The French Revolution was a political revolution.
The bourgeoisie was the Enlightenment, people with none privileges, to promote the revolution. They start to be rich with work.

In 1780 there was an economy crisis in French and the king want that the clergy and the nobility pay for it. In 14th of July 1789 the poblation of Paris enter the Bastil. In 1790 the king was decapitated and three years later they introduced the first declaration of the Rights of man and of the citizen.

It started in the UK because there were colonies (cotton, that substituted the wool), it was an island, it was a constitutional monarchy, and it were COAL (mineral coal, that it was more calorific power) and there had a revolutionary machine, the steam engine from James Watt.

The social classes of the society change. The privileges despaired, and the Bourgeoisie was on the top of the pyramid and the other was the worker class.

There are 2 political parties,"torn de parties". The conservative parties and the liberal parties. They manipulated the elections.

In 1898 the population saw that the elections were manipulated.

In the dictatorship of M. Primo de Rivera was supported by the King Alfonso XIII. They were inspirited by Mussolini and V. Manuel III.

In 1898, Spain lost Cuba, Puertorico and Filipinas and then sell the GUAM islands to Germany.

In 1868-1878 there was the 1st war in Cuba with Spain, and it ends with a pact.

The Carlism is an absolutism Catholicism old regime, a right ideology.

The Carlism don't believe of the liberalism, the constitution and the powers (the bible).

It is a traditionalism, it's supported by the nobility and the town.

The Republicanism want that the monarchy despair, and they want the republic.

Supported by the medium, medium low class.

1. Carlism

2. Republicanism

3. Lerrouxism: was ideated by Alejandro Lerroux, they don't want the church, and they riot it, and they don't want the Catholics.

4. Socialism: they want political parties, trade unions and revolution state. But they want, with anarchism, to destroy social classes to create a freedom and equality society, and they don't want private properties. And they want a revolution.

5. Anarchism: They want trade unions, but they don't want an authority, political parties and a state.

6. Catalanism: They are nationalism, they don't want an empire. They are a Nation-State in the XIX century, led for Enric Prat de la Riba and Josep Puig i Cadafalch.

Catalonia claim more political power.

There are trade unions.

1. UGT: "Unió General de Treballadors" there are Socialists and there are a majority union in the north of Spain and in Madrid.

2. CNT: "Confedaració nacional del treball" there are Anarchists and there are a majority union in Andalusia and Catalonia.

The Liceu is the most important theater in Spain.

A terrorist throw 2 orsini bombs to the main floor from the chicken coop. Died more than twenty people.

In Barcelona there was an important anarchist nest calling "Rosa de foc".

CU-CUT, was a very important and famous newspaper in Catalonia.

But it was destruct for the jurisdiction law.

In 1907 - 1927, Spain was in war with Rid, a zone in Morocco.

I Spain, the people were obligate to go to the war, and the men died for the conditions and not for the war.

For this reason, there was a revolt in the port. Anticlericalism, against the church.

They take advantage of the revolt to kill Francesc Ferrer in the Castle of Monjuic.

In 1956, Morocco isn't Franco-Español.

Russian is an absolute monarchy.

Lenin is the leader of the Russian Revolution.

Russia change to USSR, Soviet Republic Unions.

This effect to all Europe, is possible to create a communist country.

There was a strike, and thanks to that, is universalized the 8 work hours.

Salvador Seguí was killed for shots in the streets of Barcelona.

All the political power in Madrid.

Exist the provinces, but they don't have political power, however, they have province council with a budget for each one.

Catalanism get the Commonwealth, and any province can collaborate to any other.

All the provinces collaborate between them with the budget to improve x things.

Presidents:

• 1914 - 1917: Enric Prat de la Riba

• 1917 - 1923: Josep Puig i Cadafalch

• 1923 - 1925: Alfons Sala: destroy the Commonwealth.

Spain, France and Germany, want to occupy Africa and Asian territory.

Spain, think to occupy the North of Africa with France.

Protectorate Franco-Español.

Morocco didn't exist at that moment.

Ceuta and Melilla were divided between Spain and France.

In 1956 abandoned the territory.

