Most likely any human activity that will increase the concentration of carbon dioxide will cause ocean acidification. Burning of fossil fuels, industrialization, land-use change, and improper trash disposal are some examples of human activity that will increase carbon dioxide (Conserve Energy Future, n.d.).

"A substantial reduction of greenhouse gas emissions would reduce climate-driven ocean changes and significantly reduce risk to fisheries."
Modeling studies demonstrate that climate-ready, ecosystem-based fisheries management can help mitigate the effects of some projected changes and boost resilience in changing environments. There is now a national policy for incorporating climate information into fisheries decision-making, and the North Pacific Fishery Management Council is now directly incorporating ocean conditions and climate forecasts into its planning and decision-making (Union of Concerned Scientists, n.d.).

A small change in pH will disrupt marine life's chemical communication, reproduction, and growth, and may potentially lead to extinction, such as the large acidification of exterminated mass species in the sea 55 million years ago (Bennett, 2018).

Coral reefs - The Philippines is also the third most coral-rich region in the world.  Coral reefs are "sea rainforests," where fish and other marine species gather food, reproduce, and nurse their young (NOAA, 2019). Coral reefs support 25% of the ocean's fish population. Its growth is hampered by ocean acidification because it cannot grow in acidic water. A prediction is made that by 2080, healthy coral reefs will be deteriorating at a faster rate than they can be replenished (Bennett, 2018).

Oysters, mussels, urchins, and starfish - Because they require high-magnesium calcite, a calcium carbonate that dissolves speedily in an acidic environment, it is problematic for these shelled species to develop their shells (Bennett, 2018). Mussels and oysters are forecasted to decline by 25% and 10% by the end of the century, respectively, because the environment makes it difficult for them to grow strong shells to defend themselves from ocean acidification and being eaten or squished (Bennett, 2018).

Zooplankton - These tiny drifting animals play an important role in the ocean food chain; almost all larger life eats zooplankton; additionally, these animals will build calcium carbonate shells, which they will carry to the seafloor and deposit as rock or sediment after they die; this is an important way of reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Bennett, 2018). Unfortunately, due to ocean acidification, their shells dissolve quickly, making it difficult for them to survive, and foraminifera, a form of zooplankton found in tropical places, may become extinct by the end of the century (Bennett, 2018).

Fish - If the pH level drops, the fish may get acidosis. Although the fishes can adjust to their surroundings, they will need to expend more energy. If more energy is expended to combat acidosis, fishes may expend less energy digesting food, moving quickly to avoid predators or catch food, and reproducing. Also, the acidic environment harms fishes' brains which could result in terminal paralyzation of fishes (Bennett, 2018). 

Human - The consequences of ocean acidification on marine life will be felt by humans; as marine life declines, the marine food chain and human food supply will be disrupted (CoastAdapt, 2017). Furthermore, global warming will worsen at an exponential rate which would cause strong and heavy monsoons as the reef's protection weakens (NOAA, 2019).

The Philippines can continue to minimize plastic trash and its effects on our ocean, cities, and communities by focusing on local solutions and collaboration. CCBO is now looking for local grantee partners and accepting concept papers from organizations in the Philippines interested in and qualified to develop locally-led solutions that complement the program goals.

A good opportunity is having a project that gives information about ocean acidification and also their willingness to help in trash leakage in the ocean. That would need to be focused on the LGAs, especially those who were in local MPAs, should help in collecting trash in the ocean as well as practicing proper disposal by themselves. By doing so, there will be less trash created and present in the ocean.

Galarpe (2017) has stated in his research, Review on the Impacts of Waste Disposal Sites in the Philippines, that the factors which cause ineffective RA 9003 were:

In addition, Harvey et al. (2020) said that plastic bottles submerged in the water for three weeks will construct more harmful bacteria and will contribute to ocean acidification. From the study, the scientist submerged the plastic bottle in the Shikine, a Japanese island close to carbon dioxide seeps for three weeks and found out the bacterial diversity is twice compared to the bacterial diversity in the surrounding sea. The increased bacteria are the cause of disease on coral reefs and these bacteria squeeze out the living space of the bacteria that had a great impact on carbon cycling. These plastics cause coral bleaching, which reduces the number of starfish, sea urchins, and turtles without coral, and a dramatic decline in seafloor life as ocean acidification weakens and reduces the number of crustaceans' shells, which disrupts the food web.

