ART HISTORY 201 TIMELINE by Audrey Honda

Hall of the Bulls, 15,000-13,000 B.C.E.

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Stonehenge, 2100 B.C.E.

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Female Head, 3200 - 3000 B.C.E

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The Great Sphynx, 2570-2544 B.C.E

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The Queen's Megaron, 1700-1300 B.C.E.

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Hagesandrus, Polidorus and Athenodorus of Rhodes, Laocoön and His Sons, 42 - 20 B.C.E.

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Tomb of the Leopards, 480-450 B.C.E.

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Etruscan

Temple of Portunus, 80-70 B.C.E

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Doors at the Basilica of Santa Sabina, 432 A.D.

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Emperor Justinian and His Attendants, 547 A.D.

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Dome of the Rock, 690 A.D.

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St. Matthew, from the Book of Durrow, 680 A.D.

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Gislebertus, Last Judgement, 1120-1135 A.D.

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Cathedral Of Notre-Dame, Chartres, 1194 A.D.

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Altarpiece of St. Clare, 1280 A.D.

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Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Portrait, 1434 A.D.

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Chinese Horse, 15,000-13,000 B.C.E.

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Rhinoceros, Wounded Man, and Bison, 15,000-13,000 B.C.E

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found in Lascaux cave, France

Wounded Bison, 15,000-10,000 B.C.E

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found in Spain

Recess of the Bears, 30,000-28,000 B.C.E

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found in Chauvet Cave, France

Hybrid Figure with a Human Body and Feline Head, 30,000 B.C.E

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found in Germany, carved from mammoth ivory

Two Bison, 13,000 B.C.E

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found in France, carved from clay

Woman of Willendorf, 28,000-25,000 B.C.E

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limestone and red ochre pigment

Neolithic Plastered Skull, 7000 B.C.E

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found in Jericho

painting of Catal Huyuk, 6000 B.C.E

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found in Turkey, apartment like living quarters, no doors

Figures from Cernavoda, Romania, 3500 B.C.E

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Jade Cong and Bi, 2500 B.C.E

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found in China

Statues from the Abu Temple, 2700-2500 BCE

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found in Iraq, Apotropaic device

Goat in Thicket, 2600 BCE

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found in Iraq, the Royal Cemetery of Ur

Royal Standard of Ur, 2600 BCE

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Bull Lyre, 2600 BCE

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found in tomb of "Queen" Pu-abi, Ur

Head of an Akkadian Ruler, 2250-2200 BCE

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from Nineveh, found in Iraq

Stele of Naram-Sin 2254-2218 BCE

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Great Ziggurat of King Urnammu, 2100 BCE

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found in Ur

Stele of the Law Code of Hammurabi, 1700 BCE

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Gate of the citadel of Sargon ll, 742-706 BCE

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lamassu

Lion Hunt Relief, 645 BCE

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on a palace wall in Nineveh

Ishtar Gate, 600 BCE

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rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar,
made of copper, feance (bright blue parts) and brick clay,
lions(represent Ishtar), ancient bull, Mesopotamian dragon

Painted beaker, 4000 BCE

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example of good design and harmony and unity, round horns, round vase, vertical vase, vertical birds
abstract goat

Palace of Darius and Xerxes, 500 BCE

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columns, orthostats, bull capitals at the top of the columns, purpose: support the roof and to show power

Darius and Xerxes Giving Audience, 490 BCE

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relief sculpture,
profile,
shows rows of people bringing gifts to the king,

Notes

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Permanence
2,000 years of art that stays similar
Nile river: predictable flooding that left rich soil

Dualities
Upper and Lower Egypt
red desert and black fertile land
Earth god and Sky god
Chaos and ORDER

The Rosetta Stone
three registers of text, all different languages
hieroglyphs stand for pictures and sounds

Predynastic Art: 3000 B.C

Predynastic art

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People, Boats, and Animals
the first example of an Egyptian decorated tomb chamber in late predynastic at Hierakonpolis
3000 BCE
everyday life; boats representing the boats that lead to the afterlife

Palette of King Narmer
3150-3125 BCE
siltstone
composite
registers
different from most palettes
bigger than a normal palette
decorated on both sides
found in a temple
depicts King Narmer united both upper and lower Egypt
shown in his hat on both sides
shown by plants from both sides
depicts conquest
goddess of fertility, god Horus
shows he is supported by the gods

Old Kingdom 2500 B.C.

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Mastabas
buried under the ground
mastaba provided cover and a place for a ka to reside
usually filled in, sometimes used for storage
group of mastabas: necropolis
sloping walls
stacked mastabas
made by Imhotep
created step pyramid
King Djoser buried in the big one

Columns of King Djoser
engaged columns (attached to wall)
papyrus shaped capitals at the top
tells the story of creation

Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafra, and Khufu
out of the mound, a god, Ra(sun), comes up into the sky in day and died going under the mound at night
made of limestone casing(smooth)
solid, but with chambers
huge blocks at the bottom that get smaller
gold tipped top
Khufu pyramid
25 years to make
13 acres
50 stories
smaller pyramids were for queens
long causeway connects two temples near the temple and near the river (symbolic of trip to the afterlife)

The Great Sphynx, 2570-2544
guardian, similar to lamassu
head of Khufu
body of a lion

Khafra, 2500 B.C:
diorite sculpture
stiff, alert, confident, regal, young

Menkaure and His Wife
tall, erect
emphasis on togetherness: both stepping forward, both facing forwards, similar hair, she's supporting him around the back, almost the same size
4 foot 8 inches

Seated Scribe 2400 B.C.
clearly not a Pharoah
unidealized in body and age
still very important
a scribe
erect, symmetrical, authority, well-fed, wisdom
eyes of rock crystal, copper eyeliner

Relief Panel of Hesy-ra
grid showing proportional guidelines: 18 high and 9 across, same pose, consistent over time, implies it was taught, intentional

Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt, Tomb of Ti, 2510-2460
same proportions as the grid showed for the large important guy, but the servants are naturalistic in pose, shows permanence and power
gives Ti everything he needs for the afterlife: ability to hunt, order over chaos, food, servants

Canon: artistic rule

The Middle Kingdom

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war, overthrowing, finally leads to a new kingdom, united

Senwosret lll 1850 BC
power, but less idealized youth, he's gone through something, signifies this loss of confidence and show of power

Rock-cut tombs, Beni Hasan
made because of tomb robbers
easier to build, less grandeur, also shows loss of confidence
cut doorway to hold a statue of the person
paintings to ensure the ka has everything for the afterlife
spells: instructions to make it to the afterlife, written on the walls in hieroglyphs

Feeding the Oryxes, tomb of Knum-hotep, 1928-1895 BC
strong outline, flat colour, emphasis on line, profile but serbants, not in royal pose
depicts every-day life, feeding an animal

Pectoral of Mereret, 12th Dynasty, Senswosret lll
outlined in gold, made almost of glass in an oven?
cartouche: oval shape inscribed with a name
symmetry: imposing order over chaos
feet trampling and holding down, lotus flowers about order during the creation

Palette of King Narmer, from Hierakonpolis, 3150-3125 BC

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Imhotep. Step pyramid and funerary complex of King Djoser, Saqqara.3rd Dynasty. ca. 2681–2662 BCE

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The pyramids of Menkaure, ca. 2533–2515 BCE, Khafra, ca. 2570–2544 BCEand Khufu, ca. 2601–2528 BCE, Giza

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Menkaure and His Wife,Khamerernebty II, from Giza.Ca. 2515 BCE. Slate

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Seated Scribe, from Saqqara. ca. 2400 BCE