1850 - 1925

Mohamed ib Abd el-Krim, leader of the tropes that lead the Rify people that fight in the war.

In 1921 there was a disaster Annual for the Spanish. 2 weeks, 10,000 dead for the war and the incompetence of the charge of the Spanish army.

Picasso file: The investigation of the responsible for the "massacre".

In 1923, the army, literate for Primo de Rivera and Alfonso XIII, did a state crack. Because the Picasso file didn't leave in the light.

Primo the Rivera and Alfonso XIII direct the direct army (1923 - 1925) and the direct civil (1925 - 1931).

Mussolini invented the Fascism with no constitutions, no political parties, no trade unions and the strikes and the demonstrations are prohibited.

Against Catalanism.

The flag copy the star and the triangle from Cuba.

Organize armies from France to cross the border to occupy Catalonia and do it independent.

Macià can't do it, and they judge him in France.

Francesc Macià was the 1st president of the generality of Catalonia.

1936 - 1939 the civil war in Spain

1st democratic system in, absolutely, all the history of Spain.

Constitution of the 1931

• Integral state (autonomous regional governments) - generality of Catalonia.

• Universal suffrage 1933 - 1st time that the women can vote.

• Non-confessional state

• Individual rights

• Separate the church and the state

• Modernization of the Army

• Modernization of the education

• Agriculture reform

• Territorial reform - autonomous government didn't like the church, army,...

The general Sanjurjo did a state hit in 1932 without success, Sanjurjada.

July 18, 1936

A part of the army is going to do a state hit led by the generals: Mola, Sanjurjo, Godet and Franco.

115 days

They want to extend the war.

The Francoists receive help from Hitler and Mussolini.

And the Republicans receive help from the URSS (volunteers to fight).

In the Batalla de l'Ebre there were more than 30,000 dead people and 70,000 injured people.

There were two important "quintes" (generations).

• "La quinta del biberó" (the fifth of the bottle)

• "La quinta del xumet" (the fifth of the dummy)

There were many bombings in the village around of the Ebre.

The republicans were less prepared.

The day of Sant Jaume, there were bombings and died many persons.

The dictatorship of Franco was a military dictatorship.

In contempt to the democracy, an imitation of a state.

It starts the NO-DO, news of the regime that show Franco like a tireless worker. The NO-DO appeared in the beginning of the films, and that films were edited with way that they want. There are parts that didn't appear, like the kisses or thing like that.

It submission at the dictator Francisco Franco.

It negation the basic liberties: meeting, expression, association...

It was a judicial system controlled by the dictatorship. And military values: discipline, authority...

And the submission of the women.

The Catholicism defense all the Franquism.

It was aggressive and excluding Spanish nationalism, Catalan culture, Basque culture and Galician culture.

The Franco regime considers that the enemies were the liberal (politic, economic), masons, separatists, homosexuals, anarchists, communists, socialists...

Franco wanted his death extended by a few days so that he would die on the same day as Miguel Primo de Rivera's son, Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera. J. Antonio PdR died the 20th of November 1936.

"Caudillo de España, por la gracia de dios"

Fascism, collaborationism, autarky and isolationism.

There was a meeting between Mussolini and Franco, in Hendaya, in 1940, to discuss if Franco enter II World War or not. They wanted to recover Gibraltar and North Africa, which were French possessions.

Serrano Suñer was Franco's brother-in-law, who was more Nazi than Franco himself. He organized the Hendaya meeting, where Mussolini got along better with Suñer than with Franco.

1951 - 1959

End of the isolationism and it approaches to EUA.

1959 - 1975

The years of developmentism.

Tardofranquisme (late Francoism).

Economic development.

In the beginning, Spain was neutral.

Then, was non-belligerent, collaborate but didn't fight.

And finally, when the things went wrong, was neutral again.

Axis power, Rome - Berlin axis

Spain didn't enter in the ONU in 1946, and in the same year, Spain condemns itself as Franco's military regime.

Franco intensifies its relationship with the Vatican and the United States.

Characteristics:

• Repression, labour purges, unemployment.

• Arrest and imprisonment in concentration camps.

• In the 1940s, 50,000 dead, 270,719 imprisoned.

