El Chichón Eruption of 1982 by Hannah Park https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy The worst volcanic disaster in Mexico's history. en-us 2020-12-10 17:11:22 UTC 2023-02-26 19:17:31 UTC hello@padlet.com Long Term Effects on the Environment 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007085145 The biggest long term impact from the eruption was the impact on global climate. El Chichón released a high amount of sulfur dioxide aerosols into the atmosphere from ash plumes ~7 to 10 million tons. This warmed the stratosphere by 4 degrees C and cooled the Northern Hemisphere by 0.4 degrees C. This also dramatically lowered atmospheric transmission of sunlight to the surface, causing low visibility. Today, around 40 years after the volcanic eruption, vegetation has grown back but gray ash and debris still coat several areas around the volcano. 

Content: Source 2, 4]]> 2020-12-10 17:20:14 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007085145 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007095193 The photo below shows the permanent damage on the landscape in southern Mexico from the eruption. 

Picture: Source 4 ]]> 2020-12-10 17:22:15 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007095193 Long Term Impacts on Humanity and the Economy 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007098813 The eruption caused socio-economic hardships for thousands of citizens. It was estimated that around $55 million (~$132 million today) of damage was done to crops. Coffee, cocoa and banana crops were all destroyed. Farmers were forced to move their cattle to arable land far away from the volcano. 

Content: Source 1, 2]]> 2020-12-10 17:22:56 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007098813 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007102726 The photo below captures parts of the evacuation process. 

Content: Source 7, Wendell Duffield  ]]> 2020-12-10 17:23:42 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007102726 Background 21mcmahonv https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007102999 The El Chichón Volcano is located in the State of Chiapas (17.36° N, 93.23° W) of southeastern Mexico. Indigenous Zoque Maya–related ethnic groups make up a majority of the population. El Chichón Volcano is the youngest of the Quaternary volcanoes forming within the Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc. 

The photo below shows a zoomed in map of southeastern Mexico, the location of the El Chichón Volcano.

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Picture: Source 13]]> 2020-12-10 17:23:45 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007102999 Immediate Effects on People 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007105455 El Chichón Eruption of 1982 was the most destructive volcanic disaster in Mexico's history. Because it had been over 600 years since El Chichón erupted last, people didn't realize the danger at first and didn't know what it was capable of. Citizens were caught off guard by the eruption and immediate chaos ensued. The evacuations were hastily done and left citizens confused and distraught. The eruption devastated 9 villages and killed around 2,000 people. At least 200 people were injured and tens of thousands of people were displaced after leaving their homes to evacuate. 

Content: Source 1, 2, 3]]> 2020-12-10 17:24:14 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007105455 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007108880 The photo below shows a village after the eruption. 

Photo: Source 6, Tony Burton]]> 2020-12-10 17:24:56 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007108880 El Chichón Volcano 21mcmahonv https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007109854 Current Status: Normal or dormant 
Diameter: 10 km 
Crater Width: 600 m 
Lava Domes: 1,150 m or 3,773 feet 
Typical Eruption Style: Explosion 
Dates Of Explosions: 
  • 1982
  • 1850 (Not Confirmed) 
  • 1360 ± 100
  • 1190 ± 150
  • 780 AD ± 100
  • 590 AD ± 100
  • 480 AD ± 200
  • 190 AD ± 150
  • 20 BC ± 50 
  • 700 BC ± 200
  • 1340 BC ± 150
  • 2030 BC ± 100
  • 6510 BC ± 75 years

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]]> 2020-12-10 17:25:07 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007109854 Immediate Effects on the Environment 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007111099 Ash from the eruption coated more than 24,000 square kilometers of the countryside. Due to this and the other hot volcanic material falling around the volcano, fires started nearby. The eruption created a crater that was 1 km wide by 300 m deep, and filled with an acidic lake. The explosion also caused a dam on the Rio Magdalena, a build up of volcanic debris, to collapse. It unleashed boiling hot water onto valleys, bridges and a hydroelectric station. The haze from the eruption reduced visibility yet produced vibrant sunsets. 

Content: Source 2]]> 2020-12-10 17:25:22 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007111099 Why The Eruption Occurred 21mcmahonv https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007120087 El Chichón is possibly associated with the subduction of the Cocos plate under the North American plate in a complex tectonic setting due to the geometry of the plate boundary fault system. Prior to the explosion in 1982, there was no evidence of past activity. There was possibly one explosion roughly one hundred years prior but it would have been a small explosion because there were no related deposits. It was presumed the volcano was dormant. Minor earthquakes felt during 1980-1981 but only further examined by a few geologists. Little was done to increase monitoring despite geologists warning citizens of the volcano’s danger, making the effects on people and their land much more severe.