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Feeding the Oryxes. Tomb of Khnum-hotep, Beni Hasan.ca. 1928–1895 BCE. Wall painting (detail)

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Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri. ca. 1478–1458 BCE

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Kneeling Figure of King Hatshepsut, from Deir el-Bahri.ca. 1473–1458 BCE, red granite

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Temple of Ramesses II, Abu Simbel. 19th Dynasty.ca. 1279–1213 BCE

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Akhenaten and His Family. ca. 1355 BCE

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Queen Nefertiti. ca. 1348–1336/35 BCE

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cover of the coffin of Tutankhamun. 18th Dynasty

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The Weighing of the Heart and Judgment by Osiris, fromThe Book of the Dead of Hunefer. 1285 BCE

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New Kingdom, 1500 BC

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outsiders rule Egypt, around Moses time, no record in Egypt of Moses
old kingdom: power in lower kingdom
middle kingdom, power in middle
new kingdom: power in upper Egypt

Temple of Hatshepsut 1478-1458 BC
temples to other leaders, hers is the biggest
yearly ceremony, shows ritual, pomp
Ra is put in a boat and taken across the Nile to the land of the dead, carry boat up the temple and take him back the next day
post and lintel, dramatic cliffs, dramatic shadows, echoes the cliff but imposes order
Hatshepsut ruled for 30 years, the King

Kneeling Figure of King Hatshepsut, 1473-1458
granite, hard to break
rigid pose, headset thingy, broad shoulders, permancence
kneeling before a god, holding jars of Ma'at(order)

Senenmut with Nefrua 1470-1460
advisor to Hatshepsut, architect of temple, headress
he's holding her, she's small
abstraction: cubic, allowed for writing about his importance

Temple of Amun-Ra
continually growing as pharaohs added more and more
statues of gods in the temple, changed clothes, brought food
huge columns, imposing, looks like papyrus(creation story), lots of carvings, sunken relief

Set I's Campaigns, Temple of Amun-Ra, 1280 BC

Temple of Ramsses
little god in the middle Amarna?, depicting order, four ramsses, 70 feet tall, his wives between his feet, hieratic scale
reconstructed the temple on higher ground in the 60s to preserve from the dam

Musicians and Dancers, tomb of nebamun
nebamun was a high status scribe
depicts pleasures of life to bring to afterlife
hieratic scale
slaves that are nude
wax with perfume placed on heads
musicians eyes facing forward, showing bottoms of feet

Nebamun Fowling in the Marshes
quality of line, pattern, texture
butterflies, papyrus, lotus, retriever cat
hieratic scale: wife smaller than him, child smaller than both of them

painting of pond
everyone needs to know what it is in order to take it in the afterlife, therefore they chose the most representational views

cats deified, mummified, kept as pets, forces against chaos

The Weighing of the Heart and Judgement by Osiris, from the book of the Dead of Hunefer 1285 BC
new belief: not only pharoahs could make it to the afterlife, a scroll could be put in a coffin with instruction for how to make it
come before a council, some holding up ankhs
weigh the heart brought by Anubis while
brought to Horus bringing the feather to Osiris for final judgement
Isis and the sister Nefis sitting behind Horus

Akhenaten and the Amarna style (1350 B.C)

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Akhenaten, from Karnak, thebes, 1353-1335 BC
body: not idealized and young
elongated, soft body
arms crossed holding crook and flail, opposites, justice and mercy

Akhenaten and His Family, 1355 BC
holding, cuddling the children, tender, relaxed, rounded
weird exaggerations of head shape
Atun, the sun god, in the middle
ankh( symbol of eternal life)

Queen Nefertiti
carved, coated with plaster
unfinished, found in an artist's studio
beauty, elegance
unity in triangles, balance of neck and hat

Tomb of Tutankhamun, 18th dynasty
he died at a young age
minor, makeshift, not looted
Cover of the coffin
entirely gold and blue lapiz, holding the flail and other thing

Gods

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Amun: highest god, combined with Ra(god of sun)
Anubis: jackal head, god of embalming
Osiris: god of underworld, green, judgement
Isis: wife of Osiris, put him back together when he was killed by brother seth
Seth: god of chaos, destruction
Thoth: scribe, measurmeent, knowledge

The Bronze Age Aegean

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Cycladic Culture: the group of islands, 2500-1700
Minoan Culture: the large island of Crete, 1700-1200
Mycenean Culture: mainland Greece, 1700-1200

Cycladic Art

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lots of trading
burials of large pits with objects

"Frying Pan" from Chalandriani, Syros, Early Cycladic ll 2500-2200 BCE

slight depression
a handle
no black burn marks indicating heat (not a frying pan)
wave patterns, fish, boat with oars
maybe held water for a mirror?
birthing?
clay

Figure, from the Cyclades, 2500 BCE

lying down on backs
thin, not stable for standing
marble
all different sizes, but same proportions
all female
all painted
repetition: triangles
used in burials

Harp and Flute Players, from Amorgos, latter part of the 3rd millennium

marble
male
smooth, rounded, tubular
grave

Mycenean Art, 1600-1200

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large wall around the city
weapons, reference to war
walls made of Cyclopian masonry
casemate arch: a place to store weapons, made from corbelling technique

The Lioness Gate
guarded by real people, guarded by two creatures
heads missing
standing on an altar with a column that looks like it's Minoan
corbelling, post and lintel

"Treasury of Atreus" 1300-1250
corbelling on post and lintel
named because archaeologist was looking for evidence of Trojan war
actually a tomb (beehive tomb)
rocks are cut and smooth, Ashlar masonry

archaeologist took some of the gold jewelery in the grave circle

Mask of "Agamemnon" 1600-1500
not really him
a very important person
burial mask
hammered gold into thin sheets, then hammered over 3d structure of a face
tampered with?

Vaphio Cups 1500-1450
gold, found in the same burial
both have bulls, stretched out
high thin waists, long legs, much like Minoan art

Notes

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Dipylon Vase 700-750 BC
geometric

Orientalizing Style

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registers, animals, in profile, filled like geometric style, pottery

Archaic Style 500 BC

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Doric and Ionic Styles:
changed from wood to stone (the ones that survived)
post (column) and lintel construction (architrave)
no base in Doric columns
platform: stylobate and stereobate
frieze broken into parts in doric style, metope the space in between
on top of the lintel is a triangular pediment

The Temple of Hera I and Hera II
heavy columns, no feet
flattened capitals
doric
second one has more verticality, more slender columns
once had things in the top
house for the gods, offer sacrifices outside
looking for ideal beauty, symmetry, pleasing proportions
entasis: bulge in the capitals and columns, responding to pressure as if alive

Kore (lady of Auxerre) 630 BC
young woman,
patterns throughout the dress and her hair
Archaic smile
brightly painted
blocky, Egyptian
limestone
funeral, ceremonial sculptures

Peplos Kore 530 BC
traces of paint helped guess what colors
named for dress
Archaic smile: transcending human emotion
marble
kind of blocky, thought to be carrying something
holes indicate a diadem, khyton?
might be a goddess

Kore, from Chios 520 BCE
drapery on woman indicates move towards naturalism
Archaic smile

New York Kouros 600-590 BCE
young man
usually nude
greater naturalism of the human body
marble
geometric, Egypt, square shaped body, triangle
solid, able to stand on it's own
grave marker (fallen warrior)
marble supported by bit between hand and thigh
one foot forward

Sounion Kouros 600 BC
found outside of Poseidon temple?

