"He was respected by all who knew him for his integrity and indefatigable attention to public business." (Shelley 25)

Indefatigable- (Of a person or their efforts) persisting tirelessly.

Akin- similar or related to

Chimerical- Means magical

Immutable- Permanent, unchanging, constant

Affability- the quality of having a friendly and good manner.

Vehement - intense, strong

Reverential- showing and or feeling deep respect or admiration for someone or something.

Ardour - enthusiasm or passion

Befallen: To happen to someone

Palpitation: a pulse; pounding

"During one of their walks a poor cot in the foldings of a vale attracted their notice as being singularly disconsolate, while the number of half-clothed children gathered about it spoke of penury in its worst shape." (Shelley 27)

Disconsolate: without consolation or solace; hopelessly unhappy; inconsolable.

Abhorence: a feeling of repulsion; discusted loathing

Procured: obtain something with care and effort.

Depravity- moral corruption, wickedness

Discussion: Do you think hubris was Frankenstein's predominant reason for creating the monster?

Discussion: What message is Shelley sending about the dangers of gaining knowledge without responsibility?

Poignantly- sharply; distressingly

discussion: What was Victor reflecting on and how does this impact his future actions later in the novel?

Languor- sluggishness, lethargy

This is, of course, an ideology that follows the idea of the power of the human mind as well as the strength of the emotions. However, the author is at the same time commenting on the negatives of the above-mentioned ideology as well.

Discussion: Why do you think Victor wants to create a new being so bad?

Discussion: Do you think if this story was set up in todays time that Victor would end up being a serial killer?

"I threw myself into the chaise that was to convey me away and indulged in the most melancholy reflections" (Shelley 30).

Chaise: a light, open, two-wheeled, or four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage, often equipped with a folding top or hood, used for travel

"It is so long before the mind can persuade itself that she, whom we saw every day, and whose very existence appeared a part of our own, can have departed for ever— that the brightness of a beloved eye can have been extinguished, and the sound of a voice so familiar, and dear to the ear, can be hushed, never more to be heard" (Shelley 29).

The quotation serves as an example of an element of a Gothic Novel. His intense depiction of grief is the exemplification of high, overwrought emotion often found in such works. The finality and incomprehensibility of her passing contributes to the pertinent motif of life and death.

Discussion: What type of psychological effects do you think his mother's passing will have on him?

Discussion Question - How is isolation portrayed in Victor’s life?

Ineffectual: Lacking, not producing any or the desired effect.

Victor says he "hesitated a long time" does this small moment make him a more sympathetic character?

Anatomise: Dissect a body

Question: Is this isolation worth it?

Charnel - anything associated with death, corpses, or the decomposition of bodies

incredulous- unwilling or unable to believe something

Discussion question : At what specific point does a healthy curiosity for "the secrets of the world" transform into a dangerous obsession ?

Will Victor's quest for knowledge ever be satisfied? Why or why not?

Extreme eagerness or enthusiasm.

"After having made a few preparatory experiments, he continued with a panegyric upon modern chemistry, the terms of which I shall never forget." (Shelley 38)

Panegyric- a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something.

Allude- to refer

Discussion question: Why do you think Victor is so centered on himself and what he feels, rather then what others might by the monster he has/can create?

Discussion: What could be the cause of Victor continuing on with this project no matter what? What drove Victor's inspiration to work on this project?

Complacency- satisfaction

Immured- enclosed, imprisoned

Eradicating- annihilating, destroying

Adjuration- a prayer, plea

Dismally - in a gloomy or depressed manner.

Discussion: What could have predicted this reaction from Frankenstein and do you think he will later take responsibility for his actions?

Discussion: What does Victor's reaction to William and Justine's death reveal about his character?

"I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation" (Shelley 43).

Ardour: intense devotion, eagerness, enthusiasm, or zeal

"Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. A mummy again, endued with animation could not be so hideous as that wretch. I had gazed on him while unfinished; he was ugly then, but when those muscles and joints were rendered capable of motion, it became a thing such as even Dante could not have conceived" (Shelley 44).

The allusion depicts Dr. Frankenstein staring upon the horror he has created. He compares his own doings to that of Dante's, a hellish inception. His terror when viewing the creature displays an element of Monster Theory. His dismay contributes to the belief that the monster polices the borders of the possible. When pushing scientific limits, he is met with a dreadful creature that he cannot bear to look at. As he regrets his creation, he considers his mortal state. This ties into the motif of morality.