The Philippines' plastic market is worth more than 1283.71 million US dollars (2016), with a compound annual growth rate of 6.11 percent (forecast for the period 2018-2023). Packaging trash accounts for about 48 percent of all plastic used in 2017 and is a major contributor to marine litter and plastic pollution. The local government entity is primarily in charge of solid garbage collection (LGU). Local governments in many parts of the country lack access to garbage collection and recycling services. Inefficient collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal systems, when they exist, have a negative impact on wastewater and drainage systems, resulting in marine litter and plastic pollution (SEA circular, n.d.).

Moreover, according to the World Bank (2021), there were approximately 2.7 million tons of plastic waste each year and an estimated 20% were thrown in the ocean. Hence, the Philippines' coastal populations, as well as the fishing, shipping, and tourist sectors, are particularly exposed to the effects of marine debris.

Sanitary landfills are a form of disposal site where rubbish is kept apart from the environment, typically by burying it in a big pit coated with thick plastic or a layer of clay. It may also include a network of pipelines to prevent liquids produced by waste from seeping into the ground. However, hygienic landfills are expensive to build. Local governments in the Philippines frequently lack either the political will or the funding to build such facilities.

The RA 9003 and National Protected Areas should further be improved. Implementing these kinds of policies should be strictly regulated and monitored. From the studies, the local MPAs were not aware of the government, and the trash disposal of local communities was not transparent hence causing unawareness of trash disposal in the oceans. 

               In some diving resorts in our country, they attract foreign guests, and their marketing is to invite them to monitor and help us plant corals. But the problem is they don’t have the permit to monitor the sea. This kind of business may be profitable, but it requires a large enterprise. In some countries their government is investing on marine development and it’s easier to establish related businesses and the technologies are buyable. They even received subsidies from the government. It may be more profitable if the government gives subsidies like lower taxes. In coral reef planting we need technologies to help lay eggs and take care of these eggs until they grow. One way can be monitoring baby corals however technologies in this area are not yet matured and can’t build a business over it. Some researchers are collaborating with the government to improve the environmental laws to establish legal frameworks.  Technology solutions are too expensive and immature. The best solution is to do business that helps municipal governments monitor and manage their marine ecosystem. For example, a small startup based on Makati, it is a startup with some technologies in the Philippines with local scientists and they help coral reefs mapping.

         Petron, the oil company, is sponsoring scholars on marine courses to increase more professionals in this area. They also work with scientists to further understand the coral reefs. There are a lot of efforts to educate people and it's not being done by businesses but essentially, they are being financed by businesses as part of their corporate society responsibility. Other big companies like Shell, National Oil Corporation and Chevron they drill in Palawan, and they get natural gas and transport to the waters of Mindoro and to the province of Batangas. Then other companies build power generating plants. They are producing power generators using waters of the Philippines.

To encourage the use of recycled plastic, the United Kingdom has implemented a plastic packaging tax. If a plastic packaging in the UK contains less than 30% recycled plastic content, a tax of £200 per metric tonne is imposed (Macleod et al., 2022). The EU has also implemented the Single-Use Plastics Directive in order to restrict the use of single-use plastics, which contribute to plastic pollution (TOMRA , 2021). Article 6 of the Directive on Single-Use Plastics mandates that PET beverage bottles must have 25% recycled material by 2025, and 30% recycled content by 2030 (TOMRA , 2021).

Some are reusable, while others create dangerous waste after several uses. Some materials are easily recyclable, while others require more complex and delicate processing throughout the recycling process. 

PET is mostly used for food and beverage packaging because of its excellent ability to keep oxygen from entering and ruining the contents. It also prevents carbon dioxide from escaping from carbonated beverages. Despite the fact that PET is most likely to be cleaned up by recycling systems, it includes antimony trioxide, a carcinogen capable of causing cancer in live tissues.