Kroisos (Kouros from Anavysos) 530 BCE
naturalism: curves in the muscles
larger than life
inscription on the base
Archaic style smile
braided hair, clenched fists

Pediment was a good place to put sculpture:
Temple of Artemis:
medusa, creatures, laying down people
Temple of Aphaia
two pediments, 10 years apart
both have Athena in the middle
mythological battles representing battles against Persians
kneeling archers, dying warrior
Archaic smile
difference in body position and naturalism in pose from west to east pediment
brilliantly painted
temple painted with detail

Exekias. Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice. Black-figured amphora. ca. 540–530 BCE

-slip-ware: painted black and carved off with a sharp tool
-foreshadowing a lot of the myths of these characters
-backs echo the curve of the pot
-spears lead you to the handles
-the artist uses the movement of the lines to draw your eyes around the piece in a certain way
-Exekias was one of the rare potters who made and drew on the pots
-he also signed his name on the bottom
-bought by the Etruscans

Exekias, Dionysos Kylix, c.530 BCE
-Dionysus uses a grapevine to escape pirates and turn them into dolphins
-slip-ware
-lots of round shapes
-used as a cup to drink wine
-the story from Illiad

Euthymides. Dancing revelers. Red-figured amphora. ca. 510-500BCE

Classical Style 400 BC

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Kritios Boy. ca. 480 BCE
-contrapasso posture, relaxed with one knee forward
-hollowed out eyes that would have had glass paste inside them
-bronze statues
-transition piece between archaic and classical
-this piece was a result of the victory at the battle of marathon
-represents peak male athleticism

Niobid Painter. Red-figured calyx krater, from Orvieto. ca. 460-450 BC
-slipware
-red figures are pot revealed
-people not placed on a ground line
-could possibly be a copy of a wall painting or fresco that used the no ground line to give a sense of depth

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) ca. 450-440 BCE by Polykleitos (roman copy after an original, originally made in bronze)
-used to show that math and proportions could show the ideal figure of man
-placed in a training center to give a standard for men to reach physically
-contrapasso
-relaxed to one side
-Polykleitos called it the canon, saying it was the perfect proportions of the human body

Zeus or Poseidon, ca 460 BCE
-bronze
-found in a shipwreck, preserved by the ocean
-believed that he was holding a lightning bolt or a trident
-fully broken out of the koros position
-Bronze: mostly copper, and tin
-to rust metal you need oxygen which is why this statue was perfectly preserved
-his arms are longer than normal proportions

Diskobolos (Discus thrower) Roman copy after a bronze original ca. 450 BCE by Myron
-arms are very tense but legs seem more relaxed, spring like form
-emphasis on athletics
-stoic/calm: ideal for Greeks
-crescent shape repeated through the figure, taking contrapasso to the extreme
-a pose that wouldn't be held for more than a split second while he was winding up

Agora at Athens
-shopping worship, law, main road that goes to the acropolis one way and the Dipylon gate(cemetery) the other.

Acropolis, Athens
-place of worship
-Panathenaic procession

Nike
shapes, curve of arm
taking off sandals to enter temple
draping seems heavy, pulled tight around leg, Phidias
off-balance, awkward
outline of wing to show victory
placed around the railing

The Parthenon 447-432 BC
massive doric columns, fluting
end columns closer together than the ones in the middle
metopes, triglyphs
slightly shifted because of columns
temple for Athena
precise mathematics
The Golden Section
2x+1=y
shown in the number of columns
hardly any 90 degree angles, shifted to look perfect
makes it feel alive, organic
the middle of the floor curves up
40 ft statue of Athena inside, made of gold and ivory, holding Nike
frieze is ionic

East pediment of the Parthenon
Phidian drapery of three goddesses
showed Athena being born
painted

Temple of Athena Nike 427-424 BC
ionic
frieze is ionic, Doric is triglyphs and metopes

The Erectheeion
on the cliff to the back near base of temple destroyed
squished, different shape
Athena gave olive tree as peace and prosperity over Poseidon's gift of water (hole in ground)
inside a figure of Athena in olivewood
ionic order
Porch of the Maidens
statues represent?
Greek prisoners, traitors
held votive offering for king
covered in gold and glass and blue marble
caryatids (serve as function of a pillar)
the straight leg looks like a column because of the drapery that almost mimics fluting
inside leg is popped out

Late Classical 300 BC

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Corinthian style
fancier base
fancier capital (rosettes)
even taller columns

Apoxyomenos
Roman marble copy probbaly after bronze original
by Lysippos
depicting form of washing: oil scraped off with blade
contrapposto
breaking out of frontal perspective: hand reached out
canon changed: smaller head
still idealized art

Hermes
by Praxiteles
holding baby Dionysus
contrapposto, ideal
8 heads
less muscle defintion

Lysippos, Farnese Hercules, 4th century BCE
older, bulky, weathered, model of physique
12 labors
holding an apple behind his back (one of the labors)
skin of a lion (another labor)

Hellenistic c. 300-146 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-13 17:08:31 UTC

starts with Alexanders death and ends with the Romans overtaking

period of doubt after his death
reflected in art

Theater, Epidauros early 3rd to 2nd centuries
came from the idea of sitting on a big hill and watching theater
skene (place to change costumes, bring out sets)

Apollonius, Boxer at Rest, 100-50 BCE
made from bronze, hollow inside
defeated position, differs from classical period
Greeks would fight by aiming for the head and the majority of wounds are on his head
broken nose
copper used on lips and wounds
represents something more human, imperfect

Epigonos of Pergamon, Dying Trumpeter
Roman copy because it's marble, not bronze
foreigner: mustache, different hair
statue used to commemorate victory over this foreigner
still looks strong and noble

Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, 200-150 BCE
Greek temple inside out, frieze below the columns
not just three steps, but many steps
frieze of Athena:
fighting a titan, pulling him out of the ground, son og goddess Gaea
shows victory and glory over her enemies
diagonal lines, motion, dramatic faces
frieze of Zeus
eagle, symbol of Zeus, fighting some other enemies
Giant being defeated with a torch in his leg (Zeus lightning bolt)
drama, action, struggle
spills out on to the steps, enters our world
allegory of the Greeks against their own foes

Pythokritos of Rhodes, Nike of Samothrace, 190 BC
very tall
discovered on north island of Aegean sea
marble
textures and shadows
different emotions, triumph, fury, and despair
symbolism of human body, Phidian drapery
symbolize navel victory?
appears about to take off, wings up, wind blowing past
would've been painted

Drunken Old Woman, and Woman in Marketplace
unideal
not composed and perfect
sagging skin, bony
hunched posture

Eros Sleeping and Boy Strangling a Goose 3rd to 2nd century
exploring the young
Cupid in Rome
sleeping, chubby, vulnerable
bronze

naturalistically looking like a child
not a noble act
perfect pyramid of his two legs and the base of the goose

Laocoon, 1st century ce
originally thought to be from Roman period, but evidence of a Greek writing about this work
found in the 1500s, showed to Michelangelo
thought to be one block of marble, but discovered it was broken into different pieces
story about priest trying to warn about trojan horse (failed) and gods sent down serpents as punishment
Hellenistic: clear distress, complicated poses and views
muscular forms of snake and of the arms and legs
upper arm was missing, guesses about what the arm was, arm found later
tension (struggle of them against the snake, tension as a viewer: admiring the beauty and watching suffering)

The battle of Issos or battle of Alexander and the Persians
found in Pompeii on the floor
Roman copy of a Greek painting
mosaic of stone
represents the turning point in battle
Alexander in profile, Darius in a chariot trying to turn looking worried
shows what ancient Greek wall paintings might have looked like
depth and space (foreground, middleground, background, overlapping)
not just a register
shading, shows form

Figure, from the Cyclades. ca. 2500

audreyghonda — 2023-10-13 22:01:43 UTC

Harpist, from Amorgos, Cyclades. Latter part of the 3rd millennium BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-13 22:03:05 UTC

Staircase, east wing, “palace” complex, Knossos, Crete

audreyghonda — 2023-10-13 22:04:10 UTC

The “Queen’s Megaron,” from Knossos, Crete. ca. 1700–1300 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-13 22:05:06 UTC

Spring Fresco, from Akrotiri, Thera. ca. 1600–1500 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-13 22:05:56 UTC

Octopus Vase, from Palaikastro, Crete. ca. 1500 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-13 22:06:42 UTC

Toreador Fresco, from the palace complex, Knossos, Crete.

audreyghonda — 2023-10-13 23:36:51 UTC

ca. 1550–1450 BCE (restored)

The Lioness Gate, Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1250 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:25:02 UTC

Interior of “Treasury of Atreus,” Mycenae, Greece

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:26:11 UTC

Mask of Agamemnon, from shaft grave, Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece.

