2)      Introduces ourselves

3)      Parts of speech 

4)      Noun and pronoun 

5)      Argumentative speech & text

6)      Tenses review

7)      Listening (Song & Conversation) + practice

8)      To Be

9)   Subject-Verb Agreement

10)   TOEFL & IELTS

Zero conditional or Conditional sentence Type 0 if  the result or consequence from some condition and always happen or it is a general truth.

That is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. (more than 50% that the condition can be happen.)
Type Two (2) :
This is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. (lower than 50% that the condition can be happen.)
Type Three (3) :
That is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.(100% that the condition can't be happen.)

A sentence that combine from 2 sentence that have same verb same compliment.
Example : Abdul ride motorcycle to campus, and so do I.

 

Reported Speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words. A few changes are necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where possible.

 

The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the subject is either less important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is.

 

Appear in the end of the sentences. A question that has mean yes or no from the sentence before the question tag. Question tag is always opposite from the sentence, if sentence is Positive then Question tag is Negative.
Ex : You cook the fish, don't you?

 

6. Tenses Review
Tenses Review is about daily use of tenses and bring back our memories about all form of tenses. At that time i realized that this is the basic from english lesson. We need to memorize this section.

 

An argument is a statement with three components inside :

a. A point of view, a claim, something we are arguing in favour of

b. The actual argument, the evidence we are using to argue with

c.  A statement that links the initial claim to the argument and ensures that we understand how the argument functions.

 

Parts of speech are known as word classes and we learned the lesson in eight parts,  those are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

 

- A Sentence at least contain 1 clause with one subject and one verb.

- Make sure that the subject and the verb agree.

- Sentence must have correct tenses verb.

-type 0 = events that have definitely happened.

-type 1 =possible events in the future.

-type 2=very small occurrence.

-type 3=events that are the opposite of what is happening now.

2.       Tenses review 

This part I’ve learn about some tenses,part  one is simple present tense,simple past tense,present perfect,present continuous tense,and future tense.and part 2 maybe I thought these are hard to understand because rarely used in daily life,past perfect,past continuous,past perfect continuous,present perfect continuous,future perfect,future continuous tense,and last future perfect continuous.

3.       Elliptical sentence a combination of two sentences that have different subjects but have the same predicate, and are used to avoid repeating words.

Ex: Emily speaks English and katy does too.

Emily speaks english and so does katy.

4.       Reported speech is used to convey what other people say.

Example : sentence= I will graduate from the university next year.

Reported speech=she told me she would graduate from the university next year.

5.       Passive voice is a form of sentence in which the subject of the sentence receives action, not taking action.i’ve learn about this since I was senior high school I thought some passive make me confused to understand.

Ex: the baby was bathed by her mom this morning.

6.       Question tag that is part often used In the daily conversation.

Ex: special case

I am independent,aren’t i?

7.       Argumentative essay is a type of essay that presents arguments about sid3s of an issues.

General structure : -introduction = background information

-body=three body paragraps

-counterargument= an argument to refute earlier arguments and guess weight to the actual position.

-conclusion=rephrasing the thesis statements.

8.       Parts of speech  fundamental parts of English sentences.

Divided into 8 = noun,pronoun,adjective,verb,adverb,preposition,conjuction,interjection.

9.       Sentence error identiofication untill now I’ve still learn about this one  to make me really understand.

There are eight main parts of speech (also known as word classes): nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.

Most parts of speech can be divided into sub-classes. Prepositions can be divided into prepositions of time, prepositions of place etc. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns etc.

It is important to know that a word can sometimes be in more than one part of speech. For example with the word increase.

Increase can be a verb e.g. Prices increased
and increase can also be a noun e.g. There was an increase in the number of followers.

4. Noun and Pronoun
Nouns are the objects or people of a sentence

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used to avoid repeating the same nouns over and over again. For example, "Jeremy ran so fast, you'd think his life was on the line." The pronoun "his" saved us from repeating the name Jeremy again.

Common pronouns include I, me, mine, she, he, it, we, and us. In truth, there are many different types of pronouns, each serving a different purpose.

5. Tenses Review
Tense is the time described by a verb, shown by its grammatical form. There are two main tenses in English: Present tense: things that are true when the words are spoken or written. Example: She goes to school. In this sentence, goes shows that it is a present tense.

There are three main verb tenses: present, past, and future. Each main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive tenses.

6. Elliptical Sentences
A sentence is said to be elliptical when an ellipses occurs in it. ... In the above sentence the word has has been omitted from the second part of the sentence but the meaning of the sentence is till clear.

7. Question Tag
Tag questions. Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often used for checking information that we think we know is true. Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have) and a subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she).

8. Reported Speech
is the report of one speaker or writer on the words spoken, written, or thought by someone else. Also called reported discourse.

Traditionally, two broad categories of reported speech have been recognized: direct speech (in which the original speaker's words are quoted word for word) and indirect speech (in which the original speaker's thoughts are conveyed without using the speaker's exact words). However, a number of linguists have challenged this distinction, noting (among other things) that there's significant overlap between the two categories. Deborah Tannen, for instance, has argued that "[w] hat is commonly referred to as reported speech or direct quotation in conversation is constructed dialogue."

9. Passive Voice
The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the subject is either less important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is.
Ex :

 
10. Sentence Error Identification
is a type of competitive test where one needs to identify the grammatical errors in a sentence. There are some rules that can help you recognize the errors easily.
Ex :

Ø Simple Past Tense

Pola kalimat simple past tense terbagi menjadi 2 rumus, yaitu verbal simple past tense dan nominal simple past tense.

 | (+) | Subject + Verb2 + Object
 | (-) | Subject + did + not + verb1
 | (?) | Did + Subject + Verb1

·         My mom and I went to the zoo yesterday (Saya dan ibu pergi ke kebun binatang kemarin)

·         I played football last week (Saya bermain bola minggu lalu)

·         Arini did not attend my birthday party (Arini tidak menghadiri pesta ulang tahun saya)

·         Last monday, We didn’t come to the opening ceremony (Senin kemarin, kami tidak datang ke upacara pembukaan)

·         Did you go to the school yesterday? (Apakah kamu pergi ke sekolah kemarin?)

