Alzheimer's by https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5 en-us 2023-10-09 12:10:35 UTC 2023-10-13 13:15:32 UTC hello@padlet.com jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738252603




]]> 2023-10-09 14:18:13 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738252603 jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738371115 2023-10-09 15:33:34 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738371115 jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738373361 2023-10-09 15:35:04 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738373361 Alzheimer’s Disease: jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738375143 The most common type of dementia and involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language.]]> 2023-10-09 15:36:15 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738375143 jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738376244
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, October 26). What is alzheimer’s disease? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/aginginfo/alzheimers.htm#AlzheimersDisease? 

]]> 2023-10-09 15:36:59 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738376244 Memory problems jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738379590 one of the first warning signs of Alzheimer’s disease.]]> 2023-10-09 15:39:11 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738379590 CDC claims: jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738381445 Alzheimer’s disease is one of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States. It is considered the most common type of dementia in order adults (2020). ]]> 2023-10-09 15:40:23 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738381445 jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738386576 2023-10-09 15:43:45 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738386576 jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738387659 Involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language:
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala


]]> 2023-10-09 15:44:34 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738387659 Beta-amyloid jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738390064
  • An abnormal protein produced in bone marrow that can be deposited in tissue or organs
  • Overproduction or reduced metabolism 
  • Involved in the formation of neuritic plaques
    • ]]>     2023-10-09 15:46:15 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738390064     jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738391990 2023-10-09 15:47:30 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738391990 jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738395888 2023-10-09 15:50:00 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738395888 Ach-producing neurons jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738450581 The exact cause of Alzheimer's is unknown, but it involves progressive loss of Ach-producing neurons and their associated synaptic neurons. ]]> 2023-10-09 16:26:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738450581 Stages jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738454341
  • Preclinical: no symptoms noted, only pathological changes found if tested
  • Mild: forgetfulness, subtle memory loss, misplacing items, inability to concentrate, increased anxiety, trouble handling money
  • Moderate: difficulty remembering past, disorientation, episodes of wondering and getting lost, inability to recognized family and friends, restlessness and agitation
  • Severe (late-stage): decline in physical abilities such as walking, sitting and eventually swallowing; weight loss, require assistance with daily personal care, and become vulnerable to infections, especially pneumonia
    • ]]>     2023-10-09 16:29:25 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738454341     donepezil (Aricept) jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738454913
  • Reversible Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists
  • Similair agents are galantamine (Razadyne) and rivastigmine (Exelon) 
  • Binds Acetylcholinesterase 
  • Results in increased availability of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors 
  • Halflife 70 hours; metabolized in the liver; excreted in the urine
  • Adverse effects: insomnia, fatigue, rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, and muscle cramps.
  • Risk of GI bleeding if used with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
    • ]]>     2023-10-09 16:29:51 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738454913     When to call a doctor jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738455627
  • As soon as you notice certain early warning signs and symptoms (doctor can order blood tests, MRI, CT or PET imaging, perform neurological exams, cognitive and functional assessments). 

    • Once Diagnosed:
    • Patient has sudden change in mental status or function
    • Patient can’t eat or sleep
    • Caregiver is no longer able to care for patient safely at home
    • Patient is feeling worse and may harm himself or someone else 
    ]]>     2023-10-09 16:30:18 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738455627     Overview: jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738465166
  • Accounts for 60 - 80% of all cases of Dementia
  • Degenerative, irreversible and progressive
  • Affects the cerebral cortex, specifically the frontal lobe of the brain
    • ]]>     2023-10-09 16:36:47 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738465166     Risk Factors jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738472393 Aging (>65), family history gene mutation, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, traumatic brain injury, sedentary lifestyle]]> 2023-10-09 16:41:28 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738472393 Preventative Measures jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738473604
  • Cause is unknown
    • As of now there aren’t any prevention strategies. However, Dr. Jonathan Graffiti-Radford, MD suggests that there is strong evidence that healthy lifestyle habits can reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s disease (2022). 

