patients, Asian patients and those who identify as "other" who were diagnosed with anxiety were 36% less likely to be prescribed benzodiazepine
This health disparity is being further studied, but follows suit with widely studied and reported disparities of Black, Hispanic and non-White patients having their concerns dismissed by healthcare providers

2021

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-09 07:07:35 UTC

Club Drugs: Meth and Race

Study released in the journal JAMA Psychiatry in 2021
The study was conducted between 2015 to 2019. It showed the number of deaths linked to methamphetamine use increased by 180%
Researchers found that Native Americans and Alaska Natives have the highest rate of meth use. A trend that has not decreased over previous years

1938

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:31:00 UTC

LSD first synthesized by Albert Hofmann.
Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann synthesizes lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) while researching ergot alkaloids. The psychoactive properties of LSD are not yet known.

1943

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:31:19 UTC

LSD's psychoactive effects discovered.
Hofmann accidentally ingests LSD and experiences its powerful hallucinogenic effects. This marks the beginning of scientific interest in LSD's potential therapeutic and psychological applications.

1950s

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:31:37 UTC

LSD research expands.
LSD research flourishes, with scientists exploring its potential for treating mental illness and addiction. The CIA also begins experimenting with LSD in its MK-ULTRA program.

1960s

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:32:30 UTC

LSD becomes popular in counterculture.
LSD use spreads among the counterculture movement, associated with the hippie subculture and psychedelic music. This leads to increased media attention and growing concern from authorities

1965

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:32:45 UTC

Ketamine synthesized.

Calvin Stevens at Parke-Davis synthesizes ketamine as a potential anesthetic. Initially used in veterinary medicine, ketamine later finds applications in human anesthesia and, controversially, as a recreational drug. Its dissociative effects make it popular in club scenes and lead to concerns about its abuse potential.

1970

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:33:06 UTC

Controlled Substances Act passed.
The U.S. government classifies LSD and ketamine as Schedule III substances, restricting their use and research. This marks a shift towards more punitive drug policies.

1976

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:33:22 UTC

Alexander Shulgin synthesizes and tests MDMA, noting its empathogenic properties. Though first synthesized in 1912, MDMA gains popularity in psychotherapy circles before becoming a popular recreational drug. Its spread in the 1980s rave culture leads to increased scrutiny and eventual criminalization.

1985

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:33:41 UTC

MDMA emergency scheduled.
The DEA places MDMA on Schedule I, citing concerns about its abuse potential. This decision is controversial, with some researchers arguing for its therapeutic potential.

1990's

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:33:56 UTC

Rave culture and club drugs.
MDMA, ketamine, and other "club drugs" become associated with rave culture. Media representations often sensationalize their use, contributing to moral panic.

1996

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:34:13 UTC

Rohypnol banned in the U.S.
Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) is banned in the U.S. due to concerns about its use as a "date rape" drug. Media coverage heightens public awareness of its dangers. The Drug-Induced Rape Prevention and Punishment Act was passed, imposing harsher penalties for distribution of Rohypnol, especially when used to facilitate sexual assault.

2000-2010

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:34:29 UTC

Renewed interest in psychedelic research.
Scientists begin revisiting the potential therapeutic uses of LSD, MDMA, and ketamine for conditions like PTSD and depression. This marks a shift in scientific and public perception.

2023

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:35:10 UTC

Ongoing research and policy debates.
Research into the therapeutic potential of psychedelics continues, with some jurisdictions considering decriminalization or medical use. Debates persist about balancing potential benefits with concerns about abuse and safety.

2019

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:35:12 UTC

Ketamine-derived medication approved for depression. The FDA approves a ketamine-derived nasal spray for treatment-resistant depression, signaling a potential shift in the medical use of psychedelic-related compounds.

1984

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 20:57:04 UTC

Rohypnol introduced.
Hoffman-La Roche introduces flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) as a potent hypnotic and sedative. While medically used for severe insomnia, it gains notoriety as a "date rape drug" due to its amnesiac effects. This leads to stricter controls and reformulation to make it less easily abused.

3400 BCE

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 23:22:45 UTC

First known cultivation of opium poppies in Mesopotamia. Opium use begins in ancient civilizations for medicinal and religious purposes.

1500's-1800's

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 23:27:30 UTC

1500's-1800's: Opium trade expands globally. Use spreads across cultures, often viewed as a medicinal panacea.

1805: Morphine isolated from opium. Initially hailed as a medical breakthrough for pain management.
1874: Heroin first synthesized. Originally viewed as a potential non-addictive substitute for morphine.
1898: Bayer Company introduces heroin as a cough suppressant. Widely marketed as safe and effective.