His experiment technically worked, so why do you believe he is so deeply frightened?

Discussion: Do you think Henry believes Victor’s insanity fueled rants about the creature?

This quote shows how victor knows that the monster did something bad, but instead of his creation getting the blame an innocent girl was accused instead. This connects to the “Monster always escapes” theory because Frankenstein is not the one being tried and facing the consequences. Overall, this quote connects to the motif of responsibility because throughout the chapter, Victor has a sense of guilt because he knows deep down that he is the one responsible for the whole situation.

Discussion question: Do you think people would have believed Victor if he told the truth?

discussion: What did everyone thing Justine was guilty of the murder just because she had a picture of her mother in her pocket?

Discussion question- Why is Victor scared to the creature instead of being happy that making him worked?

Imbue-to inspire, permeate, or saturate thoroughly with a particular feeling, quality, or idea.

"This is thy funeral, this thy dirge!" (Shelley 62)

Dirge- a lament for the dead, especially one forming part of a funeral rite.

Discussion: What might Victor do to feel less isolated?

This quote emphasizes Victor's and Elizibeth's relationship, and how Victor feels a need to protect her. (Shelley 3)

Discussion: Why do you think Victor is obsessed with Elizibeth, where do you think this will lead to?

Does Victors racing pulse suggest that he is a victim of his own creation?

It was a divine spring; and the season contributed greatly to my convalescence. (Shelley 51)

Convalescence- Time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment.

Discussion Question: Why do you think Victor did a 180 with his emotions towards his creation, do you think there is a deeper reason then just the looks of the monster?

"The sight of the awful and majestic in nature had indeed always the effect of solemnising my mind, and causing me to forget the passing cares of life." (Shelley 82)

Solemnising- Duly perform (a ceremony, especially that of marriage.)

"The generous nature of Safie was outraged by this command; she attempted to expostulate with her father, but he left her angrily, reiterating his tyrannical mandate." (Shelley 108)

Expostulate- Express strong disapproval or disagreement

"I had an insurmountable aversion to the idea of engaging myself in my loathsome task in my father's house, while in habits of familiar intercourse with those I loved." (Shelley 131)

Insurmountable- Too great to be overcome.

"My father's care and attentions were indefatigable; but he did not know the origin of my sufferings, and sought erroneous methods to remedy the incurable ill." (Shelley 157)

Erroneous- Wrong, Incorrect

Omnipotence - the quality of having unlimited or very great power

Discussion: If the creature can feel love and admiration is he really a monster or does society’s rejection make him one?

countenance - person’s face or facial expression, particularly as an indicator of mood, emotion, or character

Discussion question : If Victor’s recurring illnesses are a direct physical reaction to his unnatural science, is Shelley suggesting that the human body has a built-in moral limit that the human mind lacks?

Discussion Question: Why do you think Victor chose to go to the lake, and why the location was where he started to fall into darker thoughts?

ineffectual- not producing any or the desired effect

Quote - "I traversed the streets, without any clear conception of where I was, or what I was doing." (Shelley 48)

definition- to repay

In this quote Shelley uses high, overwrought emotion to show Victor's overwhelming emotions about the death of Justine and to convey the overall feelings in this chapter. This quote connects to the motif of nature because it portrays Victor's relief of his strong emotions through nature's elements that calm him. Shelley uses this to explain that nature can heal people's pain temporarily with it's beauty.

Discussion Question: Do you think Justine and William's death will continue to affect Victor throughout the story?

Quote: "I heard of the difference of sexes; and the birth and growth of children; how father Doated on the smiled of the infant, and the lively sallies of the older child; how the life and cares of the mother were wrapped up in the precious charge; how the mind of youth expanded and gained knowledge; of brother, sister, and all the various relationships which bind one human to another in mutual bonds." (Shelley 102)

Quote: "She instructed her daughter in the Tenets of her religion, and taught her to aspire to higher powers of intellect, and an independence of spirit, forbidden to the female followers of Mahomet." (Shelley 106)

Discussion: Do you think that describing nature is a good way to exhibit a character's emotions, or are there better ways to increase readers' comprehension?

