Independent - независимый

especially - особенно

to affect (daily life) - влиять (на обычную жизнь) = to influence

to have an opportunity - иметь возможность

a journey - путешествие - a car/train journey; a long journey

community - a group of people living in the same area; a group of people with the same interests

a sense of community - чувство общности

a tribe - племя

to separate private life and school/work - разделять личную жизнь и работу/школу

to doubt smth - сомневаться в чем-то

(be) doubtful that ... - сомневаться, что

compare with/to …- to examine or look for the difference between two or more things/сравнивать

provide for/with…- to give someone smth that they need/обеспечивать

civic - of a town or city or people who live in it/гражданский, муниципальный

civic duty / civic activists / civic association

recreation - (a way of) enjoying yourself when you are not working =  hobby /развлечение

costly - expensive, especially too expensive

 increase - to ( make smth) become larger in amount or size, compare-decrease
case - случай

• the journeys people make every day (to school or college or work)
• education and school
• social life and a sense of community
• people’s health

to surf the internet = spend time on the Internet

authentic (experience) - 1. подлинный 2. аутентичный

neighbourhood - a district or community within a town (район)

accommodation - жилье, помещение

to have a lot in common - иметь много общего

an entrance - вход

slums - трущобы

to come up with (an idea) - придумать (что-то)

to make a complaint - подать жалобу

sensitive - чувствительный, чуткий

sensible - разумный, здравомыслящий

superb = excellent

to go on excursions - ездить на экскурсии

to hand in (a task) - сдавать задание

to keep in contact with smb - поддерживать контакт с кем-то

to give a relevant answer

to take AFTER (your mom/dad) - to look like (your mom)

a generation gap - разрыв поколений

urban - urbanization

benefit - beneficial to smb (useful, valuable) выгодный

vulnerable - уязвимый, ранимый

Write the translation for the words and think of phrases with your own examples:

• agenda - a list of aims

• consumption - the act of using, eating, or drinking something 

• initiatives - a new plan or process to achieve something or solve a problem 

• numerous - many 

• commuters - who regularly travels between work and home 

• sustainable - a little damage to the environment 

• thriving - growing, developing, or being successful 
  develop - to grow or change into a more advanced, stronger

• to emit - emission - to send out a noise, smell or gas (выбрасывание) 
  

1. My agenda for the day includes a meeting at 10 AM and a presentation in the afternoon.

2. Responsible consumption is essential for protecting the environment.

3. The company has implemented several initiatives to reduce its carbon footprint.

4. There are numerous reasons why people choose to live in the city.

5. Commuters often face challenges like traffic and delays during rush hour.

6. We need to find sustainable solutions to protect our planet for future generations.

7. The thriving community garden is a great example of local environmental efforts.

8. Cars that emit fewer pollutants are better for the air we breathe.
   

worthy - adj

be | seem | become | make sth worthwhile

= His gratitude made it all worthwhile.

consider sth, find sth, think sth worthwhile

= She finds teaching worthwhile.

extremely, really, very, well | hardly

worthwhile = The risk seemed hardly worthwhile.

Phrases:

• a worthwhile career

• socially worthwhile goals

• the only worthwhile thing

• worthwhile investment

• a worthwhile contribution

• a worthwhile project

• a worthwhile initiative

• a worthwhile cause

• to get a worthwhile job

• a worthwhile activity

• a worthwhile goal

Understanding Climate Change

Climate change refers to significant and lasting shifts in temperatures. It's mostly caused by human activities, especially when we release gases like carbon dioxide into the air. These gases trap heat, causing temperatures to slowly rise. This warming can seriously affect nature and how the weather behaves.

One major reason behind climate change is burning fossil fuels, which releases a lot of carbon dioxide. This extra gas makes the Earth's overall temperature go up, known as global warming. These gases work like a blanket around the Earth, trapping heat and changing how the weather works. To tackle these problems, it's really important to move towards using more renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. Also, we should focus on using energy more efficiently and preserving it to decrease the amount of these gases, which will help make the effects of climate change less severe.

Examples:

1. Using renewable energy sources is crucial to mitigate climate change.

2. Planting more trees can help mitigate the effects of air pollution.

3. Cars produce a lot of carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming.

4. The greenhouse effect is responsible for trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere.

5. Climate change leads to significant and lasting changes in weather patterns.

6. It's essential to invest in renewable energy for a sustainable future.

7. Many countries are shifting towards renewable energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

8. Public action is crucial in addressing climate change.

Global warming can lead to severe effects. 