·         Did your dad give you money? (Apakah ayahmu memberikanmu uang)

 | (+) | Subject + to be (was/were) + adjective/adverb
 | (-) | Subject +to be (was/were) + adjective/adverb
 | (?) | to be (was/were) + Subject + adjective/adverb

*Notes:

Was digunakan untuk subjek I, She, He, It

Were digunakan untuk subjek You, They, We

Contoh kalimat nominal simple past tense

·         I was here last night (Semalam saya ada disini)

·         We were late yesterday (Kami semua terlambat kemarin)

·         He was not happy because of me (Dia tadi tidak senang karena saya) 

 

Ø  Simple Present Tense

Rumus Simple Present Tense

Untuk membentuk kalimat simple present tense, biasanya digunakan kata
kerja bentuk dasar, atau Verb 1. Kecuali untuk kata ganti orang ketiga, menggunakan Verb 1 + s/es. Seperti ditunjukkan pada table dibawah ini.

 | Subject | Verb | The Rest of the sentence
 | I / You / They / We | Go | to the school by bus
 | She / He / It | Goes | to the school by bus

                             

Bentuk spelling kata kerja pada orang ketiga (She, He, It), tergantung dari akhiran kata kerja (verb) tersebut.

1.     Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran -O, -CH, -SH, -X, atau -Z, tambahkan -ES.

·         go – goes

·         catch – catches

·         wash – washes

·         kiss – kisses

·         box – boxes

·         fix – fixes

2.     Untuk kata kerja (Verb) yang berakhiran konsonan + Y, hilangkan Y, dan tambahkan -IES.

·         carry – carries

·         study – studies

·         worry – worries

·         marry – marries

 

Contoh Kalimat
1. I take the motorcycle to the office
2.The train to Bekasi leaves  every hour.
3.George sleeps seven hours every night during the week.

 

 

 

Ø Present Continous Tense

Rumus Present Continuous Tense

Untuk membentuk kalimat present continuous tense, kita harus menerapkan rumus be + present participle (-ing) pada kata kerja utama.

 | Bentuk | Rumus Present Continuous Tense | Contoh Kalimat
 | Positif
 (+) | Subjek + be (am/is/are) + verb (-ing) + … | She is sleeping right now We are studying today
 | Negatif
 (-) | Subjek +be (am/is/are) + not + verb (-ing) + … | She is not sleeping right now We are not studying today
 | Interrogatif
 (?) | Be (am/is/are) + subjek + verb (-ing) + …? | Is she sleeping right now? Are we studying today?

 

 

Ø Present Perfect Tense

  Rumus Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb “have” atau “has”, dan past participle (verb-3). Have digunakan untuk I, you, dan plural subject seperti: plural pronoun (seperti: they, we), plural noun (seperti: boys, men), dan compound subject dengan kata hubung “and” (seperti: you and I, Tom and Jack); sedangkan has untuk singular subject seperti: third person singular pronoun (seperti: he, she, it) dan singular noun (seperti: Tom, man).

 

Past participle dibentuk dengan menambahkan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne pada base form berupa regular verb. Pada base form berupa irregular verb, bentuk past participle tidak konsisten.

Berikut rumus present perfect tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif.

 | Rumus Present Perfect Tense | Contoh Present Perfect Tense
| kalimat positif (+) S + auxiliary verb (have/has) + past participle (verb-3) | I have read the book
| He has left
| kalimat negatif (-) S + auxiliary verb (have/has) + not + past participle (verb-3) | I have not read the book
| He hasn’t left
| kalimat interogatif (?) auxiliary verb (have/has) + S + past participle (verb-3) | Have I read the book
| Has he left

 

 

Pengertian Passive Voice
Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject kalimat tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi (sebagai receiver of action). Aksi ditindaklanjuti oleh agent lain (sebagai doer of action) yang dapat disebutkan ataupun tidak.si ditindaklanjuti oleh agent lain (sebagai doer of action) yang dapat disebutkan ataupun tidak.

Passive voice dibentuk dari auxiliary verb dan past participle (verb-3).

 | auxiliary verb + past participle

Auxiliary verb yang digunakan pada passive voice dapat berupa:

 | Active | Passive
| Someone knocked on your door last night.
(Seseorang mengetuk pintumu semalam.) | Your door was knocked on last night.
(Pintumu diketuk semalam.)
| Somebody has used the computer without permission.
(Seseorang telah menggunakan komputer itu tanpa izin.) | The computer has been used without permission.
(Komputer itu telah digunakan tanpa izin.)

2.      Passive voice digunakan ketika doer of action tidak penting untuk disebutkan (misalnya karena pelaku aksi tersebut sudah jelas / bisa ditebak atau merujuk kepada orang secara umum).

 | Active | Passive
| You can view the final results on the internet.
(Kamu dapat melihat hasil-akhirnya di internet.) | The final results can be viewed on the web.
(Hasil akhirnya dapat dilihat di internet.)
| People rarely do this intentionally.
(Orang-orang jarang melakukan ini dengan sengaja.) | This is rarely done intentionally.
(Ini jarang dilakukan dengan sengaja.)
| The teacher instructed the students to solve the math problem.
(Guru itu memerintahkan para siswa untuk menyelesaikan soal matematika.) | The students were instructed to solve the math problem.
(Para siswa diperintahkan untuk menyelesaikan soal matematika.)

3.REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech atau indirect speech adalah suatu cara mengungkapkan apa yang orang lain (speaker) telah katakan secara langsung (direct speech) yang dapat berupa pernyataan, pertanyaan, atau ucapan lainnya dengan mengubah format pembicaraan tersebut sehingga menjadi lebih jelas, alami, dan efisien bagi pendengarnya.