People went to France because there wasn't work, and on the way, they were bombed. They were walking from many places in Spain.

For all these people who had gone to France and had been captured there and taken to Nazi execution camps, the Stolpersteine ​​were made, which were plaques with their names on them.

After the civil war, he went to France, where the Germans captured him and took him to Spain, Valencia, and killed him in Paterna in 1942.

They use physical and psychological violence.

The coeducation didn't exist, and they teach different knowledge.

The adultery was a crime for the women. If the men discovered, and he had an evidence, she was judged.

The women between 17 and 35 years that were alone or widow without children, goes to the Social Services. It was like a normal military service but for the women.

It gives an award to the family with more children and the woman that take a better care of their children.

She survived the civil war.

She was the manager of the Feminine Section.

To be homosexual was a crime, and when the police detail people, they were isolated.

They were always in their houses.

An option was to go out to Spain.

This space was created to homage to the François.

It is a big monument for the people, deads François soldiers.

Pedro Muguruza was the architect that designed the monument.

To built it, it takes 20 years.

For the labour, they ask the political prisoners to go and work in the monument or stay in the prison. If they say yes, they had 2 days less in the prison.

The exhumation of J.A. Primo de Rivera was in 2023.

In the civil war, the people that dead in the war or in execution.

There were Republicans and François.

There are 33,000 bodies in "El Valle de los Caídos". Now people are searching information of them.

There are 2,500–100,000 graves.

The food were controlled by the rationing cards. This rationing generate the black market.

The people of the black market were called ESTRAPERLO, this people were people that came to the field.

There were problems to search homes. The people that came to the field life outside the city and towns, (like the Llantia, Cerdanyola, ...)

The Falange remains on the sidelines of the Regime.

The Tacnòcretes or Opus Dei were people that had a lot of children and a lot of money, they know about economy.

In 1959, they started to reestablish the plan of the economy.

The price of the market went down.

In the 60s, appeared the first technologies: TV, motorbikes, ...

There were emigration of workers because they didn't have job. They went to France, Germany, Belgium and send money to their families.

The industry went up and they sell foreign industries. With that, it went up the tourism.

France put the exiled people in concentration camps.

The maternity of Elna was a building that accept pregnant women to give birth with a minimum conditions.

The Republicans collaborated to fight against the Nazis.

He packed with the Nazi Germany that the Spanish people that were in France weren't their responsibilities. With an exception for the people that are from the politic, that they were transport to Spain to be executed.

There were people that were called "Talps" that were people that were hidden for a long time because they were searched.

Then there were army groups that did actions against the civil guard and the army. They were called "Maquis", that live in the mountains.

He was more Nazi than Franco.

He was the organizer of the meeting in Hendaya.

Mussolini has a better relation with Suñer than with Franco.

The most important action was an attempt to enter to Catalonia for Vall d'Aran to do a territory occupation in 1944.

In the 50s, there were fewer people with them.

Before Franco dies, in June 1973 the power of the government goes to Carrero Blanco.

When Carrero Blanco dead, the new president was Carlos Arias Navarro.

The Arabian countries, with the support with Palestine, didn't send oil to Spain.

It were more movements anti-Franco, labour movement, students, augment. The churches collaborated and hosted clandestine meetings because the police could not enter the churches. These meetings were assemblies of Catalonia (Freedom, Amnesty and Statute of Autonomy), 1971 and democratic juntas, 1974, where anyone could enter.

In Portugal were a dictator that help Franco during the civil war, Antonio Salazar.

The 22 of November 1975, Juan Carlos de Bobón y Borbón was proclaimed the king of Spain.

Franco wants that when he was dead nothing changes.

In December 1973, ETA put a bomb in the sewage system, and they blew it up when Carrero Blanco pass with his car in the street.

He was a stagnant.

The 22 of July 1969, it was the presentation of Juan Carlo like the successor of Franco.

And the 22 of November 1975, he was proclaimed the king of Spain. He swears the principles of the transition movement in the Corte de Procuradores, nowadays, Congrés dels Diputats.

He was reformist.

One of their terrorist attack, was the Hiper Cor, a bomb in a supermarket.