2. (be) crucial - решающий, ключевой 

Greenhouse effect can be a crucial moment in global warming.

3. Endangered species - исчезающие виды 

Blue macaws are endangered species.

4. Carbon footprint - углеродный след 

People try to use electric cars instead of petrol cars to keep a carbon footprint low.

5. Become extinct - вымирать 

Dodo bird have become extinct since 1681.

6. Flood - place covered with water 

There were so many floods around the world last year.

7. Deforestation - process of cutting down trees in a large area 

In Estonia there was a huge deforestation and many forests around the country had disappeared.

8. Biodegradable - able to break down naturally 

I noticed that in our supermarkets there are more and more biodegradable bags instead of plastic bags.

9. To be under threat - to be in danger (of becoming extinct) 

There are many sea creatures who are under threat because of the emissions of waste to the open ocean. 

10. Beneficial - выгодный 

This offer is beneficial to our company so we accept it!

1. Unless you help me, I'll be unable to do it .
2. If I meet him, I'll tell him the whole truth.
3. You won't get well unless you stop smoking.
4. Unless you exercise regularly, you won't be able to lose some weight.
5. If you exercise regularly, you'll lose some weight.
6. The teacher will be furious if you don't do the homework.
7. You can't go on vacation if you don't save some money.
8. You will feel cold unless you wear a warm jacket.
9. We'll arrive on time if we hurry.
10. Don't call me unless it's an emergency.

• sticky, rich, fluffy, salty, chewy, creamy, bitter, sweet, moist, savoury, soft, dry, strong, delicious, bland, stringy, crispy, greasy, juicy, tasty, smelly

• when food goes bad: stale, rotten, spoiled, curdled, mould

• a controversial topic

• obesity, (be) obese

• to be on a diet; to have a specific weight loss diet plan

• to be in a hurry

• to have a balanced diet

• need an energy boost

• to eat fattening snacks

• to contain vitamins

• to have a healthy lifestyle

• variations in our genes

• (be) allergic TO smth

1. Balanced 

2. Fresh

3. Fast

4. Vegetarian

5. Heavy

6. Light 

7. Fattening

For example: tomorrow at 6am I'll be sleeping. By 10 am I'll have finished my breakfast.

- I can't help thinking about the exam tomorrow.

- I can't help eating cakes so much.

- I can not help biting my nails when I am nervous.

- I can’t help laughing every time I think of that.

Write down 5 sentences about yourself. What are the things that you can't help doing?

Boil, pour, mix, chop, put, slice

Synonyms for 'cut'

• Mince - to cut meat, usually beef, into very small pieces.

• Peel - to remove the skin of fruit or vegetables.

• Trim - to cut a small amount from something to make it tidy or to remove parts that you do not need. "Trim the fat off the meat."

• Chop -  to cut into pieces. It is not important to be careful when chopping - the shape is not important.

• Dice - to cut food into small, square pieces.

• Slice -   to cut food into thin, flat pieces: "Please slice the tomatoes."

1. Cut up (cut into pieces)
2. Go up (increase)
3. Chop up
4. Eat up
5. Go without (manage to live despite not having something)
   
   

• put your clothes on = get dressed

• take your clothes off = get undressed

• take your clothes off and put different clothes on = get changed

• clothes are the right size for you = clothes fit you

• clothes are the right colour, shape or style for you = it suits you 

• clothes go well with your hair, eyes or other clothes = clothes match you

Personality - synonyms:

• good-looking, attractive, gorgeous, cute

• very nice, popular, adorable, charming

• cool, elegant, fashionable, stylish, sophisticated

• childish, immature

• creative, imaginative

• brave, adventurous

• cheeky, mischievous - opposite: obedient

• modest, shy - arrogant (opposite)

• selfish, egocentric, proud

• sad, depressed, miserable

• sensible, rational (irrational), logical (illogical)

• have a sense of humour

• appearance: to have regular features

• to irritate - make (someone) annoyed or a little angry

https://continuingstudies.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/stat2

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/stative-verbs-exercise.html

• in your teens

• at an early age

• depends on your age

• (be) under age = not of legal age

Conscious - сознательный

• fashion-conscious = interested in fashionable clothes

• healthy-conscious

• environmentally-conscious

• a conscious choice/decision

  
  

• to take after somebody = to resemble smb

• to put on an extra layer of clothes

• a funeral - a ceremony or service held shortly after a person's death, usually including the person's burial or cremation

• Have you got a lot of friends or do you prefer to have just a few good friends?

• Do you keep in touch with any of your early childhood friends?

• Do you find it easy to make friends?