Direct speech yang diubah menjadi reported speech tersebut dapat berupa

·         statement (pernyataan)

·         imperative (command (perintah), invitation (undangan), request (permintaan))

·         yes/no question (pertanyaan yang membutuhkan jawaban ya atau tidak), maupun

·         information question atau wh-question (pertanyaan akan informasi)

 

 | Contoh Kalimat Direct Speech | Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
| statement “I’m not hungry now.”
(Saya tidak lapar sekarang.) | He said that he was not hungry at that time.
(Dia berkata bahwa dia tidak lapar saat itu.)
| imperative “Do not touch my computer!”
(Jangan sentuh komputerku!) | She told me not to touch her computer.
(Dia berkata pada saya untuk tidak menyentuh komputernya.)
| yes-no question “Did you eat my cake?”
(Apakah kamu makan kueku?) | She wanted to know if I’d eaten her cake.
(Dia ingin tahu apakah saya telah memakan kuenya.)
| information question “Who is the winner?”
(Siapa pemenangnya?) | He asked me who the winner was.
(Dia bertanya pada saya siapa pemenangnya.)

 

Elliptical sentence atau yang sering disebut dengan ellipsis atau construction adalah penggabungan dua buah kalimat yang memiliki unsur sama dengan tujuan untuk membuat kalimat majemuk dan menghilangkan pengulangan kata yang tidak diperlukan.

 

 Positive elliptics, yang menggunakan kata too dan so.

•    I go to school this morning
 •    He goes to school this morning

 

Negative elliptics, yang  menggunakan kata either dan neither

• I don’t like coffee
 • Susi doesn’t like coffee

 

PENGERTIAN CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian, bisa juga disebut dengan kalimat bersyarat, yang mungkin terjadi jika syarat terpenuhi.

Conditional sentence mempunyai dua bagian, yaitu if-clause dan main clause. Lihat kalimat berikut:

“If I study hard, I will pass the exam.”
 (Jika saya belajar dengan giat, saya akan lulus ujian.)

 

Secara umum, conditional sentence dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu tipe 1, 2, dan 3. Jangan khawatir kita akan bahas semuanya!

Berikut adalah pola/rumus conditional sentence tipe 1, 2, dan 3:

 | Tipe conditional sentence | If-clause | Main Clause | Tipe 1 | If+present simple
If I study hard, | ... will+infinitive
I will pass the exam.
| Tipe 2 | If+past simple
If I studied hard, | ... would+infinitive
I would pass the exam.
| Tipe 3 | If+past perfect
If I had studied hard, | ... would+have+past participle
I would have passed the exam.

Posisi if-clause dan main clause tersebut dapat dibalik dan tidak mengubah maknanya, contoh:

“If I study hard, I will pass the exam.”
“I will pass the exam if I study hard.”

Pengertian Question Tag

Question tag adalah pertanyaan pendek yang ditambahkan di akhir pernyataan (declarative sentence) untuk menanyakan informasi atau meminta persetujuan.

 | question tag = linking verb “be” / auxiliary verb +/- not + pronoun

Question tag disesuaikan dengan pernyataan yang mendahuluinya. Ketika kalimat pernyataan menggunakan linking verb “be” (is, am, are, was, were), maka question tag pun menggunakan be. Jika kalimat pernyataan menggunakan primary auxiliary verb (be, do, have) atau modal auxiliary verb (will, would, may, may, might, can, could, shall, should) maka question tag menggunakan auxiliary verb yang pertama (jika ada lebih dari satu). Adapun ketika kalimat pernyataan menggunakan main verb selain linking verb “be” dan tanpa didampingi auxiliary verb, dummy auxiliary verb “do/does/did” yang digunakan pada question tag.

 | negative sentence, positive question tag | positive sentence, negative question tag
| You don’t love math, do you?
(Kamu tidak suka matematika kan?) | You love math, don’t you?
(Kamu suka matematika kan?)
| Ahmad didn’t come late, did he?
(Ahmad tidak datang terlambat kan?) | Ahmad came late, didn’t he?
(Ahmad datang terlambat kan?)
| The man isn’t lazy, is he?
(Pria tsb tidak malas kan?) | The man is lazy, isn’t he?
(Pria tsb malas kan?)
| You haven’t finished your homework, have you?
(Kamu belum menyelesaikan PR-mu kan?) | You have finished your homework, haven’t you?
(Kamu telah menyelesaikan PR-mu kan?)
| They won’t attend the seminar, will they?
(Mereka tidak akan menghadiri seminar kan?) | They will attend the seminar, won’t they?
(Mereka akan menghadiri seminar kan?)

Argumentative adalah sebuah paragraf yang menerangkan dan meyakinkan kepada pembaca tentang pro (setuju) dan cons (tidak setuju), yang sering disebut dengan argumentative paragraph. 

Argumentative memiliki generic structure, yaitu :
1. It has a topic sentence (memiliki kalimat topik)
2. It has supporting sentences for pros and supporting sentences for cons. Further both of these are called argument (memiliki kalimat pendukung untuk pro dan kalimat pendukung untuk kontra. Keduanya disebut argumen)
3. It has to use deductive or inductive reasoning, cause and effect. And argument by authority (memiliki alasan secara deduktif atau induktif, sebab-akibat, dan argumen secara otoritas)

Selain generic structure, argumentative juga memiliki language forms, yaitu :
1. Menggunakan bermacam-macam tenses ( multiple tenses): present, past, future
2. Menggunakan kata kerja (verbs) : believe,object, argue
3. Menggunakan modal ; can, will, would, should, etc
4. Menggunakan kata keterangan (adverb): due to, because, etc
5. Menggunakan kata pertanyaan (question word) : why, how, what, etc

 

Part of speech merupakan bagian-bagian yang sangat mendasar, penyusun kalimat-kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris. Secara umum pengertian Parts of speech adalah jenis-jenis kata atau kategori kata dalam bahasa Inggris. Dalam part of speech dikenal hingga 10 bagian, namun yang lebih sering digunakan adalah 8 part of speech yang terdiri dari 8 komponen utama, yaitu:

- type 0 = events that have definitely happened.

- type 1 =possible events in the future.

- type 2=very small occurrence.

- type 3=events that are the opposite of what is happening now.

2. Tenses Review 

This part I’ve learn about some tenses,part  one is simple present tense,simple past tense,present perfect,present continuous tense,and future tense.and part 2 maybe I thought these are hard to understand because rarely used in daily life,past perfect,past continuous,past perfect continuous,present perfect continuous,future perfect,future continuous tense,and last future perfect continuous.