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:27:34 UTC

ca. 1600–1500 BCE

Dipylon Vase. Late Geometric belly-handled amphora, from the

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:30:30 UTC

Dipylon Cemetery, Athens. ca. 750 BCE

Kore (Lady of Auxerre). ca. 630 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:33:53 UTC

New York Kouros (Youth). ca. 600–590 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:34:23 UTC

Exekias. Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice. Black-figured amphora.

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:35:46 UTC

ca. 540–530 BCE

Kritios Boy. ca. 480 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:36:50 UTC

Zeus. ca. 460–450 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:38:14 UTC

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Roman copy after an original of

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:39:28 UTC

ca. 450–440 BCE by Polykleitos

Diskobolos (Discus Thrower). Roman copy after a bronze original of

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:41:37 UTC

ca. 450 BCE by Myron

Iktinos and Kallikrates. The Parthenon (view from the west).

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:43:43 UTC

Akropolis, Athens. 447–432 BCE

East pediment of the Parthenon. ca. 438–432 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:45:58 UTC

Lapith and Centaur, metope from south side of the Parthenon.

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:46:38 UTC

ca. 440 BCE

North frieze of the Parthenon

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 17:47:42 UTC

East frieze of the Parthenon. ca. 440 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:18:34 UTC

Akropolis (view from west), Athens. Propylaia, 437–432 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:19:43 UTC

with Temple of Athena Nike, 427–424 BCE

Nike, from balustrade of Temple of Athena Nike. ca. 410–407 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:20:59 UTC

The Erechtheion. 421–405 BCE (view from the southeast).

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:21:53 UTC

Akropolis, Athens

Apoxyomenos (Scraper). Roman marble copy, probably after a

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:23:01 UTC

bronze original of ca. 330 BCE by Lysippos

Apollonius, Boxer at Rest, c. 100-50 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:24:14 UTC

Epigonos of Pergamon (?). Dying Trumpeter. Perhaps a Roman copy

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:25:19 UTC

after a bronze original of ca. 230–220 BCE, from Pergamon, Turkey

West front of Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon (restored)

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:27:22 UTC

Athena and Alkyoneus, from east side of Great Frieze of the Great Altar of

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:28:32 UTC

Zeus at Pergamon, second quarter of the 2nd century BCE

Zeus, from east side of Great Frieze of the Great Altar of Zeus at

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:29:06 UTC

Pergamon, second quarter of the 2nd century BCE

Pythokritos of Rhodes (?). Nike of Samothrace. ca. 190 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:30:07 UTC

Drunken Old Woman. Roman copy of an original

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:30:58 UTC

of the late 3rd or late 2nd century BCE

Laocoön, 1st century CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:32:03 UTC

Minoan Art

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:58:37 UTC

Sir Arthur Evans: search for evidence of Trojan war, colored lens

"Palace" complex, Knossos, Crete

stadium, worship areas, bathrooms
red columns, complicated
no defensive wall

Grandstand Fresco

shows the columns, red, black or white capitals in the picture, bull horns, two colors of people (women versus men), group of people watching something

Staircase, east wing

light wells, short, round columns, capitals also round and fluffy

The "Queen's Megaron" from Knossos, Crete 1700-1300 BC

found on the floor, dolphin fresco
playful, fun, energetic
focus on nature
flower and spiral motifs refer to nature
flushing toilet!

Spring Fresco, from Akrotiri, Thera, 1600-1500 BCE

put back together from many pieces
dr. Seuss nature, playful, fun, energetic

Beaked jug (kamares ware) from Phaistos

bird shaped beak and bird eye
swirly, abstract

Octoput Vase, 1500 BCE

a couple hundred years later
filled in spaces
more descriptive of a octopus
Design: circular

Harvester vase, 1500-1450

soapstone, more ceremonial
doesn't stand up on it's own
men harvesting, celebrating

Rhyton in the shape of a bull's head

hole in the mouth
hole in the back of the head
bulls considered sacred
crystal eyes
replaced horns (wood?)
ceremonial purposes

Toreador Fresco, from the palace complex, Knossos, 1550-1450

three scenes?
two woman and a man?
leaping over bulls, coming of age?

Greek

audreyghonda — 2023-10-14 18:58:53 UTC

much of our culture is from Greeks
architectural buildings
Western idea of beauty
words, concepts

first important type of art: pottery
amphora: foot is narrow, chest is wide, storage, feminine
krater: broad all the way, masculine, used for mixing, serving
hydria: lots of handles, used to carry water
lelythos: used for funerary seremony
kylix: two handles, wide and shallow, passed around, drinking cup
arybellos: used for perfume

5 periods:
Geometric(700 BC)
Orientalizing(300 BC)
Archaic(500 BC)
Classical(400 BC)
Hellenistic(300 BC)

Etruscan Art

audreyghonda — 2023-10-16 17:53:46 UTC

Fibula, from Regolini-Galassi, 670-650 BCE
placed on the shoulders
gold (great at metal-working)
the bumps are ducks
Ancient Near East influence of the animals engraved

Bronze mirrors
bronze highly polished
back side decorated

Chalchas, engraved back of mirror, 400 BCE
incorporated Greek myths into their own myths
classical Greek period
looking at liver of an animal with a knife on the table (looking for omens of the future)

Banditaccia Cemetery, Cerveteri
organized on plots with roads in between

Burial chamber, Tomb of the Reliefs, 3rd century
relief carvings of everything they would need for the afterlife (tools, a chariot with horses, everyday life)
stone furniture
stone (tuff) soft to carve, but hardened when exposed to air

Tomb of HUnitng an dFishing, Tarquinia 530-520 BCE
tomb painting, making sure they have birds to hunt
reminiscent of Minoan paintings
depicted women with light skin, men with darker skin
dining together, slaves(naked), Greek volute krater
so many of these paintings reveals they maybe had a feast for funeral

Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia, 480-450 BCE
leaning to the side to eat
light skin, dark skin, naked, garlands, dresses
both men and women recline and eat (equality)

Sarcophagus, from Cerveteri 520 BC
Terra cotta
fired in four sections (two for the bed, two for the lid, people)
cremation
about life size
volutes, details
stylistic facial features and feet (flat)
naturalistic in the chest
married couple, wealthy
both men and women on the same plane
holding perfume? holding an egg or pomegranate?
for funerary purposes, belief in afterlife
they were painted

509 BCE: Romans overthrow the Etruscans

Charun and Vanth from the tomb of the Anina Family
charun takes you down to the afterlife, Vanth lights the way with the torch
scary demons, gloomy

Vitruvius described the Etruscan temples: reconstruction
raised platform
one entrance(closed)
multiple layers of columns
no columns in the back
no statues in the pediment, but on the top
Tuscan column (doric with base no columns)

Vulca of Veii, Aplu(Apollo). from Veii 510 BCE
terra cotta(hollow)
archaic smile, stylized hair, sharp ridge in shin
feeling of eneergy, taking a large stride

She-Wolf 500 BCE
medevial work?