There was a process that was called "El procés de Burgos" in December 1970. This process was a trial against the militants of the ETA. There were 16 militants captured and 6 of them were condemned to death penalty, but finally to life sentence.

The decolonization of the Sahara was in 1965.

When these territories were decolonized, those living there did not know if they were Spanish or from Guinea or the Sahara.

The person that was executed was Salvador Puig i Antich, an anarchist. He was convicted of causing the death of a member of the Civil Guard during a demonstration. The family continues to claim that the guard died from bullets fired by fellow Civil Guard members and anarchists.

1982 / 1986, end of the Transition.

In 1982 were the general elections, won the "partido socialista obrero Español" (PSOE) and in 1986 Spain enter to the CEE, "Comunitat Europea Economica", now the UE, "Unió Europea".

The Transition was a transition from the dictatorship to a democratic constitutional monarchy.

The November 1976, the law of politic reform was accepted.

The attorney accepted with the condition that the king can't be touch and nobody can't demand anything from the past.

The General Gutierrez Mollado was the vice president.

During this period of time they did a lot of Referendums, votes where the answer is yes or no.

The poblation can vote: men, women, more than 21 years old, votes as they were agreed or not to begin the transition.

General Spanish elections, the 15 of June 1977. The April of the same year, was the legalization of PCE, Partido Comunista Español. The political parties that appeared like a republic can't participate in the election.

He was reformist.

His political party was UCD, Union de Centro Democrático.

He resigns the 29 of January 1981.

• UCD

• PSOE - Felipe Gonzalez - (the winner of the election of 1982)

• AP - Manuel Fraga - Alianza Polular, now PP, very conservative, but not fascist

• PCE - Santiago Carrillo

• In Catalonia were a lot of parties nationalists and of lefts.

Suárez pact with Tarradelles to return to Spain with the condition that he can't be questioning the king.

Josep Tarradellas return to the generality of Catalonia.

Spanish constitution in the 06 of December 1978, it did a referendum again, and it turns out yes.

Approval of the autonomy statute, 25 of October 1979.

Autonomic elections of Catalonia, 20 of March 1980.

Jordi Pujol won the elections and was president of the Generalitat with the political party Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya from 1980 to 2003.

Adolfo Suárez won an election in 1977.

1979, it were general elections and Adolfo Suárez had it hard.

When Adolfo Suárez resign, people say that Suárez knows something about the coup attempt of 23-F.

The deputies and the entire Government of Spain were kidnapped inside. The city of Valencia was occupied militarily. Two thousand men and fifty tanks were deployed in the streets of the city. At one in the morning on February 24, King Juan Carlos I, dressed in the uniform of Captain General of the Army, addressed the nation on television to stand against the coup plotters and order that the units of Valencia return.

They did a lot of changes in the army and there were a lot of modernization in Spain.

The Moroccan Crisis of March 1905, also known as the Tangier Crisis, was a significant diplomatic incident that began with Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany's visit to Tangier on March 31, 1905. This visit, where he declared his support for Moroccan independence, directly challenged France's growing influence in the region and sparked a diplomatic standoff between Germany and France. 

The Balkan Wars, a conflict that lasted from 1912 to 1913, was a series of two wars on the Balkan Peninsula involving the Balkan states and the Ottoman Empire. The First Balkan War (1912-1913) began when the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro) declared war on the Ottoman Empire, seeking to expel Ottoman rule. The Second Balkan War (1913) arose due to territorial disputes between the allies of the First War, especially between Bulgaria and its allies, culminating in the defeat of Bulgaria.

The heir of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was Francesc Ferran.

Francesc Ferran visits the city of Sarajevo and is assassinated. They accuse Cervià and declare war on him because of the military alliances formed.

German military plan. The plan was to advance along the western front (France) from Belgium, used as a gateway.

The First Battle of the Marne, a pivotal battle of World War I, was an Allied offensive fought September 6-12, 1914, in France near the Marne River. The battle culminated in a German retreat, saving Paris from occupation and marking the beginning of trench warfare.