3. Elliptical sentence
 a combination of two sentences that have different subjects but have the same predicate, and are used to avoid repeating words.

Ex: Emily speaks English and katy does too.

Emily speaks english and so does katy.

4. Reported speech
is used to convey what other people say.

Example : sentence= I will graduate from the university next year.

Reported speech=she told me she would graduate from the university next year.

5. Passive voice
is a form of sentence in which the subject of the sentence receives action, not taking action.i’ve learn about this since I was senior high school I thought some passive make me confused to understand.

Ex: the baby was bathed by her mom this morning.

6. Question tag
that is part often used In the daily conversation.

Ex: special case

I am independent,aren’t i?

7. Argumentative essay
is a type of essay that presents arguments about sid3s of an issues.

General structure : -introduction = background information

- body=three body paragraps

- counterargument= an argument to refute earlier arguments and guess weight to the actual position.

- conclusion=rephrasing the thesis statements.

8.  Parts of speech  fundamental parts of English sentences.

Divided into 8 = noun,pronoun,adjective,verb,adverb,preposition,conjuction,interjection.

9.  Sentence error identiofication untill now I’ve still learn about this one  to make me really understand.

10. Noun and Pronoun
know the difference between noun and pronoun.

Example : sentence= I will graduate from the university next year.

Reported speech=she told me she would graduate from the university next year.
5. Passive Voice
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.
6. Question Tag
A question tag is a short question at the end of statement.
They are mainly used in speech when we want to:

7. Argumentative Text
To take a position on some issue and justify it. generic structure dari argumentative text yaitu:

- Thesis Statement (statement of position)
- Argument
- Summing up the position.
8. Part of Speech
fundamental parts of English sentences.

Divided into 8 = noun,pronoun,adjective,verb,adverb,preposition,conjuction,interjection.
9. Sentence Error Identification 
untill now I’ve still learn about this one  to make me really understand.

If + S. Present, S + will/can/may+ verb 1/be
 Type 2:
If + S. Past (were), S + would/could/might+ verb 1/be
Were + S + O/C, S + would/could/might+ verb 1/be
Type 3:
If + Past Perfect, S + would/could/might + have + verb 3/been
Had + S + Verb3/been, S + would/could/might + have + verb3/been

 

            Kal. Positive (so/too)
Kalimat 1 and SO + aux + subject
Kalimat 1 and Subject + aux + too
             Kal. Negative (neither/either)
Kalimat 1 and neither + aux + subject
Kalimat 1 and Subject + aux + not + either
             Kal. Contrastive (but/while)
Kalimat 1 + but/while + S + aux
+/-                                -/+

Verb 1                         do/does

Verb 2                         did
 Auxiliary                     Auxiliary

 

Direct              &                     Indirect
“…….”                                    That

1). Tenses
 Direct                                      Indirect
S. Present                                S. Past
Present Cont                           Past Cont
Present Perf                             Past Perfect
S. Past                                     Past Perf

 

2). Adverb of time
Direct                                     Indirect
today                                       that day
 tonight                                     that night
 yesterday                                 the day before/the previous day
 3 days ago                               3 days before
 tomorrow                                the next day/the day after/ the following day

 

3). Subject
 Direct                                     Indirect
I                                               she, he
we                                           they
me                                           him, her
us                                             them

 

4). Determiner
 Direct                                      Indirect
this                                          that
these                                       those
here                                         there

 

Affirmative/statement
S + said/stated/claimed/note + that + S + P
Interrogative
S + asked/wondered/wanted to know + if/wether/QW + S + P

Imperative
S + asked/told/ordered + O + to Inf

 

S + is/am/are + verb3 – Untuk kejadian present atau jika ada ket. Waktu present
 S + is/am/are + being + verb3 – jika ada “sedang…” atau ket. Waktu pres.continuous
 S + was/were + verb3 – untuk kejadian pasti/jika ada since atau jika ket. Waktu past
 S + was/were + being + verb 3 – jika membutuhkan past continuous + makna passive
 S + have/has+been+verb3 – jika ada kata “setelah di..” atau jika ada ket. Present Perfect
 S + had + been + verb3 – jika ada keterangan waktu past perfect seperti by +ket/kal lewat 

S + Modals + be + verb3 – jika ada modal + makna passive atau ket. Waktu future

S + need/require + to+be+verb3 – jika ada kata “perlu + di/ter…   

S + need/require + verb ing – jika ada kata “perlu + di/ter…

 

S + aux (+/-) , aux (-/+ ) + S

Imperative -> will you?

Kal. Negative ( never, rarely, barely, scarcely, hardly, seldom), kalimat Positif ?

Modals -> modals?
 Verb1 s/es -> do/does?
 Verb2 -> did?

Have/has/had + verb3 -> have/has/had?
 have/has/had + to inf -> do/does/did?

 

Today
 Once a week                  + S + verb1
 Twice a month                           + S + verb1 s/es
 Habit/Activity
 General truth

Present Continuous
Now
At this time
At this moment
At present                                + S + is/am/are + verb ing
Currently
Look!, Hurry Up!
Listen!, Watch out!

 

Present Perfect (Continuous)
For + Lama waktu
For + the last                           + S + have/has + verb3/been
For…now
Since + awal waktu                + S + have/has + been + verb ing
Since + S.past

 

 

Simple Past
…Ago, Yesterday
Last…                                     + S + verb 2
In/on + waktu lewat                + S + was/were
It’s time that

 

At this time
 At this moment                       + S + was/were + verb ing
 At present
 At + time

 

Past Perfect
Before + S.Past, By the time + S.Past            + S + had + verb 3
By the end of + S.Past, By + S.Pas

 

Past Perfect Continuous
Before + S.Past, By the time + S.Past
By the end of + S.Past, by + S.Past                + S + had + been + verb ing
(+) for

 

Simple Future            + S + will/shall + verb 1/be
 Tomorrow, Next         + S + to be + going + to + verb1/be
 Soon, Tonight             + S + to be + verb ing

 

 

Future Continuous
At this time + Tomorrow/tonight/next
At this moment + Tomorrow/tonight/next
At present + Tomorrow/tonight/next                  + S + will + be + verb ing
At + jam + Tomorrow/tonight/next

 

Future Perfect
By the time + S.Present, By + S.Present                    + S + will + have + verb3/been 
By the end of + S.Present, before + S.Present

 

Future Perfect Continuous
By the time + S.Present, By + S.Present                    + S + will + have + been + Ving
By the end of + S.Present, before + S.Present

 

 

A point of view, a claim, something we are arguing in favor of

The actual argument, the evidence we are using to argue with

A statement that links the initial claim to the argument and ensures that we understand how the argument functions.