Discussion: Do you think that the plot of the novel would be different if Victor had not abandoned his creation?

Discussion question: How do the landscapes reflect Victor’s guilt and inner conflict?

Discussion: What do you think would have happened if the people from the cottage found the monster in to sty?

Do you think that the creature could have ended up different in Victor didnt run from his creation on the night of its birth?

Genial: friendly and cheerful.

Ignominious-deserving or causing public disgrace or shame.

"I was a poor, helpless, miserable wretch; I knew, and could distinguish, nothing; but feeling pain invade me on all sides, I sat down and wept" (Shelley 90).

The sentiment from the creature adds to the Gothic element of high, overwrought emotion. As the creature gains sentience, he discovers different feelings. His misery humanizes the monster and adds even a sense of relatability to his character. It reflects Victor's own anguish seen throughout the novel and connects to the motif of the monster as an innocent.

Did you feel empathy for the monster?

If Victor was able to take down the creature at that very moment, do you think it would restore his humanity, or his he permanetly scarred for life.

desolate : (of a place) deserted of people and in a state of bleak and dismal emptiness.

"The ascent is precipitous, but the path is cut into continual and short windings" (Shelley 84).

Precipitous: dangerously high or steep

Discussion question : If the creature is capable of feelings this said "pleasure" of the natural world, before the world has had the chance of overtaking him, does this prove that the monster (even though made from scraps of decay) have a soul of his own ?

Discussion question: In the next few chapters do you think the creature will try to interact with the people and if he does, how do you think it will go?

Aversion- disgust/ hatred

Noisome- having an extremely offensive smell

Consummate- to fulfill

Discussion: Do you think nature is punishing Victor, or just reflecting how he feels?

Discussion question: Do you think they would have still beat the monster if they knew he saved a girl from drowning?

"Sometimes I grew alarmed at the wreck I perceived that I had become... and I believed that exercise and amusement would then drive away incipient disease; and I promised myself both of these when my creation should be complete." (Shelley 45)

In this quote, Victor is worried about how much he has put into his creation, but hopes things will get better once he's finished. At this moment, he is speaking with a very vague and ominous tone. This plays into the mystery and suspense element of Gothic literature and is part of what makes Frankenstein one of the most notable Gothic novels. Additionally, Victor's vague language contributes to the motif of secrecy throughout the novel that drives the plot by enticing the reader to continue in hopes of learning more.

In the context of Victor speaking to Walton, what do you believe is the purpose of him being so secretive about his creation?

Discussion Question - Is the creature really evil or is he just becoming evil because of the pain of rejection?

"I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind" (Shelley 133).

The quote contributes to Monster Theory, portraying the theses that the monster's body is a cultural body. He is feared by those who encounter him based on his appearance. He argues that his villainy stems from the loneliness and vilification. His ostracism from civilization is an example of the key motif of societal rejection.

How different do you think his experience would have been if he was made to be more human-like or attractive?

"the day, which was one of the first of spring, cheered even me by the loveliness of its sunshine and the balminess of the air" (Shelley 128).

Balminess: the quality of being fragrant, soothing, or comfortably mild, particularly regarding air or weather

Discussion: Do you think the monster still respects Victor as his creator, or is the respect gone as a result of Victor abandoning him as soon as possible?

Discussion: Do you think the monster is evil or do you think he is the way he is because of how he has been treated?

Discussion Question: Do you think that Victor will create a woman for the monster and that the monster will keep his word?

Divulged - make known

Discussion question: What could the creature also be feeling in this moment and where will these feelings eventually lead to?

Portmanteau- a large trunk or suitcase, typically made of stiff leather and opening into two equal parts.

How does isolation shape the creature's perception of itself.

Discussion Question- Was Victor right or wrong to destroy the female creature and why?

Discussion: How does this threat change the relationship between Victor and the monster?

Discussion: Why do you think Victor wanted to go to a remote island to create a companion for his creature instead of working in isolation at the university dorm as he did before?

Exordium- the beginning, introduction, or introductory part of a speech

This quote uses the individuality part of the Romanticism I's to convey that Victor is trying to get his personal life back with the guilt he is feeling from the monster. The use of the motif "Abortion" explains how Victor ends up destroying the female creature because he feels that is what is right.