HDPE features long, nearly unbranched polymer chains, making it very dense and, as a result, stronger and thicker than PET. Grocery bags, opaque milk, juice containers, shampoo bottles, and prescription bottles are all made of HDPE. HDPE is not only recyclable, but it is also more stable than PET. Although some studies have indicated that when exposed to UV light, it can leak estrogen-mimicking added compounds that can affect the human hormonal system, it is regarded as a safer alternative for food and drink usage.

Toys, blister wrap, cling wrap, detergent bottles, loose-leaf binders, blood bags, and medical tubing are all made of VC. PVC, or vinyl, was formerly the world's second most frequently used plastic resin until its manufacturing and disposal processes were discovered to be the source of major health concerns and environmental degradation. PVC is regarded as the most harmful material in terms of toxicity. It may leach a range of harmful compounds, including bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, lead, dioxins, mercury, and cadmium, depending on how it is used.

This form of plastic has the simplest chemical structure of any plastic polymer, making it exceedingly simple and inexpensive to produce. LDPE polymers include extensive chain branching, including lengthy side chains, resulting in a less dense and crystalline (structurally ordered) polyethylene that is usually thinner and more flexible.Bags (grocery, dry cleaning, bread, frozen food bags, newspapers, waste), plastic wraps; coatings for paper milk cartons and hot & cold beverage cups; certain squeezable bottles (honey, mustard), food storage containers, and container lids are among the most common uses for LDPE. Also used to wrap wires and cables.

Polystyrene (PS) is the styrofoam that we all know and love in things like food containers, egg cartons, throwaway cups and bowls, packaging, and bike helmets. PS may leak styrene, a toxicant to the brain and neurological system, when exposed to hot and greasy foods. It may also have an impact on genes, the lungs, the liver, and the immune system. PS also has a low recycling rate, which adds to the dangers.

All plastics other than those listed in numbers 1-6, as well as plastics that may be layered or blended with other types of plastics, such as bioplastics, are classified as number 7. The most popular material in this category, polycarbonate (PC), hasn't been used as much in recent years due to its link to bisphenol A. (BPA). Lexan, Makrolon, and Makroclear are some of the other names for PC. PC is commonly found in infant bottles, sippy cups, water bottles, gallon water bottles, metal food can liners, ketchup containers, and dental sealants. Several nations have outlawed the use of PC in baby bottles and infant formula packaging due to its toxicity.

https://waste4change.com 

Galarpe (2017) has stated in his research, Review on the Impacts of Waste Disposal Sites in the Philippines, that the factors which causes ineffective RA 9003 was:

According to Fernandez (2020), approximately 70% of the population in the Philippines has no access to disposal facilities and sanitary landfills. This causes irresponsible trash haulers to throw it in the ocean. Based on interviews with local government officials and environmental groups, the study discovered that waste leakage occurs often in the Philippines during rubbish transfer from collection locations (households, village material recovery facilities) to disposal sites.

The research notably mentions the open dump in Dagupan City, Pangasinan, which is located right on the shore. Local governments frequently choose to locate dump sites near rivers for budgetary reasons. "Land next to rivers tends to be cheaper than in other regions of the country, and garbage will be washed away by severe rains or currents on an infrequent basis, rejuvenating the ability of the dump site to take more waste," according to the report. 

Sanitary landfills are a form of disposal site where rubbish is kept apart from the environment, typically by burying it in a big pit coated with thick plastic or a layer of clay. It may also include a network of pipelines to prevent liquids produced by waste from seeping into the ground. However, hygienic landfills are expensive to build. Local governments in the Philippines frequently lack either the political will or the funding to build such facilities.

