Needed in small amounts
Essential organic compounds
Do not provide energy

Function as coenzymes: B vitamin and Vitamin K
-Fat soluble: A, D, E and K
-Water soluble: B vitamins, C vitamins, Choline

-cannot make in body or in adequate amounts 
-must be supplied in diet or can produce deficiency symptoms 
(exceptions D, K, niacin and biotin)

-Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI's)

-TRUE

-Participate in energy-yielding reactions 
-Contribute to many functions in the body:
B-12= energy metabolism 
Blood formation 
bone health 
protein metabolism 
antioxidant defences

-Determines absorption and transportation processes
-Affects where stored and risk for toxicity
-Bioavailability: degree at which substance or nutrients is absorbed into a living system or is made available at the site of physiological activity
(fat-soluble and water soluble)

Vitamins- sources and storage
-plant and animal foods in diet
-supplements

-fat-soluble vitamins (except vitamin K) are stored in body- not readily excreted
-Water-soluble vitamins (except vitamins B6 and B12) are not stored- readily excreted via urine

Vitamins- Deficiency
vitamin is lacking in diet and body stores are depleted, leading to a loss of function
CAUSES
-Inadequate intake: calorie restriction
-Decreased absorption: poor digestion
-Decreased utilization in cells: Deficiency in other nutrients 
-Increased requirements: growth, pregnancy
-Increased breakdown: Prescription drugs
-Increased losses and excretion: Increased urinary excretion, blood loss

Vitamins- Toxicity
-Excessive intake may cause damage to body

Fat- soluble vitamins can accumulate in body and cause toxic effects (3X RDA for vitamins A)

Water-soluble vitamins are toxic only in very large amounts
(15-100XRDA)
-Most likely from supplementation

Properties of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
-Small amounts necessary for good health

-Absorbed in small intestine

-Following absorption they leave small intestion in chylomicron

-Often present in fatty portion of foods

-Stored In tissue; toxicity can occur when consumed in excess amounts

-Dissolves in lipid

A, D, E, K

Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K)
-Absorbed along with dietary fat

-Transported with fat through the bloodstream inside lipoprotein

-40-90% are absorbed

-Fat malabsorption (diseases or weight loss drug orlistat: prevents fat from being absorbed ) may cause deficiency

Vitamin A
-Found in several forms in food

Retinoids: In foods of animal origin

Carotenoids (pigments) in vegetables, can be converted into vitamin A

Vitamin A functions
Promotes vision (night vision)

Promotes growth development

prevents drying of the skin and eyes
-Xerophlthamia ("dry eyes") 

Immune function and infection resistance

Cardiovascular disease prevention?
Cancer Prevention?

Plant forms of Vitamin A are antioxidants
-Carotenoids

Acne Medication (Vit A derivaties)

Vitamin A Reccomendations
measured in Retinol Activity
Equivalents
(RAE)
-Minimal amounts
-Vit A is stored in liver

Vitamin A Sources
Animal:
-Liver
Fish Liver Oil
Eggs
Fortified milk/yogurt

Plant:
Yellow-orange veggies (beta-carotene)
dark green leafy veggies (lutein and Zeaxanthin)
Tomatoes

Vitamin A Deficiency
-leading cause of preventable blindness
-#1 deficiency worldwide

Vitamin A Toxicity
-Highly toxic;
-UL for adults is 3,000
-Enlarged liver
-Fetal malformations and spontaneous absortions

-Acts as coenzyme in biological reactions 
-Aids in hormone production 
-Involved in collagen synthesis 
-Is an antioxidant?

-Scurvy (collagen) 

At risk:
-Alcoholics & drug addicted
-Elderly eating few f and v
-People exposed to cigarette smoke
MINERALS
-micronutrients
(major and trace)

sodium, zinc, chloride..

-Major (macro)minerals:>or=100 mg/d
-Trace(micro)minerals: <100 mg/d
-Ultratrace minerals (reallll small)

Major: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulfure (100 mg/d or more)

Trace: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iodine, Selenium, Chromium, Fluoride (less than 100 mg/d)

Ultratrace: Molybdenum, Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium (too little)

Calcium is most abundant major mineral

Functions
-Diverse functions

Absorption of Minerals
Small (and large) intestine
-Electrolytes in large

For some, absorption may increase when needs are high
or decrease when needs are low

Bioavailability: micronutrients is in an issue can human body get this into cells?
-Interactions with vitamins and other minerals can decrease BV
-Binding by plant chemicals (Phytic acid-Phytate)
(Oxalic acid-Oxalate)
(Polyphenols)
-Gastric acidity effects the  minerals

Transport and Storage of Minerals 

-Free
-Bound to proteins

-Bones and teeth
-Liver
-Bone marrow
Excretion of Minerals
-Urine
-Bile (feces)

Mineral Toxicity 

-Iron 
-Zinc
-Iodine 

-Calcium 
-Potassium
-Magnesium 

-"Hard" water contains calcium and magnesium 
-"Soft" water contains sodium 

-Genetic variations 
-Feed composition
-Soil composition 

-Calcium
-Magnesium
-Phosphorus 

-Sulfur

Calcium (Ca)

-Strengthening bone and teeth 

-blood clotting 
-Hormone secretion 
-Muscle contraction 
-Nerve transmission 

Keeping Calcium Levels in Check 
-Blood calcium must be controlled 
-3 major organs
(Bone, Small Intestine, Kidney)

-Vitamin D (increase calcium absorption)
-Parathyroid hormone (embedded in thyroid) (when Ca gets too low)
-Calcitonin (when Ca gets too high)

Bones continuously renew through turnover in process called:
-Bone remodeling (some cells break down bone and others rebuild it)

Calcium in Foods

-RDA=1,000 mg
-My plate= 2-3 servings of milk-900 mg