Discussion question: Do you think Victor made the right choice or will he end up with consequences from it?

Discussion: Why has Victor not killed the monster yet after knowing that he has killed William?

"and, on the sudden turn of a promontory" (Shelley 143).

Promontory: a point of high land that juts out into a large body of water; a headland

Victor’s wandering thoughts that center around the endless possibilities in the actions and character that his female creation could take and have aligns with the Monster Culture Theory element that the monster is the harbinger of category crisis. Victor does not know if she would be peaceful and fulfill the promise that the male monster made, so he feels a sense of duty to the rest of mankind to not release another monster upon the world due to the other malignant ways that she could act, which connects to the motif of responsibility. However, another possibility is that he is only scared of the mental toll of going through the process of creating another monster, which he so despises. While when he was creating the first monster, he was blinded by the allure of power and knowledge, Victor’s evolution is shown because, whether out of fear or responsibility, he thinks his actions through and does what he thinks is best for mankind as a whole.

Discussion question: Do you think Victor made the right decision in not creating the female monster? How do you predict she would act if he did not make this decision?

Discussion Question: Do you think Victor will regret not making the 2nd creature, only realizing it when it's too late?

Sanguinary - involving or causing much bloodshed.

Discussion question - Would thing have been resolved a lot quicker if Victor just created a female for the creature and why?

"I now also began to collect the materials necessary for my new creation, and this was to me like the torture of single drops of water continually falling on the head. Every thought that was devoted to it was an extreme anguish, and every word that I spoke in allusion to it caused my lips to quiver, and my heart to palpitate" (Shelley 147).

The metaphorical torture portrayed in the excerpt contributes to the metonymy and gloom of the novel. It exemplifies an element of Gothic fiction with its comparison of animating a new creation to mental torture. He is tormented at the thought of replicating his own creation, and his description of such agony creates a tense and dreadful atmosphere. This affliction further plays into the motif of his self-destructive ambition.

How do you think it would have actually gone if Victor created the second monster?

Discussion: In what ways does Elizabeth's death now change the story's mood?

Disencumbered- to be freed from a burden, load, or hindrance, literally or figuratively, leaving someone unburdened and relieved

This quote connects to the idea of gothic novel when the words "misery" and "terror" are stated to show the atmosphere of mystery and suspense. This shows the reader that what Victor needs to tell Elizabeth is not good. The motif secrecy is also displayed when Victor is still waiting to tell Elizabeth what is causing him pain and misery, forcing her to wait until their wedding day.

Discussion question: Do you think this could have been prevented if he told Elizabeth the truth instead of waiting?

Convalescence - time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment; recuperation.

Discussion question: Would Victor still seem this mad if he never left the creature in the first place, to help this creature learn with the presence of his creator as well?

Discussion Question- Who has really suffered more, the creature or Victor?

Victor’s speech to the men of Walton’s ship illustrates the Romantic element of inspiration. He sees Walton’s desire to carry out his glorious purpose, and he is trying to will the crew to carry on their mission. It also reflects the Romantic element of idealism because Victor and Walton both believe that a strong will can overcome the harsh impasse that is the arctic north. This belief in mind over matter connects to the motif of ambition as Victor demonstrates his continued belief that legacy is more important than survival. He reframes suffering as proof of greatness, and just like when he first started creating the monster, he continues to glorify peril and conquest. Both right now when he is inspiring the crew and when he was creating the monster, he showcases his belief that inspiration is inseparable from ambition. Through this, Shelley demonstrates that while he regrets his past mistakes, the general tenets of his being remain the same from the start of the book.

Discussion question: How do you think Victor has changed throughout the novel, and how has he remained the same?

Environs- Environs refers to the surrounding area, district, or outskirts of a specific place, town, or city.

In this quote, monster theory is used when the words, "miserable daemon" show the emotions that Victor is feeling about sending the creature out into the world to suffer and destroy. Connecting to the motif of dangerous knowledge, if Victor wouldn't have even created the monster in the first place he would never have had to go through all this emotional pain of what the monster is doing to him.

Discussion: Why do you think Victor hasn't killed the monster?

"A thousand times would I have shed my own blood, drop by drop, to have saved their lives; but I could not, my father, indeed I could not sacrifice the whole human race" (Shelley 173).