Although as early as 1992 through the promote secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Alcala the National Integrated Protected Area Systems (NIPAS) Act was take into force it give legal protection to three marine seascapes. But the follow up action, Expanded National Integrated Protected Area Systems (E-NIPAS) which increased the marine protected area to 32 with the addition of Apo Island, was issued after 26 later. Also the budget of NIPAS and E-NIPAS is deeply depends from the tourism receipts and the degree of political priorities, and due to the slow progress of Phillippine government in legislative government-managed MPAs it can said that legal protection to marine seascapes’ has low political priority. And due to the effect of COVID-19 the fund from tourism is straightly decline.

https://news.mongabay.com/2021/06/with-growing-pressures-can-the-philippines-sustain-its-marine-reserves/ 

The RA 9003 provides a mandate and framework for solid waste management in the Philippines. However, 14 years later, government numbers are pessimistic. There are just 139 functioning sanitary landfills serving 308 of the country's 1,634 local government units, while at least 425 illegal dumpsites are in operation throughout the country. RA 9003 also requires that every town or cluster of villages establish a materials recovery facility (MRF) where biodegradable trash is transformed into fertilizer, recyclable garbage is recovered or sold to junk shops, and residual waste is collected for transportation to sanitary landfills. However, according to official data from last year, just 24% of the country's 42,036 communities have active MRFs.

Integrate vast ecoregions or ecosystems into current governance and management systems by enacting new legislation or policies: To balance production and conservation, as well as harvesting and restoration, agencies must be strengthened and players must be properly coordinated. Efforts will have to include monitoring and effect evaluations (Oceana, n.d.).

Some are reusable, while others create dangerous waste after several uses. Some materials are easily recyclable, while others require more complex and delicate processing throughout the recycling process. 

PET is mostly used for food and beverage packaging because of its excellent ability to keep oxygen from entering and ruining the contents. It also prevents carbon dioxide from escaping from carbonated beverages. Despite the fact that PET is most likely to be cleaned up by recycling systems, it includes antimony trioxide, a carcinogen capable of causing cancer in live tissues.

HDPE features long, nearly unbranched polymer chains, making it very dense and, as a result, stronger and thicker than PET. Grocery bags, opaque milk, juice containers, shampoo bottles, and prescription bottles are all made of HDPE. HDPE is not only recyclable, but it is also more stable than PET. Although some studies have indicated that when exposed to UV light, it can leak estrogen-mimicking added compounds that can affect the human hormonal system, it is regarded as a safer alternative for food and drink usage.

Toys, blister wrap, cling wrap, detergent bottles, loose-leaf binders, blood bags, and medical tubing are all made of VC. PVC, or vinyl, was formerly the world's second most frequently used plastic resin until its manufacturing and disposal processes were discovered to be the source of major health concerns and environmental degradation. PVC is regarded as the most harmful material in terms of toxicity. It may leach a range of harmful compounds, including bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, lead, dioxins, mercury, and cadmium, depending on how it is used.

This form of plastic has the simplest chemical structure of any plastic polymer, making it exceedingly simple and inexpensive to produce. LDPE polymers include extensive chain branching, including lengthy side chains, resulting in a less dense and crystalline (structurally ordered) polyethylene that is usually thinner and more flexible. Bags (grocery, dry cleaning, bread, frozen food bags, newspapers, waste), plastic wraps; coatings for paper milk cartons and hot & cold beverage cups; certain squeezable bottles (honey, mustard), food storage containers, and container lids are among the most common uses for LDPE. Also used to wrap wires and cables.

Polystyrene (PS) is the styrofoam that we all know and love in things like food containers, egg cartons, throwaway cups and bowls, packaging, and bike helmets. PS may leak styrene, a toxicant to the brain and neurological system, when exposed to hot and greasy foods. It may also have an impact on genes, the lungs, the liver, and the immune system. PS also has a low recycling rate, which adds to the dangers.

All plastics other than those listed in numbers 1-6, as well as plastics that may be layered or blended with other types of plastics, such as bioplastics, are classified as number 7. The most popular material in this category, polycarbonate (PC), hasn't been used as much in recent years due to its link to bisphenol A. (BPA). Lexan, Makrolon, and Makroclear are some of the other names for PC. PC is commonly found in infant bottles, sippy cups, water bottles, gallon water bottles, metal food can liners, ketchup containers, and dental sealants. Several nations have outlawed the use of PC in baby bottles and infant formula packaging due to its toxicity (Waste4Change).

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