irrigation -  method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

Sumer – a city in Mesopotamia

Deity – god or goddess
Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips

Dynasty – a line of rulers from one family
Irrigation - method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament 

Covenant – agreement
Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

 the pharaoh to let the Israelites go. When the Pharaoh refused to release the Israelites God sent 10 plagues upon Egypt. God partd the Sea to let the Israelites through then closed it when the pharos army tried to go across.

Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

concept & symbol for zero, and explained infinity.

Aristocrat – noble whose wealth came from land ownership

Pictograph – a character that stands for an object
Ideograph – a character that joins two or more pictographs to represent an idea

Bureaucracy – a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

Agora- an open area that served as both a market and a meeting place

Direct Democracy-Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them

Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events

 They had reading, writing, arithmetic, sports & music for boys.

Girls stayed home and did chores. While on the other hand Sparta focused on military skills to control the people they conquered.

Boys and men trained for war and were in the army for a number of years.  They would never surrender.Girls trained in sports.

Plato-student of Socrates. In Plato’s Republic, describes the best government which is headed by philosopher-kings. 

Aristotle- Plato’s student. He will write the book, Politics, and want to find the best form of government. His ideas shaped European and American government.

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome

veto- to reject

(Or a savior)

Disciple-close follower of Jesus
Resurrection-the act of rising from the dead

Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus
Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven

oasis- green area in a desert fed by underground water. 

Quran- holy book of Islam. 

mosque- Muslim house of worship. 

bazaar- marketplace. 

shrine - holy place

samurai - class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land
shogun - military general over a large area of feudal Japan

daimyo - powerful military lord over small territories in feudal Japan

feudalism- political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords & vassals

vassal- in feudalism, a noble who held land from & served a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection

fief- under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service & loyalty
knight- in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback

 Humanism- way of understanding the world that was based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans,a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith 

Reformation- a religious movement that created a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism 

Indulgence - pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness, of sin

Denomination- branches of Christianity