• Do you think friendship is important? 

• What are the qualities needed to be a good friend?

• What do you usually do with your friends?

• Have you made any friends over the Internet?

• In what way do friendships formed on the internet differ?

• Does it make things easier in a friendship if you have similar interests? 

• to get to know one another (each other) (2)
• it takes a long time to do smth (3)
• to last forever (1)
• to continue a friendship (5)
• I find it really hard to ... (4)
• to stop seeing smb (6)
• It just happens naturally (0)

• it's taking its toll on me

• to get pulled in different directions

• to spend time fire-fighting

• to feel drained in the evenings

• to get a handle on (things)

• to have a lot on my plate

• to make a headway

• to be on top of the things

• I can admit...

• save, kill, waste, buy, make time

• (be) ON time vs. IN time

• have some spare time

• time flies/time drags

• for the time being = now, at the moment

• It's a question/matter of time

• to have the time of your life

• to interrupt - прерывать

• interruptions

• to adjust your timetable/your plan

• a time log, to log time

• a time slot

• to factor in (interruptions) = to consider, to take into account

• take up - заняться чем-то новым

• get back to - вернуться к чему-либо

• take on - взять на себя, заняться, браться за что-то

• cut down on - сократить

• work on - работать над

• cut out - исключить, отказаться, убрать

• give up - сдаться

• get into - заняться, разобраться, увлечься

• get into the habit of doing something - выработать привычку что-то делать

• put off - отложить

1 She decided to _______________ the responsibility of organising the charity event this year.

2 After much thought, he has chosen to _______________ painting as a new hobby.

3 To improve his health, he aims to _______________ sugary snacks and fizzy drinks.

4 I need to _______________ my public speaking skills before the presentation next week.

5 I want to understand the world around me better and _______________ some scientific studies.

6 Please leave a message, and I will _______________you as soon as I can.

7 He had to _______________ his holiday due to unexpected work commitments.

8 She promised herself she would not _______________ until she reached her goal.

9 The parents decided to _______________ screen time during family meals.

1 determined = single-minded, persistent

2 hard-working = studious, diligent

3 intelligent = smart, bright, sharp

4 interested = curious, inquisitive

5 logical = analytic, rational

6 sociable = gregarious, fun-loving

• (be) eager to learn

• (be) an enthusiastic learner

• have a gift for (languages)

• to take part in interactive activities

• (be) a communicator

• (be) single-minded

• (be) narrow-minded

• (be) broad-minded

• (be) a cooperative learner

• to soak up knowledge like a sponge

• to have a thirst for knowledge

• to excel AT (Maths)

• (be) a deep thinker

• (be) an analytic learner

  ________

• to tackle problems = to deal with (a problem or task) in a determined way

• to reach goals

• to hand in assignments = to give something to a person in authority (a teacher)

• to catch up on smth = to find out about things that have happened, to get the latest news or information

• to go on to (further studies) = to continue smth

• to pursue a career = try to do smth for a long period of time

Vocab:

• attitude

• to ensure

• literacy rates

• to obey instructions

• a brief look

• peers

• to lack the respect

• to share great similarity

• to look up (to somebody)

• sheer hard work

• immense pressure

Here you can sort the words into groups:

Group sorting: https://wordwall.net/play/97401/022/587

Here you can play the Quiz game:

https://wordwall.net/play/97401/022/989

Here is the Flying Fruit game:

https://wordwall.net/play/97401/022/441

https://wordwall.net/play/97401/366/639

FLYING FRUIT

https://wordwall.net/play/97401/366/684

SPEED SORTING

https://wordwall.net/play/97401/366/524

• Pair - Not Pair https://wordwall.net/play/97946/952/229

• Quiz: https://wordwall.net/play/97946/952/980

• SPELL THE WORD: https://wordwall.net/play/97946/952/757

  
  

• (an) astonishing effect, fact, view, price

• (an) (emotionally) exhausting day, training, process, experience

• (a) tedious practice, chores, task

• (an) amusing anecdote, face expression

• (an) alarming signal, message, news

• (a) frustrating delay, experience

• (a) discouraging trend, detail, activity, report

• (a) tiresome person, routine, discussion

• (a) draining work, workout, commute

• wearing - tiring causing fatigue or exhaustion

  • The long hike was particularly wearing on the group.

  • The exam week was wearing for all students.

  • Her job in the factory was extremely wearing.