Chimera 400 BCE
mythological lion with a goat head
naturalism and stylized mane

L'Arringatore, early 1st century BCE
completely Roman
Etruscan signature

Notes

audreyghonda — 2023-10-18 16:30:16 UTC

similarities between our culture and theirs

once an Etruscan village, but grew to cover a lot of land
city building inventions/ innovations
form of the arch
concrete

used art in new ways (more publicly)

Republican(100 BC)
before emperors, senate
Empire(100 AD)
emperors, strong
Late Empire(300 AD)
weakening

Republican Period 509-27 BC

audreyghonda — 2023-10-18 16:57:59 UTC

509 BC threw out Etruscans
146 BC Rome overthrows Greece
46 BC Julius Caesar became perpetual dictator; civil war
44 BC Julius Caesar assassinated (end of Republican period)

Temple of Portunus, Rome 80-70 BC
Greek ionic columns
Greek frieze, pediment
Etruscan single entrance
Etruscan steps that make it high up
no sculpture in frieze or pediment
engaged columns
tuff and stucco

Arch, Barrel vault, Groin vault
previously arches were only used on the inside
innovated the use of an arch
keystone holds everything together
arcade: lines of arches
barrel vault: tunnel of lined arches
tendency to push out(supporting walls)
crossed barrel vaults: groin vault

Theater complex of Pompeii
use of arches and concrete to make a hill for a theater
half circle
real fights on stage

Brutus late 1st century
PR, advertisement, propaganda
doubtful that it's actually Brutus
represents a Republican leader
bust is modern
idealism and naturalism of features
old and wise, beard
serious expression
human and recognizable

Veristic male portrait early 1st century
veristic: true to life
true to life
exaggerated blemishes
priest? veil
showing the wisdom and experience
heads of ancestors put in reception rooms

Empire Period 25 BC-200AD

audreyghonda — 2023-10-18 17:11:47 UTC

first to have faces on coins
profile
Caesar Augustus
syncretic: let others worship who they want as long as they pay taxes

Marble Portrait Bust of the Emperor Trajan 108-117 AD
admired Greeks, nude
feel that war had greater benefits than losses

Forum of Trajan, Rome
basilica, shops, temple, libraries
made for by spoils of war
rounded ends in a basilica is where the judge would sit
library in latin, library in Greek

Column of Trajan, Rome 106-13 CE
go inside walk up steps inside
statue of Trajan at the top
scenes of positivity in war: crossing the river, places, speeches, building
125 feet in place of hill

Markets of Trajan
shopping, selling indoors
offices, businesses
thanks to Trajan?
bricks all along cover concrete
groin vault

Pantheon, Rome 117-25 CE
used as a temple to all the gods
used as a Christian church
street level is higher, but when it was built it was up stairs
Egyptian obelisk
Greek temple in front
single pieces of large marble
marble, different colors from all over the empire (show of power)
round room, dome, concrete
walls of Pantheon can be 20 feet thick of concrete
Dome is perfect sphere
oculus in the ceiling (only light source)
drains in the floor for rain
geometric shapes
circle is symbol of heavens, square is symbol of earth
squares in the dome are coffers (painted), gold
dome is spinning because the top isn't lined up with the walls decoration
seat of judgment: Hadrian
seating side walls: drum

Portrait of Hadrian after 117 CE
maintain an empire?
tired of people demanding attention
built a retreat outside of Rome
first emperor to wear a beard (greek philosopher)

Hadrians Villa
water sculptures, features
looks natural, but man-made control of landscape
lintel, arch, sculptures

Pair of Centaurs Fighting Cats of Prey
mosaics on floor
colored stones
gradations of dark to light, form, depth, space
naturalism
Greek painting?

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius 161-80 CE
thought to be Constantine (Christian Emperor)
not melted down
many of these made
Horses foot over fallen enemy
total control, also mercy with outstretched hand

Fibula, from Regolini-Galassi Tomb, Cerveteri. ca. 670–650

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:28:33 UTC

BCE

Burial chamber, Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri. 3rd century

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:29:43 UTC

BCE

Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, Tarquinia. ca. 530–520 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:31:03 UTC

Sarcophagus, from Cerveteri. ca. 520 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:32:06 UTC

Charun and Vanth from Tomb, Tarquinia. 3rd century BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:33:08 UTC

Reconstruction of an Etruscan temple, as described by

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:34:18 UTC

Vitruvius

. Vulca of Veii (?). Aplu (Apollo), from Veii. ca. 510 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:35:48 UTC

Temple of Portunus, Rome. ca. 80–70 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:43:04 UTC

“Brutus.” Late 1st-century BCE head, modern bust

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:44:23 UTC

Veristic male portrait. Early 1st century BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:45:57 UTC

Augustus of Primaporta. Possibly Roman copy of a statue of ca. 20 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 17:49:06 UTC

West façade of Ara Pacis Augustae. 13–9 BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:02:44 UTC

Colosseum, Rome. 72–80 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:03:41 UTC

Arch of Titus, Rome. ca. 81 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:04:28 UTC

Forum of Trajan, Rome. Restored view by Gilbert Gorski

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:12:06 UTC

Column of Trajan, Rome. 106–13 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:17:17 UTC

Pantheon, Rome. 117–25 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:18:46 UTC

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. 161–80 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:19:41 UTC

Atrium of the House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii. 2nd century BCE–79 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:21:07 UTC

2nd Style wall painting, from Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor. 1st cent BCE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:22:21 UTC

Fourth Style wall painting, Ixion Room, House of the Vettii, Pompeii. 63–79 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:23:36 UTC

Basilica of Maxentius, renamed Basilica of Constantine, Rome. ca. 307 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:24:56 UTC

Portrait of Constantine the Great. Early 4th century CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:26:38 UTC

Arch of Constantine, Rome. 312–15 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-10-22 18:28:24 UTC

Empire Period

audreyghonda — 2023-10-25 16:57:03 UTC

Hadrian's wall 122 A.D.

barrier between countries

soldiers set up

Segovia aqueduct

used for thousands of years

no mortar

created a presence

looked like an army but also beneficial

Ephesus (Turkey)

Greek theater

more than 180 degrees

Paul preached and got kicked out

complex of homes unearthed

Roman wall painting and mosaics (wealth)

El Khasneh, Petra, Jordan

thought to be a treasury

carved out of cliff

thought they hid a treasure in the crown

actually built as a tomb

Portrait of a Woman, from Hawara in the Fayum, Lower Egypt 110-30 CE

Roman style mixed with Egyptian tradition

buried, hot sand preserved the paint

hot wax and pigment, encauste or something

mummy painting

Pompeii

killed by gas, strong force

ash covered and plastered people

pools: empluvium

Pompeii domus

first section: atrium, offices

back: people lived

open center in the house, garden, pool, columns

Atrium of the House of the Silver Wedding

cheaper stone on the inside

open light well

Corinthian

Insulae (apartment building)

Four styles of Pompeii wall painting:

First Style:

faux finish painting

Second Style:

architectural style

painting a wall so it looks like there's not a wall there

scenes of Dionysiac Mystery Cult, 60-50 bC

garden painting from Villa of livia 20 Bc

Third Style

ornate

decoration

little framed images, mythology

Fourth Style

intricate style

all put together

still-life painitng

Late Empire 300 AD

audreyghonda — 2023-10-25 17:14:47 UTC

Caracalla reigned 211-217

paranoid, kills brother, daughter, wife

made huge bath complex

gyms

baths

swimming pool

lectures

libraries

Diocletian 284-305

wanted to maintain empire, split with co-emperor

4 leaders (tetrarchs)