    Healthy lifestyle habits include:
    • Balanced diet (specifically Mediterranean diet): rich in vegetables, fruits, lean protein, omega-3 fatty acids
    • Exercise & maintain a healthy weight
    • Control HTN, high cholesterol and diabetes
    • Avoid head injury
    • Treat hearing loss
    • Smoking cessation 
    • Limit alcohol consumption
    ]]>     2023-10-09 16:42:17 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738473604     Brain damage is caused by: jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738477195
  • Beta-amyloid
  • Neurofibrillary tangles 
  • Granulovacuolar degeneration 


    • ]]>     2023-10-09 16:44:43 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738477195     Hippocampus jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738480617
  • Brain Structure embedded within the temporal lobe
  • It has a major role in learning and long term memory
  • Works in close association with the Amygdala

    • ]]>     2023-10-09 16:46:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738480617     jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738488847
    Stages of alzheimer’s    . Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. (n.d.). https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/stages 

    ]]>     2023-10-09 16:53:02 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738488847     Hippocampus jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738493797 2023-10-09 16:56:23 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738493797 jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738508271
  • Located within the temporal lobe
  • Plays an important role in experiencing emotion 
  • Consists of approximately 13 nuclei  

    • ]]>     2023-10-09 17:06:22 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738508271     Frontal cortex jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738518897 Composed of 4 Gyri]]> 2023-10-09 17:14:31 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738518897 jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738536079 Controls voluntary motor movement]]> 2023-10-09 17:26:26 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738536079 jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738541580
  • Involved in working memory
  • Spatial awareness 
    • ]]>     2023-10-09 17:29:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738541580     jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738551435
  • Involved in working memory
  • Literacy 
  • Numeracy
  • Attention control
  • Intersects with the precentral gyrus at Brodmann area 8 to control gaze
    • ]]>     2023-10-09 17:36:53 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738551435     jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738561074
  • Involved in Motor Inhibition
  • Speech
  • It contains Broca's area, which enables transitions between mental imagery and speech
    • ]]>     2023-10-09 17:44:14 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738561074     Neurofibrillary tangles jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738586250
  • Abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins
  • Normally, tau proteins provide structural support for neurons
  • In disease state, they result in abnormal fiber bundling and neuron death
    • ]]>     2023-10-09 18:02:47 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738586250     Granulovacuolar degeneration jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738597715
  • Accumulation of large, double membrane bodies within neurons 
  • Occur as a result of neuron shrinkage from plaques and tangles
  • Widespread degradation leads to gap in neural network
    • ]]>     2023-10-09 18:11:16 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738597715     Statistics jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738778159
  • Approximately 44 million people globally are living with Alzheimer’s disease or a related form of dementia (Norris, 2019). 
  • According to the Alzheimer’s Association, approximately 6.7 million Americans age 65 and older are living with Alzheimer’s in 2023.
  • Slightly more females are affected
  • Affects black people about twice as commonly as white people
    • ]]>     2023-10-09 20:50:59 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738778159     Remembering Signs & Symptoms jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738812710
    4 A’s of Alzheimers
    1. Amnesia: loss of memory
    2. Aphasia: loss of ability to express & understand speech
    3. Apraxia: loss in voluntary motor skills
    4. Agnosia: 5 senses can’t receive or correctly process information

    (Uchealth, 2023).
    ]]>     2023-10-09 21:40:53 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738812710     Two types of Alzheimer’s: jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738818035 Early-onset: occurs in individuals who are younger than 65

    Late-onset: Most common, occurs in individuals ages 65 and older.]]>     2023-10-09 21:49:20 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738818035     El-Baba, R. M., & Schury, M. P. (2023, May 29). Neuroanatomy, frontal cortex - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554483/ jas77 https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738893542 2023-10-09 23:54:40 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738893542 jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738900096
    Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2022, June 2). Alzheimer’s prevention: Does it exist? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/expert-answers/alzheimers-prevention/faq-20058140#:~:text=Are%20there%20any%20proven%20Alzheimer%27s,and%20other%20types%20of%20dementia. 

    ]]>     2023-10-10 00:01:09 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738900096     jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738902698
    Alzheimer’s disease    . UCHealth. (2023, March 3). https://www.uchealth.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/#:~:text=Signs%20and%20symptoms&text=The%20four%20A%27s%20of%20Alzheimer%27s,aphasia%2C%20apraxia%2C%20and%20agnosia. 

    ]]>     2023-10-10 00:04:13 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738902698     jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738905001
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). What is alzheimer’s disease? National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-alzheimers-disease 

    ]]>     2023-10-10 00:06:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738905001     jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738906007 Norris, T. L. (2019). Porth’s Essentials of Pathophysiology. Wolters Kluwer.

    ]]>     2023-10-10 00:07:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738906007     jkelly https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738908428 2023-10-10 00:10:39 UTC https://padlet.com/jas77/28plghq6bo58fct5/wish/2738908428