The statement connects the initial claim and the argument is referred to as the warrant. The warrant is thus an argument for the connection between the initial claim and the argument. Argumentative has a generic structure, namely:

 

It has a topic sentence.

It has supporting sentences for pros and cons. Furthermore, both of these are called arguments.

It has to use deductive or inductive reasoning, cause, and effect. And argument by authority.

In addition to the generic structure, argumentative also has language forms, namely:

 

Using various tenses (multiple tenses): present, past, future

Using the verb: believe, object, and argue.

Using capital; can, will, would, should, etc.

Using adverbs: due to, because, etc.

Using the word question: why, how, what, etc.

 

·         Noun

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
 eg: man, college, house, happiness.

·         Pronoun
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
eg: She, we, they, it.

·         Verb
A verb expresses action or being.
eg: jump, write, become.

·         Adjective
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
eg: pretty, old, blue, smart.

·         Adverb
An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
eg: gently, extremely, carefully, well.

·         Preposition
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifiying another word in the sentence.
eg: by, with, about, until.

·         Conjunction
A conjunction joins words, phrases or clauses.
eg: and, but, or, while,because.

·         Interjection
An interjection is a word used to express emotion.
eg: Oh!, Wow!, Oops!.

·         Article and Determiner
An article and a determiner modify nouns to have proper syntax.
eg: article: a, an, the
determiner: these, that, those, enough, much, few, which, what.

 

·         Sentence at least contain 1 clause with one subject and one verb

·         Avoid double subjects or double verbs except it uses “conjunction”

·         Avoid sentence without subject or without verb

·         Make sure that the subject and the verb agree

·         Sentence must have correct tenses verb

 

 

Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause (often referred to as the if-clause) and the consequence.

Notes :

·         There are four types of conditional sentences.

Type 0 = Something that has definitely happened.

Type 1 = Something that possible happened in the future.

Type 2= Something that might not have  happened or if it happened in the past .

Type 3=events that are the opposite of what is happening now.

·         It’s important to use the correct structure for each of these different conditional sentences because they express varying meanings.

·         Pay attention to verb tense when using different conditional modes.

·         Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause.

2.    Argumentative Text/Speech

Argumentative text/speech is the text/speech that persuade and convince the reader/the audience of the value of theses for which the argument seeks assent so as to obtain some effectiveness  on the argumentative discourse.

In this Chapter,we made a video and infographic about argumentative speech.

3.    Part Of Speech

Part of Speech divided into 8 part,they are : Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjuction, Interjection.

4.     Noun And Pronoun

in this material, we can distinguish nouns and pronouns from other parts of speech

5.     Tenses Review

In this material, we learn the forms and examples of various tenses like : 

Simple Present tense

Simple past tense

Present perfect

Present continuous tense

Future tense,

Past perfect

Past continuous

Past perfect continuous

Present perfect continuous

Future perfect

Future continuous tense

Future perfect continuous.

6.    Elliptical Sentence

A sentence is said to be elliptical when an ellipses occurs in it ( Ellipses : When a word or a group of word is ommited from a sentence without changing the context of the sentence, it is termed as ellipses ) 

E.g : Lennon is handsome, and so am i 

7.     Question Tag

Question Tag is a very short clause at the end of a statement which changes the statement into a question. For example, in “She said half price, didn't she?”, the words ‘didn't she’ are a question tag.

8.     Reported Speech

Reported Speech (also called ‘Indirect Speech’) is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words. A few changes are necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where possible.

E.g: He said that he was going to come. (The person's exact words were "I'm going to come.")

9.    Passive Voice

The Passive Voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the subject is either less important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is.

My laptop was stolen. (The object – now the subject = My laptop / action= was stolen)
 

10.  Sentence Error Identification

In this Material, we learn to identify a sentence. If there are mistakes in the sentence then we will correct it according to good grammar.

Notes :

•      Sentence at least contain 1 clause with one subject and one verb.

•      Avoid double subjects or double verbs except it uses “conjunction”

•      Avoid sentence without subject or without verb 

•      Make sure that the subject and the verb agree

•      Sentence must have correct tenses verb

If + S + S. Present, S + S. present 

If + S. Present, S + will/can/may+ verb 1/be
Type 2:
If + S. Past (were), S + would/could/might+ verb 1/be
Were + S + O/C, S + would/could/might+ verb 1/be
Type 3:
If + Past Perfect, S + would/could/might + have + verb 3/been
Had + S + Verb3/been, S + would/could/might + have + verb3/been

 

2.     Elliptical Sentences

Kal. Positive (so/too)
Kalimat 1 and SO + aux + subject
Kalimat 1 and Subject + aux + too
Kal. Negative (neither/either)
Kalimat 1 and neither + aux + subject
Kalimat 1 and Subject + aux + not + either
Kal. Contrastive (but/while)
Kalimat 1 + but/while + S + aux
+/-                                       -/+

Verb 1                                 do/does

Verb 2                                 did

Auxiliary                             Auxiliary

 

3.    Reported Speech

Reported Speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words. A few changes are necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where possible.

 

4.    Passive Voice

The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the subject is either less important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is.

 

5.    Question Tag

Appear in the end of the sentences.

S + aux (+/-) , aux (-/+ ) + S

Imperative -> will you?

Kal. Negative ( never, rarely, barely, scarcely, hardly, seldom), kalimat Positif ?

Modals -> modals?
 Verb1 s/es -> do/does?
 Verb2 -> did?

Have/has/had + verb3 -> have/has/had?
 have/has/had + to inf -> do/does/did?