Portrait group of the Tetrarchs 305

Constantinople

purple porphyry from Egypt

one with a beard, one without

blocky, stylized, not naturalistic

Basilica of Maxentius, renamed basilica of Constantine 307 ce

in the roman forum

law court

was huge

40 foot tall statue of Constantinople inside

mixture of naturalistic and stylized

stiff, frontal

Arch of Constantine 312-315

roman forum

victory arch, from civil war

three arches

didn't show battle, took sculptures from different emperors

Constantine stylized, squatty

things taken form others naturalistic

art of the people?

concrete, coffers

Notes

audreyghonda — 2023-11-13 17:28:30 UTC

nomadic, invasions

never in contact with roman empire

anglo-saxon 600 Ad

hiberno-saxon 700 AD

viking 800 AD

carlingian 800 Ad

ottonian 1000 AD

Anglo-saxon

audreyghonda — 2023-11-13 17:42:54 UTC

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial Site

imprint of a ship in the ground

really important person buried in the ship as a passage to heaven

metalwork

originally thought to be viking but then found to be before that

Gold buckle, first half of 7th century

intricate interlacing (Celtic)

dots of gold: granulation technique, set in niello

animal heads (Anglo-Saxon)

Hinged Clasps first half of 7th century

interlacing

animal heads, biting snake

cloisonne (fenced in) bronze outlines with garnet and enamel

Purse cover

cloisonne

checkerboard

heraldic pose

interlacing

Hiberno-Saxon

audreyghonda — 2023-11-13 18:14:22 UTC

conversion to Christianity

secluded islands off ireland

monestaries

scriptoria

desire to spread Chistianity

combines metalwork with Christian themes

St. Mathew from the book of durrow ca 680

flat body

profile feet

cloaked body

elementary body, human

complex interlacing

transfer metalwork onto page, dots

cross page from lindisfarne gospels ca 700

page from a book looking like a carpet, carpet pages

illuminated manuscript

miniaturist artist

Bishop Eadfirth

sacred riddle, hard to find beginning and end, prepare to read about god, meditative

ST. Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels 700

evangelists

four beasts: man, lion, ox, eagle

Matthew is a man

Byzantine nimbus, exposed to roman art

Chi Ro Iota from the Book of matthew, Book of Kells 800

underground, earthly, heavens

underwater otter, woodland creatures,

look like playing cards

Mary and Jesus

The 4 Evangelists

Mathew, MArk, Luke, John

man, lion, ox, eagle

Viking Art

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 17:25:30 UTC

Burial ship, from Oseberg, Norway 834

grave robbing

only things left are five wooden posts

survived because of the cold

interlacing intricacy, ties to Celts and anglo-saxons

Carolingian Art 800

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 17:44:35 UTC

refers to the works under a set of kings starting with Charlamagne

crowned by Pope the holy Roman emperor

split down east and western Byzantine

Equestrian statue of a Carolingian Ruler 9th century

back to Roman times

bronze

Marcus Aurelius

shows control of the horse

the orb is the symbol of the Earth

Fibula ties cloak

less naturalistic

heirs to Constantine and rome

ST Matthew from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne 800-10

buried with him

used for coronation purposes

looks more like a Roman painting, smooth, ground line, light and dark, folds of robe

Nimbus

St Matthew from the gospel of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims

references to Roman work: acanthus plant, Roman buildings

cartoony, stylistic, exaggerated eyes

flat pattern and Roman references

movement

Lindau Gospels cover 870

repousse

splendid jewels, gold, references to holy Jerusalem that is lined with walls of jewels

angels, Jesus on the cross

naturalistic drapery

Christ doesn't look suffering or hanging

triumphant Christ

Disney books look like this lol

Westwork abbey church, late 9th century

long nave

monumental entrance facing west

Ottonian Art

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 18:06:12 UTC

950-1000

st. michaels plan

long nave

aisles

apse

trancepts (3)

harmony

no Westwork

arcades that separate aisle from nave

wooden roof

Doors of Bishop Bernward 1015

heavy

lost-wax

based off Roman doors

Typology

old testament biblical scenes on the left, new testament scenes on the right

stories connect thematically

Otto lll Receiving the Homage of the Four Parts of the Empire 997-1000

power over the church and the military

people from all different kingdoms bringing gifts to emperor

look like wisemen

Otto looks like Christ, is on the throne, wearing purple, holding orb with cross

Jesus Washing the Feet of ST Peter 997-1000

large eyes

stylized eyes

Christ reaches out long arm with blessing hand

gold, byzantine

St luke

surrounded by prophets, angels, tongueso f fire

the ox

Painted ceiling, Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, Italy. 3rd century CE

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:27:58 UTC

Sarcophagus, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, Italy. ca. 270 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:29:24 UTC

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy. 425-50 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:30:05 UTC

Good Shepherd, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:30:53 UTC

Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy. ca. 324–400 CE (inside, outside, and plan)

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:34:04 UTC

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. ca. 359 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:35:32 UTC

Sarcophagus, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, Italy. Ca. 270 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:36:27 UTC

San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy. 526–47 CE (inside, outside, plan, and mosaics)

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:39:04 UTC

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. 532–37 CE

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:40:53 UTC

Christ, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt. 6th

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:41:50 UTC

Virgin and Child Enthroned Between Saints and Angels, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt. Late 6th century CE

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:43:21 UTC

Christ Pantocrator, Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:44:45 UTC

Madonna Enthroned, late 13th-century CE

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:45:32 UTC

The Harrowing of Hell (Anastasis), Chora Church, Istanbul, c. 1315-1321

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:46:33 UTC

Mihrab (Prayer Niche), A.D. 1354–55

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:49:49 UTC

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. ca. 690 and later

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:50:52 UTC

Minaret, Great Mosque of Samarra (Iraq), 848-852

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:51:40 UTC

Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain (begun 786)

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:53:11 UTC

Madrasa of Ulugh beg, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. ca. 1435

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:54:03 UTC

Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain. Mid-14th century

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:54:43 UTC

Wine cup of Shah Jahan, from northern India. Mid-17th century

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:55:33 UTC

Basawan and Chatar Muni, Akbar and the Elephant Hawai, from the Akbarnama, c. 1590

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:57:26 UTC

Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings,1615-1618

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:57:54 UTC

Taj Mahal, Agra, India. ca. 1650

audreyghonda — 2023-11-15 21:58:32 UTC

notes

audreyghonda — 2023-11-17 20:56:19 UTC

Nave and choir, church of San Vicenc, Cardona, Spain 1029-1040

barrel vault

arches

stone vaulted roof (distinguishes new period)

cut stones

not many windows because no clerestory because arches needed to be supported

pilgrimage

the idea of travel just becuase

trumeau, saint-pierre moissac

long, spindly legs, crossed, expressive not naturalistic

West Portal, with Last judgment by Gislebertus on tympanum cathedral of Saint-Lazare Autun, france, 1120-35

thought to have bones of Lazarus

important stop on pilgrimage

supposed to scare you from hell i guess

Christ in the middle with halo and mandorla

held up by angels

four angels in the tympanum corners blowing trumps

waking up the dead in the lintel

souls are naked

expressive faces

pilgrims with handbags, shell and cross

Michael archangel weighing a soul

demon on other side

Gislebertus?