Content: Source 8, 9 ]]> 2020-12-10 17:27:07 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007120087 21mcmahonv https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007126144 The diagram below portrays the plates involved in the eruption of the volcano; the subduction of the Cocos plate under the North American plate in a complex tectonic setting due to the geometry of the plate boundary fault system.

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]]> 2020-12-10 17:28:26 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007126144 21mcmahonv https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007129119 2020-12-10 17:29:04 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007129119 What Happened 21mcmahonv https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007136473 El Chichón's most recent eruption began on March 28, 1982. The outburst lasted roughly a week. The eruption devastated an area of about 10 km around the volcano, covering southeastern Mexico with volcanic gas clouds, extensive ash fall, surges and pyroclastic flows. The first eruption, on March 28, only lasted roughly three hours. 0.3 cubic kilometers erupted at a rate four times the intensity of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The ash and tephra that fell was 15 cm thick and traveled 20 km NE from El Chichón. Fires formed due to hot volcanic material falling on the flanks of the volcano. The volcano erupted again on April 4; the volcano was steam driven. The eruption began with a pyroclastic flow that eventually traveled over 8 km from the volcano. The deposits produced were 100 meters wide and 3 meters thick. The flow moved roughly at 100 m/s and destroyed nearly everything in it's path, including 9 villages. The pyroclastic flow was followed by two Plinian eruptions that produced plumes which reached at least 29 km. This event would inflict unimaginable damage onto the Mexican people. The 1982 eruption has been labeled the worst volcanic disaster in the recorded history of Mexico.

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Picture: Source 11 ]]> 2020-12-10 17:30:41 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007136473 21mcmahonv https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007144970 The photo below shows a zoomed in image of The El Chichón Volcano. 

Picture: Source 13 ]]> 2020-12-10 17:32:31 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007144970 21mcmahonv https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007166694 The photo below depicts the aftermath of the El Chichón eruption.

Picture: Source 16]]> 2020-12-10 17:36:57 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007166694 Sources 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007191323 1.
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035886
2.
https://www.wired.com/2012/03/looking-back-at-the-1982-eruption-of-el-chichon-in-mexico/
3.
https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.SEAN198203-341120
4.
https://www.livescience.com/31299-el-chichon-eruption-anniversary.html
5.
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36086096
6.
Tony Burton, https://geo-mexico.com/?p=6256 
7.
Wendell Duffield, https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/568/56813222002.pdf 
8.
http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0016-71692009000100003#:~:text=El%20Chich%C3%B3n's%20most%20recent%20eruption,and%20surges%20and%20pyroclastic%20flows.
9.
https://www.wired.com/2012/03/looking-back-at-the-1982-eruption-of-el-chichon-in-mexico/
10. 
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/el-chichon
11. 
https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=341120
12. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Chich%C3%B3n
13.
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chichonal/@17.7330318,-93.1666843,6.31z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x85ec50cd3fa298f3:0x8f62712b45863e85!8m2!3d17.3604112!4d-93.2294548?hl=en
14.  
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-map-of-El-Chichon-Volcano-Chiapas-Mexico-and-its-relationship-to-the-North_fig1_31435279
15.  
https://www.nps.gov/cavo/learn/nature/volcano-formation.htm
16. 
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/el-chichon
17. 
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Damage-to-small-palm-trees-caused-by-the-ashfall-of-the-March-28-1982-eruption-photo-by_fig1_26588973
]]> 2020-12-10 17:41:53 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1007191323 Background Image 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1014275522 This image captures El Chichón after it's eruptions.

Picture: Source 5 ]]> 2020-12-13 22:20:44 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1014275522 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1014323687 The photo below shows the layers and products of an active volcano, including ash clouds, magma, lava, volcanic bombs, the crater, the vent, cinder layers, the cone, and the magma chamber. 

Picture: Source 15]]> 2020-12-13 23:10:17 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1014323687 Timeline 21mcmahonv https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1014557318 Date: Before March 28th            Date: March 28th  Date: April 4th
Event: 1,700 earthquakes.           Event: First explosion Event: Second Explosion
(associated with the eruption)  Duration: 3 hours Duration: 1 week

]]> 2020-12-14 01:53:59 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1014557318 21parkh https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1014586668 The photo below shows crops that were devastated after the eruption; the low visibility is present here as well. 

Picture: Source 17]]> 2020-12-14 02:13:10 UTC https://padlet.com/21parkh/2b1hxgnj296ougpy/wish/1014586668