 

6.    Tenses Review

Tense is the time described by a verb, shown by its grammatical form. Tense is sometimes shown by changing the form of a verb, and sometimes by adding a helping verb. For example, be can become am, is, and are in present tense, and was and were in past tense. In English, the future is shown by adding will before the verb. For example, be becomes will be.

 

7.    Argumentative text

An argument is statement with three components:

a.       A point of view, a claim, something we are arguing in favour of

b.      The actual argument, the evidence we are using to argue with

c.       A statement that links the initial claim to the argument and ensures that we understand how the argument functions.

 

8.    Part Of Speech

Some grammar sources traditionally categorize English into 8 parts of speech. Others say 10. At EnglishClub, we use the more recent categorization of 9 parts of speech. Examples of other categorizations are : 

a.       Verbs may be treated as two different parts of speech: 

·         lexical Verbs (work, like, run)

·         auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must)

b.       Determiners may be treated as adjectives, instead of being a separate part of speech.

 

9.    Sentence Error Identification

·      Sentence at least contain 1 clause with one subject and one verb

·      Avoid double subjects or double verbs except it uses “conjunction”

·      Avoid sentence without subject or without verb

·      Make sure that the subject and the verb agree

·      Sentence must have correct tenses verb

1. Conditional Sentence

conditional sentence is a presupposition sentence.  Conditional sentences are formed by:

 if Clause = clause starting with "if

 main clause = main sentence.

 There are three types of Conditional Sentences:

 Type 1: Open Conditional

 Is a form of presupposition that is still possible

 happening in the present.

 Eg:

 - If he studies hard, he will pass the test

 Type 2: Present Conditional

 Sentences that are not possible in the future

 now.

 Eg:

 If the price of gold was lower, I would buy it.

 He Mold be very happy if you could help him

 Type 3: Past Conditional

 Is a form of presupposition that is not possible

 in the past.

2. ELIPTICAL SENTENCE

 An elliptical sentence is a combination of two sentences equivalent to omitting part of the predicate

 the same to avoid repetition.

 Types of Elliptical Sentence are:

 A. Positive Elliptic: combining two positive sentences

 which is equivalent to using the conjunction "and"

 E.g:

 Budi went to the movie last night

 Rini went to the movie last night

 Becomes:

 Budi went to the movie last night, and Rini did too.

 Budi went to the movie last night, and so did Rini.

 B. Negative Elliptic: combining two sentences which is

 equivalent to using the conjunction "and"

 E.g :

 His sister is not a nurse

 My sister is not a nurse

 Becomes :

 Her sister is not a nurse, 'and my sister is not either

 Her sister is not a nurse, and neither is my sister

 C. Positive - Negative Elliptic (Contrastive Elliptic)

 combining positive sentences with negative sentences

 (opposite sentence) uses the conjunction "but"

 E.g:

 Bento likes rock music

 Roni doesn't like rock music

 Becomes:

 Bento likes rock music, but Roni doesn't

3. TENSES REVIEW

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

 Generally used for:

 1. Expressing Habits (Habitual Action)

 For example: The watchman turns all the light every day

 2. Stating the General Truth

 For example: The sun rises in the east.

 3. Inform the events that are happening now or

 recently

 For example: George studies at elementary school.

 4. State matters regarding the schedule,

 other programs, events or activities that are beamed.

 For example: The train arrives at 10.20.

 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

 Used to state:

 1. An event that is taking place at the moment

 talked about.

 For example: I am not sitting in the class right now.

 2. Activities that are temporary / temporary

 For example: The guests are staying at the Hilton Hotel.

 3. Immediate events (usually already

 planned)

 For example: AI is leaving for Malaysia tomorrow.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

 Used to state:

 An event that has already been / has been completed

 done in the present (not doing

 again)

 For example: We have already written our reports.

 (We are not writting anymore)

 Past experiences whose effects are proof

 still feels today.

 For example: I have seen the movie.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

 Used to state:

 1. An event that has taken place on time

 past and present are still ongoing and there are

 is likely to continue.

 For example: I have been living in Medan for amost 20

 years.

 2. Events that are ongoing and speckle

 finished.  In Indonesian "it's still ..."

 For example: I have been reading a book (Means: I am still reading it)

SMPLE PAST TENSE

 Generally used for:

 1. State the event that happened at one point at

 the past.

 For example: John went to Spain last year.

 2. State a recurring event in the past.

 For example: Yessi walked to school every day last year.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

 Used to state:

 1. An event that is taking place at one

 point of time in the past.

 For example: Brian was sleeping at 10:00 last night.

 2. For events that are taking place in time

 ago when other events interrupted.  That event

 interrupts his usual use of simple past.

 For example: The engine was running when it suddenly

 stopped.

 3. For two events that took place in a manner

 together in the past.

 For example: Shella was reading a book when Marcella was

 watching TV.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

 Used to state:

 Events that occur when other events occur in the future

 then.

 Eg :

 I went to Grammedia after Mommy had given me some

 money.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

 Used to state:

 Events that occur for some time when there are

 other events in the past.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

 Generally used for:

 1. State the event that happened at one point at

 future.

 For example: Herbert will attend a party tonight.

 2. State the events that occurred in the future

 after a condition is fulfilled.

 For example: Casie will not leave the place until she gets the

 evidence.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

 Used to state:

 An event that is taking place at one point

 specific time in the future.

 For example: This time next week I will be sailing to Dutch.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

 Used to state:

 1. Events that occur and are completed at the time of the activity

 another takes place in the future

 For example: By the time we come home, the boy will have finished the tasks.

 2. An event that will be resolved before a certain time in the future.

 For example: They will have arrived here by 7PM

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

 Used to state:

 Events that occur for some time when there are other events in the future

4. QUESTION TAG

 Question Tag is a form of question at the end of a sentence

 which serves to confirm a statement.

E.g.

She loves me, doesn't she?

5. SENTENCE ERROR IDENTIFICATION

a sentence must at least have a clause which consists of a subject and one verb. The use of double subjects or verbs must be avoided ones you combine them with the use of conjuctions. The use of a subject less or verbless sentence must be avoided as it is wrong. Don’t forget to recheck that your sentence’s subject and verb supports or agrees with each other. Last but not least don’t forget your grammar with the use of correct tenses and don’t forget to use the appropriate verbs.