The hyperbole highlights Victor's intense guilt for unleashing his creation. He recognizes that the monster's purpose, unlike humans, is to destroy. This epitomizes the theses of Monster Theory that The Monster Is the Harbinger of Category Crisis. The creature refuses to conform to Victor's ideology and proposed solitude. Victor's sorrow portrays the motif of his responsibility. He takes sole blame for both the destructive nature of the monster and the loss of his loved ones.

Do you think Victor would have ever been physically or emotionally capable of killing the monster?

picturesque: visually attractive, especially in a quaint or pretty style

surmounting: overcome a difficulty or obstacle.

Quote- “The thatch had fallen in, the walls were unplastered, and the door was off its hinges.” (Shelley 139)

Quote- “ everywhere I turn I see the same figure— her bloodless arms and relaxed form flung by the murderer on its bridal bier.” (Shelley 166)

This quote uses Gothic Novel by using supernatural elements in it, using the words, “spirits” and “misery” to show that the monster had brought Victor to an all time low making him swear that he’s going to hunt the monster down until he “perishes.”

Discussion question - Do you really think that Victor can hunt down the monster?

This quote uses the monster theory by the monster trying to assert his power over his creator. He says that his is now the “master” and says that he can make Victor miserable and suffer just the way Victor has made him feel showing that he now has the power to do so.

Discussion question- Do you think Victor was right to destroy the creatures companion?

This quote uses Gothic Novel through the words, “fierce winds” and “insanity” to show the power of nature and the emotional conflict that they are going through. It creates a spooky and intense atmosphere by basically showing how a strong emotion can overwhelm and overcome a persons thoughts.

Discussion question- Do you think things would have been different if they cottages accepted the creature?

This quote uses the element of Romanticism by showing that Victor prioritized his passions over trying to deal with his grief and problems. He tries to distract himself instead of trying to fix the problem which is in turn going to make his situation worse than it already is.

Discussion question- Do you think Victor sees the monster differently now that he has heard his story?

This quote uses Gothic Novel by using the words “nameless evils” and “tremble” to show the intense fear that Victor was going through when he found out William died. Victor was scared that William’s death was going to be his fault and he didn’t want to face that fact.

Discussion question- do you think things could have turned out differently if Victor has just told the truth about Williams death?

emulation - an ambition, aspiration

This connects to Gothic Romanticism through its focus on isolation, emotion, and the pursuit of knowledge. The Creature secretly teaches himself to read and write while living alone, reflecting the Gothic theme of the suffering outsider. At the same time, his desire to learn shows Romantic ideals of self-improvement and deep emotional awareness. However, instead of bringing happiness, knowledge increases his pain by making him more aware of his rejection.

question - to what extent does the Creature’s self-education make him more human and does society’s rejection suggest that monstrosity lies not in appearance, but in the failure of compassion?

acquiesced - consented

Question - Does the novel imply that valuing human relationships over personal ambition could have prevented Victor’s downfall?

Paradisaical- (of a place or state) ideal or idyllic; heavenly.

Do you believe Victor is a monster?

Malignity- an instance of malignant or malicious behavior or nature

"Take possession of your tenement, and let me fly from this place." (Shelley 118)

Tenement- a house used as a dwelling

"As it was, I lived unfazed at and unmolested, hardly thanked for the pittance of food and clothes which I gave; so much does suffering blunt even the coarsest sensations of men." (Shelley 139)

Pittance- a small portion, amount, or allowance

"But on the day that was to fulfill my wishes and my destiny, she was melancholy, and a presentiment of evil pervaded her; and perhaps also she thought of the dreadful secret which I had promised to reveal to her on the following day." (Shelley 162)

Pervaded- to become diffused throughout every part of

"Dear mountains! my own beautiful lake! how do you welcome your wanderer?" (Shelley 61)

After receiving a letter from his father saying that his brother had been murdered, Victor returns to Geneva, and on his way he is soothed by the scenery of his old home. His appreciation of nature in the midst of his troubles with not knowing the whereabouts of his creation plays into the romantic origin of this novel. Mentioning and focusing on the beautiful nature and its ability to soothe Victor also relates to the motif of nature and its power as seen through the novel.

If Victor had been more consistent with keeping in contact with his family in Geneva, do you think there is any way he could have prevented William's death? Why or why not?

