• Mesoamerica (Southern Mexico and Northern Central America)
• The Andes of South America 
• Southwest Asia (including the "Fertile Crescent 
• The Sahel region and Ethiopian highlands of Africa 
• China 
• Southeast Asia 

• Support a larger number of plant species and, therefore, a greater variety of crops.
• Increase ecosystem productivity; each species in an ecosystem has a specific niche—a role to play.
• Protect freshwater resources.
• Promote soils formation and protection.
• Provide for nutrient storage and recycling.
• Aid in breaking down pollutants.
• Contribute to climate stability.
• Speed recovery from natural disasters.
• Provide more food resources.
• Provide more medicinal resources and pharmaceutical drugs.
• Offer environments for recreation and tourism.

• It may be quicker and more economical than asexual propagation.
• It may result in new cultivars and vigorous hybrids.
• For some plants, it may be the only means of propagation.
• It provides a way to avoid transmission of particular diseases, such as viruses.
• It maintains genetic variation, which increases the potential for plants to adapt to environmental pressures

• sustainability through use of uncultivable land for food production
• protein sources that cannot be used by humans into highly nutritious animal-sourced food
• generating income and supporting livelihoods of millions of people

•  A centre of origin (or centre of diversity) is a geographical area where a group of organisms.
• They are also considered centers of diversity. Centers of origin were first identified in 1924 by Nikolai Vavilov.
• The origin of cultivated wheat is located in the Ancient Mediterranean.

• Germplasm is living tissue from which new plants can be grown.
• Germplasm contains the information for a species' genetic makeup.
• Several kinds of germplasm collections have evolved over the years in response to particular needs.

• Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the variety of life on earth. 
• It comprises variability within species, among species, and of ecosystems.
• Biodiversity provides functioning ecosystems that supply oxygen, clean air and water, pollination of plants, pest control, wastewater treatment and many ecosystem services.
• Many recreational pursuits rely on our unique biodiversity.

• Tissue culture is the name given to the in vitro method of cultivating cells, organs, and tissues (whether animal or plant) with a nutrient solution in stringent lab conditions 
• Another name that refers to tissue culture may be sterile culture.
• We are able to raise new plants outside of the original host body. The artificial medium is usually gathered from the tips of shoots and roots as well as minuscule parts of the seed, callus, ovule, cell, pollen grain, or embryo.
• began in 1832 when a man by the name of Theodor Schwann presented the crazy idea that you can grow cells outside of an original host body
• Wilhelm Roux proved the theory in 1835. Roux successfully performed the culture of embryonic chicken cells by using salt solution as his medium
• In 1907, Ross Granville Harrison, an American zoologist, was able to culture the nerve cells from a frog in solidified lymph. Because of his contributions to the tissue culture method, Harrison now has the title of Father.
• In 1929, the first organ culture was successfully performed in England by a fellow named D.H Fell.
• Gottlieb Haberlandt, a German Botanist, made the first attempt to use the in vitro method when grow plant tissues

• the increased production of food for human consumption
• the opening of commercially viable business opportunities
• the creation of employment, especially in rural areas
• increased national exports
• the substitution of imports by local production

• the propagation of invasive species
• threat to coastal ecosystem
• contaminates water and threatens health
• affect wild fish population
• harmful effect on the local envirionment

• the increased production of food for human consumption;
• the opening of commercially viable business opportunities;
• the creation of employment, especially in rural areas;
• increased national exports
• the substitution of imports by local production.

• Agriculture generally means growing and/or raising of crops and livestock 
 • marketing encompasses a series of activities involved in moving the goods from the point of production

Importance of Agricultural Marketing

1. Optimization of Resource use and Output Management
2. Increase in Farm Income
3. Widening of Markets
4. Growth of Agro-based Industries
5. Price Signals 

Difference in marketing agricultural and manufactured products

• Improve modern and precise agriculture practices that hold the potential in creating a change and expanding its variety
• To achieve a circular-economy approach which is zero waste by maximizing the uses of parts or ingredients from the crops. For example, people use empty fruit bunches to create biofuel pellets, an alternative to charcoal or to produce plywood and fiber mats
• Boost economy and revenue in Malaysia by exporting crops to other countries and leads to a reduction in poverty rate and at the same time, increase the value of ringgit.
• Increase the productivity of the crop through technology and thus reduce the dependency on foreign labor
• Encourage farmers to utilize idle agriculture lands and make use of them to bring the most desirable effect in agriculture without deforestation
• Decline the needs of importing foods and other goods
• Strengthen the competitiveness of Malaysian agriculture

• Humans invented agriculture between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago.
• Humans invented agriculture between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago.
• Agricultural communities developed approximately 10,000 years ago when humans began to domesticate plants and animals.

• The main food crop, rice, is grown on small farms.
• Rubber and palm oil are the dominant cash crops.
• The extensive forests of both Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia are heavily exploited for their timber.

What is palm oil used for?

• 
  Consumer retail food and snack manufacturers
  
  
• 
  Personal care and cosmetics (mainly palm kernel oil)
  
  
• 
  Biofuel and energy 
  
  
• 
  Animal feed (palm kernel expeller)
  
  
• 
  Pharmaceutical 
  
  
• 
  Industrial 
  
  
• 
  Foodservice/service industry