The invasion of Gallipoli in 1915 was a major World War I campaign where Allied forces, including Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain, attempted to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula from the Ottoman Empire. The campaign, which began on April 25, 1915, aimed to force the Dardanelles Strait and take Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), relieving pressure on Russia

The genocide against the Armenian people, also called the Armenian Holocaust, or Great Crime, was the forced deportation and attempted extermination of Armenian culture.

The Battle of Verdun, a pivotal engagement of World War I, took place in France. It was a prolonged and brutal battle, known for its immense casualties and strategic importance. The Germans aimed to bleed the French army, while the French fiercely defended their symbolic stronghold

The United States entered World War I, when Congress officially declared war on Germany. This decision followed a series of events, including German unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram, that shifted American public opinion toward intervention. Initially, the U.S. maintained a policy of neutrality under President Woodrow Wilson. However, the sinking of the Lusitania and other American merchant ships by German U-boats, along with the exposure of the Zimmerman Telegram, a coded message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance, pushed the U.S. into the war on the side of the Allied powers.

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, along with his wife Alexandra Feodorovna and their five children, was executed by Bolshevik revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg. The execution was carried out by a firing squad, and the entire family, including members of their imperial entourage, were also killed. The bodies were later mutilated and buried to prevent identification

The Balfour Declaration was a 1917 public statement by the British government expressing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. This declaration, penned by Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour and addressed to Lionel Walter Rothschild, aimed to secure Jewish support for Britain during World War I. While the declaration was intended to be a positive step for the Jewish people, it also sparked controversy and is considered a key factor in the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. 

The Weimar Republic was the political regime in Germany between 1918 and 1933, the period after World War I and before the rise to power of the Nazi Party. This government was a democratic system established after the German Revolution and developed in an environment of great political, economic and social instability.

Wilson's Fourteen Points, a statement of principles by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918, outlined a vision for a post-World War I peace based on open diplomacy, free trade, freedom of the seas, and disarmament. The points also addressed specific territorial issues and called for the creation of a League of Nations to ensure collective security

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed on March 3, 1918, was a peace agreement between the Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire). It officially ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty resulted in significant territorial losses for Russia, including parts of Poland, the Baltic states, and Ukraine

World War One ended at 11am on 11 November, 1918. This became known as Armistice Day - the day Germany signed an armistice (an agreement for peace) which caused the fighting to stop. People in Britain, France and the countries that supported them celebrated.

The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, officially ended World War I and imposed harsh terms on Germany. It required Germany to cede territory, disarm, pay reparations, and accept responsibility for the war. The treaty also established the League of Nations, an organization aimed at preventing future wars

Happy twenties - a consumer society, many people live in big cities, in America.

It becomes popular to apply for loans from banks. The Ford Model T car began to be for working class, they could afford it. And not only for the upper class. The chain creation is created and there is more production and more personnel.

It is an era of radio, movies and jazz music. It was a time of partying, socializing more and music was accessible to everyone. People did not consider working far from home because they did not have a car at the beginning. In the car, they could commute and go to work further away.

It was a dry period, there wasn't much alcohol, there was a black market for alcohol and it carried rare mixtures.

Flappers were a group of young women in the 1920s who challenged the social and cultural norms of the time, adopting a more liberal and provocative lifestyle. They were characterized by short hair (bob cut), short dresses, wearing makeup, smoking and drinking in public, and a more relaxed attitude towards sexuality.

German hyperinflation, specifically in 1922/23, was a dramatic economic crisis in the Weimar Republic. It was characterized by an extremely rapid and uncontrolled increase in prices and a corresponding decrease in the value of the German currency, the Reichsmark. This led to a situation where prices rose so fast that money became almost worthless, requiring a wheelbarrow full of money to buy a loaf of bread.

The League of Nations was an organization for international cooperation. It was established on January 10, 1920, at the initiative of the victorious Allied powers at the end of World War I and was formally disbanded on April 19, 1946.

The "March on Rome" refers to the organized mass demonstration in October 1922 where Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party marched on the capital, Rome. This event resulted in Mussolini's appointment as Prime Minister, effectively marking the start of Fascist rule in Italy.