6. REPORTED SPEECH

Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before.

When you use reported speech, you either report:

* statements

* questions

* requests / commands

* other types

Reporting Statements

When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

* pronouns

* tense

* place and time expression

7. Argumentative text

argumentative text contains views on a problem factual data, how to analyze a problem and conclusions in the form of our broader opinion about an issue using a generic structure that is specified

8. PASSIVE VOICE

passive voice is used when we want to focus attention on the person or thing affected by the action. Normally, the performer of the action, or the agent, comes first and is made the subject of the verb and then we use the active form of the verb. The other person or thing is made the object of the verb.

9. PART OF SPEECH

is word classes that contain 9 types of words

which is noun, verb, interjection, adjective, determiner, adverb, pronoun, preposition, and conjunction

10. LISTENING SECTION

Listening section exercise is for measures our ability to understand English 

Conditional tenses, Conditional clauses, If clauses are the ways to tell our opinion about what could happen, what might happened, and what we wish would happen. There are 5 types, which are :

a. Zero => tells general truths

b. Type 1 => tells a possible condition and its result

c. Type 2 => tells a hypthetical condition and its result

d. Type 3 => tells an ureal past condition and its probable result in the past

e. Mixed => tells an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present

 

Argumentative text is a text of our opinion about a topic which come from our investigation about the topic. In this section we learned how to express our argument in words and speeches.

 

Parts of speech are known as word classes and we learned there are nine of them, that are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

 4. Noun and Pronoun

Noun and Pronoun are the subjects and objects of actions. In this part we learned how to differ noun and pronoun and which are not one of them. 

 5. Tenses Review

In this lesson we learned about daily usage of tenses and calling back our memories about tenses. At that time i realized this lesson is really important in every English skill.

 6. Elliptical Sentences

Elliptical Sentences is a combination of two words that have similar verb, object and adverb.

Ex : Harry is handsome, and Madani too.

 7. Question Tag

Question tag is the way for us to express our hesitation and make sure about something.

Ex : Pedro has already took the mail, hasn’t he?

 8. Reported Speech

Reported speech is the way for us to tell others’ statement. 

Ex : Abdul said that he travelled a lot in his job.

Passive voice is the way for us to show our interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action.

Ex : The house was built in 2009.

 10. Sentence Error Identification

In this lesson our teacher teach us which are the right sentence and which aren’t. She told us that a sentence at least has 1 clause with a subject & a verb and must have correct tenses verb. She also told to us not to use or choose a sentence with double subjects and verbs or not even have one of it. And the last we must make sure that the subject and the verb agree.

-type 0 = Something must have happened / fact

-type 1 =Something that might happen in the future

-type 2=Something very unlikely will happen

-type 3=
something contrary to what happened

This part I’ve learn about some tenses,part  one is simple present tense,simple past tense,present perfect,present continuous tense,and future tense.and part 2 maybe I thought these are hard to understand because rarely used in daily life,past perfect,past continuous,past perfect continuous,present perfect continuous,future perfect,future continuous tense,and last future perfect continuous.

is the process of combining two different sentences

subject but has the same verb and complement into a sentence.

example:

They go to school.

I go to school.

- when combined using elliptical construction, it becomes

They go to school, and so do I.

used to report / convey back the words that have been submitted by others.

Example : sentence= I will graduate from the university next year.

Reported speech=she told me she would graduate from the university next year.

verb forms that have the same shape as the medial form, except in the future and the aoris

Ex: He was slapped by his brother.

questions that we put at the end of the sentence, usually in direct conversation

Ex: special case

I am pretty, aren’t I?

a writing that requires students to investigate the topic; collect, produce, and evaluate evidence; and building a position on the topic in a concise manner

the structure of the argumentative essay: the basic format

1.       Introduction

2.       Body
-First point and supporting info
-Second point and supporting info
-Third point and supporting info

3.       Conclusion

A sentence is formed by several words. The word is the most basic part that has meaning, function, and their respective uses in a sentence.

Divided into 8 = noun,pronoun,adjective,verb,adverb,preposition,conjuction,interjection.

untill now I’ve still learn about this one  to make me really understand.

 

1.   Conditional Sentences

This part Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

2.    TENSES REVIEW

This part learn about

Simple Present Tense

 Past Perfect

 Future Perfect Continuous

3.      Elliptical Sentence:
A sentence is said to be elliptical when an ellipses occurs in it.
 Elliptical sentences is a shorter form of sentence which some words have beenomitted, but it retains the same meaning. It is used so that we can avoid 

4.      REPORTED SPEECH

Reported Speech, or also called Indirect Speech is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words.

A few changes are necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where possible.

5.      Passive voice

Passive voice is a form of sentence in which the subject of the sentence receives action, not taking action. Unlike active voice that focuses on those who take action.

Example:

 | Active | My parents plant some flowers
 | Passive | Some flowers are planted by my parents

 

 

6.      Question tag

question tags are a part that is often used in the daily conversation of a native speaker.  Even though grammar, pronounciation, and intonation are good, one can easily be recognized not as a native speaker if one does not use the question tag.

example:

I’m right, am I not?     

Everybody likes him, don’t they?       

Nothing is impossible, is it?

 

7.      Argumentative speech

An argumentative speech is a persuasive speech in which the speaker attempts to persuade his audience to alter their viewpoints on a controversial issue. While a persuasive speech may be aimed more at sharing a viewpoint and asking the audience to consider it, 

8.      Parts of Speech

. The part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence. An individual word can function as more than one part of speech when used in different circumstances. Understanding parts of speech is essential for determining the correct definition of a word when using the dictionary.

9.      SENTENCE Error Identification

This part learn about

Letter: The smallest unit - A, X, D

Word: A group of letters - Book, Car, Kid

Phrase: Two or more words in one position - My book, The beautiful lady, Online Learning

Clause: At least consisting one subject and one verb - The book is taken

Sentence: one or more clauses with punctuation -  I have five best-seller books.