Eve, right half of lintel

supposed to be facing Adam

unnaturalistic pose, on the ground like snakes

reminder of Satan

St. John the Evangelist, from the book of Abbot Wedricus 1147

Eagle in the side

his name in the border interacting with John, holding John's ink

hand of God holding holy Ghost close to his ear

simplified, stylized folds

gold leaf, Byzantine

metalwork chair, Anglo-Saxon

acanthus border, Rome

interlacing, Hiberno-Saxon

Mouth of Hell, from the Winchester Psalter

monstrous thing

angel locking the doors to hell

crowns, interesting

soldier

monk

expressive, elongated, stylized angel (romanesque)

Regional Variants

Italy

Baptistry, cathedral, leaning tower of Pisa (bell tower)

not a firm foundation, started leaning

stabilized now

unbaptized, not allowed into cathedral, but luckily there's a baptistry close by

roman arches

Baptistry of San Giovanni

in a city-center

combined with a cathedral and bell tower as well

green and white marble

classical arches, Corinthian capitals

eight sides, symbolic

Germany

Speyer cathedral

tall like french romanesque

arcade

flat wooden roof

clerestory

changed to stone roof, still with windows

groin vault, allows for pressure to four points instead of two

Normandy

vikings

Bayeux Tapestry

embroidery woll on linen

240 feet long

tall

most likely done by women

story of William the Conqueror conquers England

illuminated manuscript idea, border stories

expressive horses, energy, storytelling

Gold buckle, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. First half of 7th century

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Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. First half of 7th century

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St. Matthew, from the

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Cross page, from the Lindisfarne Gospels. ca. 700

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St. Matthew, from the Lindisfarne Gospels. ca. 700

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Chi Ro Iota page,

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Burial ship, from Oseberg, Norway. ca. 834

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Animal Head, from the Oseberg burial ship. ca. 834

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Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler (Charles the Bald?). 9th century

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St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne (Coronation Gospels).

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St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims.

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Front cover of binding, Lindau Gospels. ca. 870

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Reconstructed plan, abbey church of St. Michael’s,

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Exterior, abbey church of St. Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany

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Interior, with view toward the apse (after restoration of 1950–60),

audreyghonda — 2023-11-20 00:50:47 UTC

Doors of Bishop Bernward, Hildesheim cathedral (originally made for

audreyghonda — 2023-11-20 00:51:17 UTC

Otto III Receiving the Homage of the Four Parts of the Empire and

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Jesus Washing the Feet of St. Peter, from the Gospel Book of Otto III.

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St. Luke, from the Gospel Book of Otto III. ca. 997–1000

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Gero Crucifix. ca. 970

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Nave and choir (looking east), church of San Vicenc, Cardona, Spain.

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Plan of cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

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South portal with Second Coming of Christ on tympanum,

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Trumeau and jambs, south portal, church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac

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West portal, with Last Judgment by Gislebertus on tympanum,

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St. John the Evangelist, from the Gospel Book of Abbot Wedricus.

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Mouth of Hell, from the Winchester Psalter. From Winchester, England.

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Baptistery, cathedral, and campanile (view from the west).

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leaning tower of pisa lol

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Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence, Italy. ca. 1060–1150

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Interior, Speyer cathedral. ca. 1030–61; vaulted ca. 1080–1106

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Bayeux Tapestry. ca. 1066–83

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Nave (looking east), Durham cathedral

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Nave of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France. Vaulted ca. 1115–20

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Early Gothic

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Abbot Suger

st. denis in Paris

1144

consecrated new part of the church on the east end

open floor plan ambulatory

ribbed groin vault

arches are pointed, puts more weight downward

allowed more windows

church is taller

Notre-Dame, Chartres, France. ca. 1145-1220

(not THE notre-dame)

west facade is the newest end and gothic because they started building at the east end

church burnt down immediately after finishing

two relics, found in the crypt whole after fire

believed they should rebuild a new church starting from the west facade that survived

and resulted in entirely gothic church

ribbed groin vaults

pointed arches

stained glass windows

compound piers

triforium: not a gallery because it's not walkable, three arches, short

vertical lines pointing up

Outside:

rose window, stonework around called tracery

flying buttresses

large entrances at the transept sides

interested in perfect proportions

West Portal of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartes ca. 1145-50

jamb statues represent kings and queens from bible, helped to bring the royalty of the medieval day to the power/ authority of the church

look like columns, elongated bodies

stylized lines of drapery reminds of fluting

floaty feet

didn't want to show earthly naturalism

mandorla in tympanum

four evangelists surrounding

Portals, north transept

deeper in to the church

dormition and assumption on lintel, death of Mary and ssumption to heaven

above in the tympanum she is in heaven with Jesus

Portals, south transept

difference in style of jambs because of time passing

left figure stands on his feet, doesn't float, hip sway

not stuck to the columns

north transept interior

jewel like stained glass windows (rose)

lancet windows, tall skinny pointed arch windows

subject is Mary

Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere

one of the lancet windows

subject is mary

painting with colored glass, reminded of metalwork or those decorative borders

Nave of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Laon, France, 1160-1210

arcade, gallery, triforium, clerestory, ribbed groin vault

High Gothic

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Notre-Dame, Paris

short transept

crossing tower

math, golden numbers, etc

large westwork towers lightened by slender, intricacies

Nave

gallery, not triforium

parts of compound piers lead all the way up to the ceiling, tall

lights through windows glow

Gargoyles

drain spouts

apotropaic device

Notre-Dame, Amiens

144 feet tall, taller arches than previous buildings

triforium, no gallery

Notre-Dame, Reims 1211-1345

connected to royalty, kings and queens coronations

similar to one in Paris, but extruded entrances, very pointy

no sculpture in the tympanum

more intricate stonework

Annunciation and Visitation, west portal of cathedral of Notre Dame Reims 1230-65

three artists?

two on the right look the same, roman folds and knees

two on the left have different faces

Clogne Cathedral 1248-1880

tallest cathedral, over 500 feet

the stone is so intricate and unstonelike

too expensive, too tall, collapsed vaults, turn to emphasize on light but not height

Rayonnant or Court Style

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light, but not as tall

Saint-Chapelle, Paris 1241-48

connected to a palace

all of the normal outside gothic features

inside it's one big clerestory

most important relics, spear in Christ and sponge with vinegar, crown of thorns, nails, cross, etc

brightly painted ceiling

golden, glowing

stories to read from bottom to top in the windows

Manuscript Painting (courtly style)

Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Bible of Saint Louis (moralized bible) 1227-34

he's not the king yet, but blanche is queen on the throne while he learns

framed like stained glass windows, gold in saint-chappele

monk teaching the artist what to draw

well-liked king, became saint

Melchizedek and Abraham

Abraham brings tithes to Melchizedek

wearing chain mail

Saint Chapelle looking architecture over

gothic sway

The betryel of Christ and Annunciation 1324-28

Christ swaying, kissed by Judas

sway of Mary

queen in the letter D

prayer book

depth, modeling

The Enchanted Garden

a story

fun animals, forest, feels like a fairytale

some space, some patterns

Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux 1339

associated with queen she was made for because of scepter she's holding (French)

holding Jesus in other hand, playful, emotion, connection

gilded in gold

courtly sway

naturalistic folds

Virgin of Paris. Early 14th century. Stone. Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

survived fire

gothic sway

life sized

Jesus holds a sphere, the world

Gothic outside France

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salisbury cathedral 1320-30

no rose windows, emphasis on pointy, not as much window, westwork is a little smaller and sticks out more, wider

double transept, no aisle around apse, no relics, compound piers don't go from bottom to top