Adolf Hitler perpetrated the failed coup d'état against the Weimar Republic when he broke into a Munich beer hall. This act would be the trigger for Nazism in Germany 10 years later.

The Occupation of the Ruhr, from 1923 to 1925, was a significant event in post-World War I Germany where French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr industrial region. This action was a response to Germany's failure to meet reparations payments outlined in the Treaty of Versailles. The occupation led to passive resistance by German workers, crippling the region's economy and contributing to hyperinflation. The situation was eventually resolved with the Dawes Plan, which provided Germany with a more manageable reparations schedule and led to the withdrawal of occupying forces in 1925.

The Ottoman Empire, after a long period of decline and a disastrous involvement in World War I, ultimately disintegrated and was partitioned. The empire, which had been a dominant force in the region for centuries, was dismantled by treaties and the rise of nationalist movements, leading to the establishment of new nations, including Turkey.

The Republic of Turkey officially emerged on October 29, 1923, following the overthrow of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of a new republic under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who later became the first president of the Republic. The Republic was declared on that date, marking the end of the Ottoman Sultanate and the beginning of modern Turkey

The Dawes Plan was an international agreement established in 1924 to help Germany pay the war reparations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. It was primarily sponsored by the United States and led by banker Charles G. Dawes. The plan's main objective was to facilitate the payment of German reparations and ultimately stabilize the European economy.

The Locarno Pact, signed in 1925, was a series of treaties between Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy that aimed to secure the borders of Western Europe and promote peace. It involved agreements on mutual guarantees, arbitration, and sanctions against violations of the peace

Mein Kampf is the first book written by Adolf Hitler, combining autobiographical elements with an exposition of his own ideas and a manifesto of the political ideology of National Socialism. The work describes the process by which Hitler became an anti-Semite and outlines his future plans for Germany.

'29 crack - stock market - stock exchange, shares of large companies (S.A. - Ciudad Anónima). It becomes popular to buy stocks and there is a rumor that the stock market only goes up. The working class buys shares with lunch from the bank (speculative bubble). The price of stocks started to go down, people want to get rid of stocks and there is a chain reaction. There was a wealth that started to go down and people who were considered rich in the stock markets were left with nothing. There is a bank shutdown - companies, banks and ATMs close, many people are unemployed, unable to pay for their houses and start living in parks in New York.

October 24, 1929 - Black Thursday. Wall Street Stock Exchange.

The New Deal was a set of economic and social policies implemented by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the early 1930s to combat the Great Depression. It sought to revitalize the economy and reform the U.S. financial and productive system after the crash of 1929.

Hitler's emergence as chancellor on January 30, 1933, marked a crucial turning point for Germany and, ultimately, for the world. His plan, embraced by much of the German population, was to do away with politics and make Germany a powerful, unified one-party state.

There is a fire in the Reichstag, name of the parliament, and Hitler accuses communism as the cause, although it was him. With this, Hitler annulled the constitution.

The Nuremberg Laws were anti-Semitic and racist regulations enacted in Nazi Germany on September 15, 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the seventh Nazi Party congress in Nuremberg.

The Night of Broken Glass (German: Novemberpogrome 1938 or, more popularly, Kristallnacht) was a series of combined lynchings and attacks in Nazi Germany and also in Austria, during the night of November 9-10, 1938, carried out against Jewish citizens by SA storm troopers along with the civilian population, while the German authorities watched without intervening, making it the largest pogrom in history.

The Russian Revolution, a pivotal event in the 20th century, began with widespread strikes and protests in Petrograd (St. Petersburg). These demonstrations, initially focused on food shortages and the war effort, escalated into a full-blown revolution that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a provisional government. 

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician, military man and fascist dictator, leader of the National Fascist Party and the Republican Fascist Party; and president of the Council of Royal Ministers of Italy from 1922 to 1943.

He wanted to rebuild the Roman Empire. – (Spazio vitale  "living space")

Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935. Great Britain opposed to that because they used the river Nile to trade, and it starts in the mountains of Ethiopia.

Italy finally invaded Ethiopia and also Albania, the consequence was the break on the relations with Great Britain and France, and the rapprochement with Nazi Germany.