"I had never yet seen a being resembling me, or who claimed any intercourse with me. What was I? The question again recurred, to be answered only with groans." (Shelley 103)

Following his escape, Frankenstein's monster found himself stumbling upon a cottage in the woods and observing a family of cottagers. His observations taught him about the world and humanity, causing him to question the circumstances surrounding his own existence and he begins to crave the connection humans have. An aspect of the monster theory is the trend of monsters being viewed as outcasts or "dwelling at the gates of difference." As he questions his being, the monster recognizes that he is different from humans and because he does not know of a being like him, that may be the cause of his loneliness. The monster becoming aware of his lack of companionship while observing the cottagers applies to the motif of isolation that follows the monster through the novel.

What do you think would be different if the monster had observed the cottagers before their guest arrived?

"Frankenstein! you belong then to my enemy--to him towards whom I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim." (Shelley 122)

The monster goes to Geneva in search of revenge on Frankenstein, and on arrival he comes across young William. When he discovers William's relation to Victor, the monster is immediately enraged and murders the boy. Such a rash reaction is a common piece of Gothic literature and creates drama within the story line. In this moment in particular, the monster is retelling the story of his crime to Victor, and Victor is realizing that it truly is his fault that William was murdered, adding to the motif of responsibility that strongly applies to Frankenstein through the novel.

If the monster had somehow come across Victor instead of William, so you think he would have killed him immediately or still talked to him like he is in these chapters?

"I will be with you on your wedding night" (Shelley 143)

The monster requests that Victor make him a female companion, and in the middle of creating another creature, Victor destroys it and the monster is enraged. In his anger, the monster warns Victor that he will be there on the night he marries Elizabeth. This warning weighs in Victor because of how threatening and ominous it is. Such an ominous promise I soften found in Gothic stories as a prophecy that will eventually manifest as a tragic conflict later in the story. Victor receiving such a promise from the monster is a part of the motif of dangerous knowledge because he now has to return to Elizabeth and possibly marry her while knowing what is waiting for them.

Do you think there is any way Victor could have protected Elizabeth from being a target for the monster?

"She was there,lifeless and inanimate, thrown across the bed, her head hanging down, and her pale and distorted features half covered by her hair." (Shelley 166)

Just as he had promised, on Victor's wedding night the monster was there. Victor did what he could to save Elizabeth by telling her to just go to bed, but while in her room, the monster got to her and murdered her. Elizabeth being thrown in the middle of the monster's wrath towards Victor with no defense makes her a damsel in distress, an archetype commonly found in Gothic novels. Additionally, Victor not taking extra measures to protect Elizabeth on their wedding night is an example of the motif of responsibility and Victor's inability to take responsibility for his actions.

If Victor had been with Elizabeth, do you think he could have saved her or do you think the monster would kill him trying to get to her?

abhorred- regard with disgust or hatred

Lament- a passionate expression of grief or sorrow

Conjecture- an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information

Indefatigable-(of a person or their efforts) persisting tirelessly

Countenance-The appearance or expression of a person's face.

Discussion: Do you think Henry had any clue about what Victor had done and is doing right now?

Discussion: Had the creature not ended up at the De Lacey's cottage, do you think he would've been as smart as he is?

Victor is physically feeling pain because he knows he is responsible for William's death. This extreme agony is an element of a gothic novel, and ties into the responsibility motif, as he severely lacks it.

Would Justine have not been executed for William's death if Victor came forward with what he had done?

Discussion: Throughout the novel Victor struggles with his mental health and contemplating suicide. Why do you think he didn't resort back to this thinking when he went after the monster in the end?

Impetuous-acting or done quickly and without thought or care.

Discussion: To what extent do you think the allusions and excerpts to other literary works help develop the themes of the novel? Do you think that Shelley could have conveyed all these ideas without these allusions?

Here the creature is overcome with a mix of emotions. He finally revealed himself to the family in the cottage, and they were mortified of him. The monster being overcome with these dark emotions is an element of a gothic novel, and ties into the isolation motif, as he can not find companionship.

What would change if the De Lacey family welcomed him?

Syndic-a government official in various countries.

Here Victor is witnessing the supernatural ability of his creation. This supernatural element is a characteristic of a gothic novel, and ties into the nature motif as we see the extent of what it can do.

What else do you think the monster is capable of?