1900's

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 23:30:11 UTC

1914: Harrison Narcotics Tax Act passed in the US, restricting opiate use. Marks the beginning of stricter drug control policies.
1920's-1930's: Heroin becomes increasingly stigmatized. Associated with crime and moral decay in urban areas.
1950s-1960s: Heroin use rises among counterculture movements. Becomes symbol of rebellion and artistic inspiration.
1970s: "War on Drugs" declared. Heroin use heavily criminalized and associated with social deviance.
1980s-1990s: HIV/AIDS epidemic linked to intravenous drug use. Increases stigma around heroin addiction.
1995: OxyContin introduced, leading to overprescription of opioids. Marks the beginning of the modern opioid crisis.

2000's-Present Day

adepazhernandez1_2 — 2024-12-09 23:32:04 UTC

2000s: Prescription opioid abuse escalates. Public perception shifts to viewing opioid addiction as a medical issue rather than purely criminal.
2010s: Fentanyl emerges as a major public health threat. Synthetic opioids become leading cause of overdose deaths.
2020-Present: Increased focus on harm reduction and treatment. Growing recognition of opioid addiction as a complex public health issue requiring multifaceted solutions.

Social Significance of Alcohol 1920-1930

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-10 01:07:35 UTC

1920's

Rise of the speakeasies during the Roaring 20's. Speakeasies flourished during Prohibition, creating an underground drinking culture. Alcohol became associated with the excitement and liberation of urban life, and the consumption of alcohol was central to the emerging "flapper" culture, especially among women

1930's

The great depression is when alcohol regained its place in social life, including in the form of new cocktails that became iconic during the 1930s, such as the Martini and the Old Fashioned. Drinking was associated with middle-class leisure, class distinction, and sophistication.

1970

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-10 01:08:06 UTC

Barbiturates and Federal Law
The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified most barbiturates as controlled substances.
Barbital , methylphenobarbital, and phonebarbital are all schedule IV drugs

1970s

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-10 01:15:26 UTC

Benzos are the new barbiturates

In the 1970s most medical practitioners began replacing prescriptions of barbiturates with prescriptions for benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepine shows a lower risk of addiction and accidental overdose

Social Significance of Alcohol 1940's-1950's

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-10 01:16:10 UTC

After WWII alcohol consumption was tied to the American Dream and the growing middle class.
alcohol consumption became more normalized in suburban family life, where drinks were often part of dinner parties, social gatherings, and after-work rituals.
- Television also played a part in advertising alcohol as modern living.

Social Significance of Alcohol 1960's-1970's

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-10 01:23:49 UTC

Hippie movement and alternative lifestyle

Alcohol's role in social life intersected with the counterculture movement. The rise of alternative lifestyles, anti-establishment attitudes, and a more permissive attitude toward drugs and alcohol marked this period. While alcohol remained popular, there was also growing experimentation with other substances, such as marijuana and psychedelics.

Social Significance of Alcohol 1980's

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-10 01:26:37 UTC

By the 1980s, alcohol consumption became increasingly framed within public health discourse, particularly regarding its potential for abuse.
alcohol continued to be a key feature of social life, particularly in the context of nightlife, with the rise of clubs, bars, and disco culture. However, drinking also became a point of contention, with growing concerns about alcohol-related violence, including domestic abuse and drunk driving

Social Significance of Alcohol 1990's

jcrane4_2 — 2024-12-10 01:30:30 UTC

the social significance of alcohol began to shift, as public awareness grew about the risks of alcohol dependence, liver disease, and the dangers of binge drinking.
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) was established and quickly gained popularity.
The 1990s also saw the rise of "designer" drinks and a greater variety of choices in alcohol, reflecting the growing consumer market for different types of beverages.

1980s

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-10 01:32:28 UTC

Scientific evidence is first gathered in the 1980s, showing that benzo addiction and withdrawal is more complex than realized
Recreational use is being acknowledged, with common street names of "Benzos" and "Downers"
Young adults tend to abuse benzos by mixing its use with alcohol, cocaine, or heroin - in an attempt to enhance euphoria

2005

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-10 01:41:48 UTC

The Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005
Bans over-the-counter sales of cold medicines that contain ingredients commonly used to make methamphetamine, such as pseudoephedrine.
This is why you must show your ID when purchasing cold medication containing pseudoephedrine

1800s

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-10 01:50:33 UTC

By the late 18th century, early editions of American medical journals showed recommendations of hemp seeds and roots for the treatment of inflamed skin, incontinence and venereal disease. Irish doctor William O'Shaughnessy first popularized marijuana's medical use in England and America.