In March 1936, Hitler sent armies into the German Rhineland region (*Renania), in breach of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, which forbade sending troops to this region bordering France and Belgium.

Hirohito was the 124th emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning over the Empire of Japan from December 25, 1926 to May 2, 1947, then being emperor of the state of Japan until his death. He ascended the throne after the death of his father Yoshihito.

He sought to expand his territories at the expense of China. – (Hakkō ichiu "all the world under one roof")

Japan occupied the Chinese region of Manchuria in 1931. Both, China and Japan belonged to the League of Nations, and China appealed to it to stop the Japanese invasion, but the League of Nations couldn't stop it.

Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact (*Pacto anticomunista) against the USSR, which Italy later joined in 1940 (Tripartite Pact).

In March 1938, Germany sent troops into Austria, where there were some Nazi supporters, and annexed it without meeting any resistance and Austria became an additional province of Germany. 

This was called by Hitler the Anschluss (*connection).

Adolf Hitler, Hispanicized Adolf Hitler, was a German politician, military and dictator of Austrian origin.

He advocated the unification of all territories inhabited by German speakers. – (Lebensraum "living space") 

In Germany, Adolf Hitler was elected German Chancellor in 1933. He advocated Pan-Germanism (*Pangermanismo) or the unification of all territories inhabited by German speakers.

He rejected the national borders established in the Treaty of Versailles, and advocated territorial expansion to ensure access to raw materials. He wanted Germany to be a great and military powerful empire again (the III Reich)

Britain and France cede the Sudetenland region (*Sudetes), the German-Speaking part of Czechoslovakia, to Germany.

MARCH 1939 - Germany broke the Munich Agreement and occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia.

Germany claimed territory that it had lost to Poland following the First World War. But France and Britain had signed treaties with Poland to maintain its independence, so it was better protected than Czechoslovakia had been.

On 30 March, British Prime Minister Chamberlain indicated that they would act decisively if Germany attacked Poland, and France also joined the agreement.

Nobody expected this pact.

The pact included a secret agreement to divide Poland between the two powers. 

Hitler invaded Poland - France and Britain declared war on Germany two days later.

The war began with the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. 

The German armies conquered large parts of Poland in just over a month, while the USSR occupied the rest of the country.

Since 1940, the Germans launched a series of highly effective mobile operations known as the Blitzrieg warfare (*guerra relámpago).

They wanted to ensure access to Norwegian steel and control of the North Sea.

German troops entered Paris. France was divided in two zones: the north and the Atlantic coast occupied by Germany and the south ruled by the Vichy government who collaborated with Nazi Germany.

Hitler tried to establish aerial supremacy so that German troops could be transported across the sea. However, during the Battle of Britain, British fighter planes, assisted by radar technology, successfully resides the German air force. The Germans were unable to launch a full invasion, and responded by bombing British cities.

TWO MAIN FACTS

Germany invades the USSR (Operation Barbarossa) - The USSR changes sides

Japan attacks USA (Pearl Harbor) - USA enters the war

After Pearl Harbour and USA's entry into the war, the fortune of the Axis powers began to change. The war reached a turning point in 1942, when the Allies began a series of successful offensives.

The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval engagement between the United States and Japan during World War II, fought in the Pacific Ocean from June 3-7, 1942. This battle is considered a turning point in the war, as it crippled Japan's navy and forced them onto the defensive.

The Battle of El Alamein, a pivotal event in World War II, took place in North Africa from October 23 to November 11, 1942. This battle marked a turning point in the North African campaign, resulting in a decisive Allied victory that forced the Axis forces, primarily German and Italian, to retreat. The battle saw a prolonged and intense struggle between British and Commonwealth forces, led by General Bernard Montgomery, and the Axis forces under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.

The Battle of Stalingrad was a major engagement during World War II, fought between the Red Army of the Soviet Union and the German Wehrmacht and its Axis allies, primarily from August 1942 to February 1943. The battle was a pivotal turning point in the war, marking the beginning of Germany's decline on the Eastern Front.