Gloucester cathedral, 1322-57

piers go all the way to the top

fancy interlacing stonework, fan-vaulting

cloisters

Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey 1503

more fan vaulting, pomp, circumstance

Naumburg Cathedral

choir screen separates nave from choir

Crucifixion and the Virgin and John the Evangelist 1255

The Kiss of Judas

expressive art

Peter cutting off ear of soldier

Gothic arches above them

Ekkehard and Uta

king and queen in Germany

individualized but lived in 1000s

elegant, painted

Roettgen Pieta 14th century

made of wood

pity and piety

gory, distorted

message: evoke gratitude

Notes

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crusades: Christian soldiers going to recapture holy places from Muslims

Never made it to Jerusalem, but only made it to Constantinople

sacked and looted Constantinople, who still loved Byzantine and brought it back to Italy

Bonaventurea Berlinghieri, St. Francis of Assis, 1235

painted on a panel on an altarpiece, tempura, elongated body, gold background (Byzantine).

simple hood, three knots

apron scenes: the side ones that show his miracles

stigmata: holes in hands and feet

Altarpiece of St, Clare, 1280

head of the nuns under Franciscan order

believed in the same thing

Basilica of San Francesco, Assisi 1228-1253

made for Francis: scenes of Francis

fresco: painted on wet plaster

influenced by French Gothic

back to simple Basilica

St. Francis Preaching to the Birds, Basilica of San Francesco

Roman influence? shapes under clothes, horizon line, etc

Nicola Pisano 1259

Fortitude

gothic influence, intricacy, columns on animals

nude guy, new

holding lion skin

contrapposto, muscles

Arnolfo di Cambio, Florence Cathedral 1296

romanesque outside colors

no dome

not super vertical, wide

but still looks french gothic

Andrea Pisano, doors, baptistry of San Giovanni, Florence

bronze, classical

honoring John the Baptist

The Baptism of Christ:

Christ has contrapposto, naturalism

Palazzo della Signoria 1298

palace for a ruling family (merchant, banking)

medieval castle looking

rusticated stone

fortress

Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned, 1280-90

chapel, Padua

scenes of the life of Christ and passion week

last judgment scene when your leaving

the lamentation

shows us their backs

rock draws line to him

emotional

Maesta Altar

Mary in majesty

pattern. detail

in cathedral of sienna

byzantine gold, face, pointed arch, italian interest in modeling, space

sense of line

Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin

wilted lilies

experimenting with space

Simone Martini annunciation

gabrielle wit hrobes moving

Mary is regal taken aback

elegant, tall.

details, patterns

lilies represent Mary's viriginity, purity

Palazzo publico

traded out every three months

republic

allegory of good government

secular

figures stand for justice and peace

picture of sienna. buildings, prosperity

Doges palace

lots of entrances, lightness

gothic, muslim, foreign lands coming together

1340's disastrous, war, famine, bubonic plague

Giovannio dei Grass Hours of Giangaleazoo

gold, gothic, modeled animals. showing architecture, space,

late gothic art in northern Europe

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rebound after bubonic plague

printing press

scientific discoveries, trade, manufacturing

emerging middle class and more knowledge

international gothic style

extension of courtly style

royalty

the well of moses

comparison to jamb statues:

part of the architecture, bulk, shorter, no flat feet, detached from architecture

Moses has horns

symbolism of water

Abbey church of Saint-Denis, France. 1140–44 (outside)

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:02:20 UTC

Ambulatory of abbey church of Saint-Denis

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Plan of the choir and ambulatory, abbey church of Saint-Denis, France.

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:03:03 UTC

West façade of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres, France.

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:04:25 UTC

Plan of cathedral of Notre-Dame (as rebuilt after 1194), Chartres

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:09:06 UTC

Nave and choir of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres. ca. 1194–1220

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:09:36 UTC

West portal (Royal Portal) of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres.

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:10:34 UTC

Jamb statues, west portal of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:12:07 UTC

Coronation of the Virgin (tympanum); Dormition and Assumption of the

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:12:20 UTC

Jamb statues, south transept portal of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres.

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:13:01 UTC

Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière (detail), cathedral of Notre-Dame,

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:13:46 UTC

West façade of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris. ca. 1200–50

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Nave of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

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Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Reims, 1211-1345

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Annunciation and Visitation, west portal of cathedral of Notre-Dame,

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:19:06 UTC

Melchizedek and Abraham, from the Psalter of St. Louis. 1253–70

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:19:59 UTC

Virgin of Paris. Early 14th century. Stone. Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

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Salisbury cathedral (from the southwest) (spire ca. 1320–30)Salisbury cathedral (from the southwest) (spire ca. 1320–30)

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:21:46 UTC

Plan of Salisbury cathedral, England. 1220–65

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:22:44 UTC

Nave of Salisbury cathedral

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:23:11 UTC

Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, London. 1503–19

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Ekkehard and Uta, Naumburg cathedral. ca. 1249–55

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:24:48 UTC

Roettgen Pietà. Early 14th century

audreyghonda — 2023-12-07 23:25:48 UTC

International Gothic

audreyghonda — 2023-12-08 17:37:19 UTC

Limbourg Brothers. January page

feast, bright colors, royalty,

the duke is sitting and there's hieratic scale

February

lapiz lazuli

peasants, cold, wearing rich blue, peasants are well cared for

April

royal marriage

May

mayday? green to celebrate, castles

June

peasant, working, flowy. fun

July

more peasants working playful and elegant

August

falcons, peasants are swimming

The Wilton Diptych

two panels attached with hinges

King Richard's

kneeling in the front

surrounded by kings and john the baptist on the earhtly side

jesus and mary and angels on th heavenly side, hesus leaning towards the king

stag on clothes

all angels wear a stag broach

ordained to be king

Late Gothic in Northern Europe

audreyghonda — 2023-12-08 18:13:11 UTC

Flanders, European country, flemish

buxheim St Christopher

print-making, wood block

aimed at a common person audience

shows christopher carrying baby Jesus across the river

St Anthony Tormented by Demons

intalgio

engraved

never gave in to temptations

detail, modeling, imagination

The Last judgment, Bosch

triptych: closed on most days except Sundays and holidays

top left: war in heaven

bottom left, adam and eve

earthlife in the middle, sin, dark

Christ on His throne judging

on the right, hell

so many details

The Cloisters? medieval architecture

Annunciation Triptych

meant for private home

real people on the left in Belgium

see the city in the right

visual of a contemporary home

but the scene is Biblical

full of details, symbolism, naturalism

candle is often a symbol of Christ

Christ diving in

brass pot pure vessel

Joseph table littered with nails and wood, mouse trap reminds of cross

medium: oil allows for more naturalism

Descent from the cross

vibrant

detail

range of dark to ligth

Christ and Mary in similar positions, not permanently dead

tears in the faces, naturalistic

poignant grief

Ghent Altarpiece

polyptych

not super colorful on the outside except the patrons on right and left

grisaille, statues painted in gray

shadows seem to come from hinges into the paitning

prophets

open area for Christ to come

Annunciation

inside:

vibrant

plan of salvation

creation, fall, actual God

Christ is the lamb

well

stolen the most

Man in a Red Turban

portrait of Jan van Eyck?

frame says as well as i can

brag, skill

modeling of cloth on his head

detail of the face

The Arnolfini Portrait

small, oil

detail, symbolism to the extreme

symbolism points to marriage?

convex mirror symbolic of all-seeing eye

two other people, one with a red hat

his name painted in the room (witness of narriage)

small details of the passion of christ

chastity beads

one candle a symbol of Christ in the chandelier

dog symbol of fidelity

wooden clogs off to the side, holy ground?

oath while holding wife's hand, contract?

wealthy: oranges, fruitful marriage

wedding dresses green, golding dress up to show welcoming children

st. margaret, saint of childbirth