As a physician with the

British East India Company, he found marijuana eased the pain of rheumatism and was

helpful against discomfort and nausea in cases of rabies, cholera and tetanus.

2007

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-10 01:55:01 UTC

Club drugs: meth

P2P meth : The Rise of Super Meth
Due to the restrictions placed by the Combat Methamphetamine Act of 2005, meth cartels find new ways to manufacture meth
Replacing ephedrine, meth is now produced with chemicals like:
- Acetone
- Cyanide
- Lye
- Mercury
- Sulfuric acid
- Nitrostyerence
- Racing fuel

Social implications Today

mceja44_2 — 2024-12-10 01:55:36 UTC

The legalization and increasing acceptance of marijuana use in many societies .

Positive Implications:

Reduced Crime: Legalization can lead to a decrease in arrests .
Tax Revenue: Governments can generate significant tax revenue from the sale of marijuana, which can be used to fund public services and programs.
Medical Benefits: Marijuana has been shown to have potential medical benefits for conditions such as chronic pain, anxiety, and nausea.

Negative Implications:

Public Health Concerns: Long-term marijuana use may have negative health effects, such as respiratory problems and cognitive impairment.
Environmental Impact: The cultivation and processing of marijuana can have negative environmental impacts, including water usage, pesticide use, and deforestation.

2012

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-10 02:04:50 UTC

Club drugs : meth and DEA findings
DEA finds that P2P meth makes up 96% of seized drug samples
P2P meth has up to 93% purity
In 2008 it was an average of 39% purity
P2P meth is dangerously potent, even in small amounts.
Law enforcement agencies and the United States DEA note higher overdose death rates with super meth than ephedrine-derived meth.
This new form of methamphetamine is considerably more addictive, providing more intense highs

Social Significance 1900

msmith408_2 — 2024-12-10 02:23:30 UTC

Tobacco was long used by various indigenous groups that lived in the Americas. The Columbian exchange introduced tobacco to the Europeans, and it became an addictive, lucrative and heavily traded commodity. Following the Industrial Revolution, cigarettes became hugely popular worldwide. In the mid-20th century, medical research demonstrated severe negative health effects of tobacco smoking such as lung cancer, which led to governments adopting policies to force a sharp decline in tobacco use.

2008

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-10 02:23:30 UTC

Club drugs: meth and media

"In 2002/2003, the Sinaloa cartel saw that meth was the next big thing, and started to be active in creating these super labs and making the meth in Mexico," says Sylvia Longmire, a retired Air Force captain, and consultant on Mexican drug war issues

2014

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-10 02:51:43 UTC

Club drugs: GHB and social significance

Students at North Carolina State University developed Undercover Colors, a nail polish that can detect the presence of Gama Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), as well as Rohypnol, Xanax . All known as “date rape drugs"
At the time, there was a victim of rape in Utah every 9.5 hours, according to the Utah Department of Health.

2014

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-10 03:03:37 UTC

Club drugs: meth and subculture

Study is released in the journal Substance, Use, Misuse

15.3% of young adults in the New York City club scene reported lifetime methamphetamine use
The Club Drugs and Health Project was a study of health issues among young adults ( 18–29 years old) involved in New York City dance club scenes.
The majority of the participants were White (61.8%), 47.8% had a Bachelors Degree or above. 41% were currently enrolled in college

Social Significance 0-1552

msmith408_2 — 2024-12-10 03:13:31 UTC

Marcia Smith

The English word 'tobacco' originates from the Spanish word tobaco. The precise origin of this word is disputed, but it is generally thought to have derived, at least in part, from Taino, the Arawakan language of the Caribbean. In Taino, it was said to mean either a roll of tobacco leaves or to tabago, a kind of L-shaped pipe used for sniffing tobacco smoke. (According to Oviedo, with the leaves themselves being referred to as cohiba).

2020s

jmorrow5_1 — 2024-12-10 03:14:30 UTC

Club drugs GHB in the 2020s

Street names include : Easy Lay, G, Georgia Home Boy, GHB, Goop, Grievous Bodily Harm, Liquid Ecstasy, Liquid X, and Scoop
available via prescription
Classified by DEA as a schedule III substance
Xyrem is a FDA approved prescription medication. For treatment of daytime sleepiness and muscle weakness with narcolepsy

Social Significance

msmith408_2 — 2024-12-10 03:37:02 UTC

The Industry's new vapes that have caused a youth vaping epidemic—they have all the same environmental problems as cigarette butts—plastic pollution and toxic chemicals leaking into the environment. Plus, because they're electronic devices, they leave behind electronic waste, which is notoriously difficult and costly to dispose of.