• immense pressure, satisfaction, possibilities, progress

• (a) delightful meal, book, stay, city

• (a) disappointing performance, results, statistics

• (an) entertaining trip, tour, performance

• (a) thrilling story, moment, activity, adventure

• (a) fabulous look, concert, location, job

• (a) tremendous potential, impact, support

• (an) upsetting feedback, news, comments, exam results

• (an) incredible voice, discovery, force

• (a) disappointing situation, outcome, consequences

• https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/reported-speech/rs012-reported-speech.htm

• https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/reported-speech/rs011-reported-speech.htm

• QUESTIONS and ORDERS/REQUESTS

  https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/reported-speech/rs004-reported-speech.htm

• https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercise-7.html

• https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercise-6.html

• https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercise-2.html

• https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercise-3.html

• gentle (нежный) - gentle touch, approach, voice

• generous (щедрый) - (a) generous person, generous present, generous attitude

  Leaving a very generous tip for good service. 

• hostile (враждебный) - hostile reception, reaction, attitude

  - She was given a hostile reception at the meeting.

  - He has a hostile attitude towards the idea.

• tense (напряженный) - tense atmosphere, moments, situation

  - They sat quietly for a few tense moments waiting for the results of the vote. She was feeling pretty tense as she waited for the interview.

• affectionate (любящий, нежный) - affectionate hug, tone, smile

  - He was very affectionate towards his children.

  - Labradors are usually very playful and affectionate.

• caring - uncaring (безразличный) - a cold and uncaring man, an uncaring tone, uncaring words

  - She was totally uncaring of anyone's feelings, prioritising her own needs above all else.

https://wordwall.net/resource/90950181/negative-prefixes

New words: - patient (терпеливый) -  If you are patient, you stay calm and do not get annoyed.

• mortal (смертный) - Animals, like humans, are mortal beings.

• legible (разборчивый) - The document was old but still legible.

• resistible (преодолимый) - The temptation was resistible.

• literate (грамотный) - a literate person, computer literate

• probable (вероятный, возможный) - It's probable that it will rain tomorrow.

https://ta.padlet.com/matching/Qwr67JnBj2/play

• turn up - to appear/arrive unexpectedly

• take over - взять на себя (take on/assume responsibility): перенять управление (take over management)

• put aside - 1. to ignore differences игнорировать/отбросить (разногласия) 2. to save money/time: откладывать деньги

• build up - develop/improve (business, reputation, muscles): укреплять, развивать, наращивать

• get on with smb - ладить с кем-то

• end up with smth (nothing) - to be left with (something/nothing): остаться с (чем-либо/ни с чем): в итоге получить

• speak up - talk louder: говорить громче; express an opinion/speak out: высказываться

• summon up (the courage) - собираться с духом / с силами; summon up memories/images - вызывать в памяти

• quite

• really

• pretty (= quite, informal)

• rather

• a bit / a little

• completely / totally

• to cope with something - справляться с чем-то

• outgoing ~ sociable, friendly

• demanding ~ challenging, need a lot of effort

• gradually - постепенно

• lose confidence / lack confidence (не хватает) / a lack of confidence / gain confidence

• to suggest DOING smth

• vital - жизненно важный, важнейший

• to get tense - to get nervous, напрячься

• to be worth DOING - стоит делать, стоит заниматься чем-л.

• to tackle the situation - справиться (урегулировать) ситуацию

• genuinely - действительно, искренне, по-настоящему

• to set manageable goals - ставить перед собой реалистичные цели

• to achieve something tangible - достичь чего-то ощутимого, осязаемого, реального

• to boost one's self-esteem - повысить самооценку

• to encourage a friend - подбодрить, поощрить, поддержать друга

• to provide encouragement - оказывать поддержку

• It's worth DOING smth

• It's not worth DOING smth

• There is no point IN DOING smth

https://arcade.padlet.com/game/WvKP1dn7rg

The link to the exercise:

https://arcade.padlet.com/game/Qwr6NO7zr2

1) Read the text on project teamwork and complete the sentences.

2) Retell the story with the focus on project teamwork in a school environment.

Read the text and complete the sentences. Be ready to discuss your thoughts on starting a business and having your own business.

• inevitable / inevitably - неизбежный, неизбежно

• perseverance / persevering - упорство, настойчивый, целеустремленный

• a concern - озабоченность, проблема

• chip in - 1. скинуться (деньгами) 2. внести вклад

• bring up - 1. затронуть (проблему), упомянуть 2. воспитывать

• to call off = to cancel

• to put somebody up - let smb stay

• to face up to the fact - to accept a difficult situation

• to check out - look at something with interest

• to look up TO somebody FOR something - to admire

  She looked up to her older sister for her strength.