 

* Type 1:

If + S. Present, S + will/can/may+ verb 1/be
 * Type 2:
If + S. Past (were), S + would/could/might+ verb 1/be
Were + S + O/C, S + would/could/might+ verb 1/be
*  Type 3:
If + Past Perfect, S + would/could/might + have + verb 3/been
Had + S + Verb3/been, S + would/could/might + have + verb3/been

 

* Positive (so/too)
Kalimat 1 and SO + aux + subject
Kalimat 1 and Subject + aux + too
* Negative (neither/either)
Kalimat 1 and neither + aux + subject
Kalimat 1 and Subject + aux + not + either
  * Contrastive (but/while)
Kalimat 1 + but/while + S + aux

Verb 1     =>  do/does

Verb 2     =>  did

 

3. Reported Speech Direct &  Indirect

a). Tenses
Direct                         Indirect
S. Present              S. Past
Present Cont         Past Cont
Present Perf         Past Perfect
S. Past                    Past Perfect

 

b). Adverb of time
Direct                     Indirect
today                    that day
tonight                that night
yesterday          the day before
3 days ago       3 days before
tomorrow        the next day/the day after/ the following day

 

c). Subject
Direct                  Indirect
I                           she, he
we                         they
me                      him, her
us                          them

 

d). Determiner
Direct                       Indirect
this                              that
these                          those
here                            there

 

Affirmative/statement
S + said/stated/claimed/note + that + S + P
Interrogative
S + asked/wondered/wanted to know + if/wether/QW + S + P

Imperative
S + asked/told/ordered + O + to Inf

 

S + is/am/are + verb3 – Untuk kejadian present atau jika ada ket. Waktu present

 S + is/am/are + being + verb3 – jika ada “sedang…” atau ket. Waktu pres.continuous

 S + was/were + verb3 – untuk kejadian pasti/jika ada since atau jika ket. Waktu past

 S + was/were + being + verb 3 – jika membutuhkan past continuous + makna passive

 S + have/has+been+verb3 – jika ada kata “setelah di..” atau jika ada ket. Present Perfect

 S + had + been + verb3 – jika ada keterangan waktu past perfect seperti by +ket/kal lewat 

S + Modals + be + verb3 – jika ada modal + makna passive atau ket. Waktu future

S + need/require + to+be+verb3 – jika ada kata “perlu + di/ter…  
 

S + need/require + verb ing – jika ada kata “perlu + di/ter…

 

S + aux (+/-) , aux (-/+ ) + S

Imperative -> will you?

Kal. Negative ( never, rarely, barely, scarcely, hardly, seldom), kalimat Positif ?

Modals -> modals?
 Verb1 s/es -> do/does?
 Verb2 -> did?

Have/has/had + verb3 -> have/has/had?
 have/has/had + to inf -> do/does/did?

 

 Today  
Once a week + S + verb1
 Twice a month + S + verb1 s/es
 Habit/Activity
 General truth

Present Continuous
Now
At this time
At this moment
At present + S + is/am/are + verb ing
Currently
Look!, Hurry Up!
Listen!, Watch out!

 

Present Perfect (Continuous)
For + Lama waktu
For + the last + S + have/has + verb3/been
For…now
Since + awal waktu + S + have/has + been + verb ing
Since + S.past

* Past Tenses

Simple Past
…Ago, Yesterday
Last....... + S + verb 2
In/on + waktu lewat + S + was/were
It’s time that

 

At this time
 At this moment + S + was/were + verb ing
 At present
 At + time

Past Perfect
Before + S.Past, By the time + S.Past + S + had + verb 3
By the end of + S.Past, By + S.Pas

Past Perfect Continuous
Before + S.Past, By the time + S.Past
By the end of + S.Past, by + S.Past + S + had + been + verb ing
(+) for

 

* Future Tenses

Simple Future           
 S + will/shall + verb 1/be
 Tomorrow, Next => S + to be + going + to + verb1/be
 Soon, Tonight =>  S + to be + verb ing

Future Continuous
At this time + Tomorrow/ tonight/ next
At this moment + Tomorrow/ tonight/ next
At present + Tomorrow/ tonight/ next =>  S + will + be + verb ing
At + jam + Tomorrow/ tonight/ next

Future Perfect
By the time + S.Present, By + S.Present                    + S + will + have + verb3/been 
By the end of + S.Present, before + S.Present

Future Perfect Continuous
By the time + S.Present, By + S.Present + S + will + have + been + V-ing
By the end of + S.Present, before + S.Present

 

 

A point of view, a claim, something we are arguing in favor of

The actual argument, the evidence we are using to argue with

A statement that links the initial claim to the argument and ensures that we understand how the argument functions.

The statement connects the initial claim and the argument is referred to as the warrant. The warrant is thus an argument for the connection between the initial claim and the argument. Argumentative has a generic structure, namely:

 

It has a topic sentence.

It has supporting sentences for pros and cons. Furthermore, both of these are called arguments.

It has to use deductive or inductive reasoning, cause, and effect. And argument by authority.

In addition to the generic structure, argumentative also has language forms, namely:

 

Using various tenses (multiple tenses): present, past, future

Using the verb: believe, object, and argue.

Using capital; can, will, would, should, etc.

Using adverbs: due to, because, etc.

Using the word question: why, how, what, etc.

 

* Noun

=> is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
 eg: man, college, house, happiness.

* Pronoun
=> is a word used in place of a noun.
eg: She, we, they, it.

·*Verb
=> expresses action or being.
eg: jump, write, become.

·* Adjective
=> modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
eg: pretty, old, blue, smart.

·* Adverb
=> modifies or describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
eg: gently, extremely, carefully, well.

·* Preposition
=>  is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifiying another word in the sentence.
eg: by, with, about, until.

·* Conjunction
=> joins words, phrases or clauses.
eg: and, but, or, while,because.

·* Interjection
=>  is a word used to express emotion.
eg: Oh!, Wow!, Oops!.

* Article and Determiner
=> modify nouns to have proper syntax.
eg: article: a, an, the
determiner: these, that, those, enough, much, few, which, what.

 

·     Sentence at least contain 1 clause with one subject and one verb

·     Avoid double subjects or double verbs except it uses “conjunction”

·     Avoid sentence without subject or without verb

·     Make sure that the subject and the verb agree

·      Sentence must have correct tenses verb