The Battle of Guadalcanal was a critical six-month-long World War II campaign fought in the Solomon Islands, specifically on and around Guadalcanal, from August 1942 to February 1943. It marked a turning point in the Pacific War, with the Allies successfully pushing back the Japanese advance and establishing a foothold in the region. The battle involved intense fighting on land, at sea, and in the air, and included significant naval engagements like the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal.

D-Day was the date of the Normandy landings, one of the largest and most decisive military operations of World War II. Allied forces, led by General Eisenhower, landed on the beaches of Normandy, France, with the objective of liberating Western Europe from Nazi occupation.

The battle began when some 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. 

The Allies broke through the German defences and liberated Paris in August 1944.

The Allies continued their advances, which were accompanied by strategic bombing of German cities. Tens of thousands of civilians were killed in the bombing of cities like Hamburg and Dresden.

The Soviets occupied Berlin in April 1945 and Germany surrender.

The Pacific War went on for a few more months. Japan was surrounded and without resources, yet US President Truman decided to drop the recently invented atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (6 August 1945) and Nagasaki (9 August 1945). 

The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, marked the first and only use of nuclear weapons in the war. These bombings, ordered by the United States, caused immense devastation and a high death toll, leading to the Japanese surrender.

Japan surrenders on 2nd September and World War II had ended.

The Yalta Conference, held February 4-11, 1945, was a meeting of the leaders of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union (the “Big Three”) to discuss the post-war situation. It was held in Yalta, Crimea, and aimed to define the future of Europe and the fate of Germany after World War II.

The Potsdam Conference, held in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945, was a meeting between the leaders of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin), the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill, later Clement Attlee), and the United States (Harry Truman) to discuss the postwar world. The conference aimed to establish the terms for peace, including the occupation and reconstruction of Germany, as well as to address issues like Poland's borders and the fate of other Axis satellite states.

An international treaty that was conceived between July 1946 and February 1947, when delegates from 21 nations met in Paris to decide on peace terms for five of Germany's allies in World War II: Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland, Italy and Romania, is known as the 1947 Treaty of Paris. The resulting treaty was signed in Paris on February 10, 1947 by representatives of the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Albania and Greece, on the one side (as part of the Allies, victors in World War II), and Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland, Italy and Romania, on the other side.

Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, known as Winston Churchill, was a British politician, military man, writer and statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during World War II, and again from 1951 to 1955 on behalf of the Conservative Party.

Winston Churchill became British prime minister in 1940, and he promised not to surrender to the Germans.

Hitler always considered communism his main enemy and also he wanted to control the production of grains and oil in the Caucasus region in order to continue the war.

Therefore, once he had continental Europe under control, his forces invaded de USSR in the summer of 1941. This is called the "operation barbarossa".

Stalin change sides and ally itself with Britain and, later, USA.

However, the operation failed due to the sudden coming of winter, lack of fuel and the Soviet scorched earth tactic (*táctica de tierra quemada) a premeditated destruction of all assets in a territory before it falls into enemy hands.

263,069 Germans were killed or wounded, and 92,090 were taken prisoner, of whom only 5,000 would survive.

Japan was a militaristic power and invaded parts of south-east Asia. This caused great concern in the United States, where it was felt that North American interest in the Pacific region were in danger. 

USA reacted by imposing tough economic sanctions to Japan and demanded to withdraw their conquered territories, as well as to break the alliance with Nazi Germany.

In December 7th 1941, Japan attacked the American military base of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The attack began at 7:48 a.m. local time, and was carried out by 353 Japanese aircraft. The Americans lost 188 aircraft, 2403 Americans were killed and another 1178 were wounded. The Japanese lost 29 aircraft and five mini-submarines, and suffered 65 military casualties, both killed and wounded.

As a result, United States entered WWII on the Allied side.

• Guided Bombs : The Germans invent guided bombs.

  Atomic Bomb : The first atomic bomb were developed by the United States during World War II, in the context of the Manhattan Project, and it is the only country to have used them in combat (in 1945, against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). 

• ATOMIC BOMBS : Japan was surrounded and without resources, yet US  decided to drop atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (6 August 1945) and Nagasaki (9 August 1945). Out of a population of 250,000, 90,000 died immediately and 145,000 died months later (total: 235,000).