The new world Monkeys by Victoria Bruno https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38 en-us 2018-05-30 12:39:36 UTC 2018-06-04 20:18:42 UTC hello@padlet.com Black Headed Spider Monkey (Ateles fusciceps) Characteristics vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/264512958 Habitat specific
  • Live in tropical rainforests of Central and South America 
  • spcifically in South America; Panama and Columbia 
External and Internal 
  • long arms 
  • prehensile tails 
  • hook like hands
  • no thumbs 
  • forward looking eyes
  • looks like a spider 
  • black with white on its chin 
  • born with pink face and ears 
  • further apart eyes 
  • live on average 24 years 
  • length:40-55cm 
  • weight:9kg 
Behavioral
  • grab things with tails 
  • search for food during the day
  • most of the day they climb and swing in trees 
  • females change scent and behavior when ready to mate 
  • spit for feeding
  • breed every year or 2 
  • large community from 20-100
  • eat preferably fruit, but will eat seeds, bark, spiders.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Primates
Family:Antelidae
Genus:Ateles
Species:fuscic
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/group/spider-monkeys/
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/spider-monkey/#spider-monkey-group-25880544.jpg
]]> 2018-05-30 12:57:28 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/264512958 White Headed Capuchin Monkey(Cebus capucinus) Characteristics vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/264760668 Habitat specicifc 
  • Native to the jungles of Central America and Northern regions of South America
  • Found in countries that are Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Argentina, and Ecuador 
External and Internal 
  • Medium sized
  • Black with white markings on its face and on its upper body 
  • Long tail 
  • on average live 50 years 
  • Prehensile tail 
  • Black cap on head
  • Tan colored facial skin 
  • Weight: 6.4-8.6 pounds 
  • it can be as long as 18 in and shortest is 13.8
  • Can reach speeds of 35 mph
Behavioral 
  •  Highly adaptable 
  • One of the most intelligent monkeys in the world 
  • Troops normally contain up to 20 monkeys per troop 
  • Highly social and energetic 
  • One alpha male is used to breed and protect 
  • One of the most effective dispersers of plants and fruit throughout the jungle 
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family:Cebidae
Genus:Cebus
Species:capucines
https://a-z-animals.com/animals/white-faced-capuchin/
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cebus_capucinus/
]]> 2018-05-31 12:09:47 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/264760668 Golden Lion Tamarin(Leontopithecus rosalia) Characteristics vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/264765047 Habitat specific 
  • Found in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. 
  • Live 10-30 ft above the ground 
  • Native to the Atlantic coast of Brazil 
  • Tropical humid forests 
  • tree holes 
External and Internal 
  • 7.5 to 8.75 inches 
  • 14-29 ounces 
  • Orange in color 
  • Long fingers 
  • Black face 
  • Thick rings of hair 
Behavioral 
  • Social family groups
  • males help raise their offspring, carry young on their backs 
  • groups of 3-8 members 
  • Very territorial 
  • rarely fight  
Kingdom:Animalia 
Phylum:Chordata 
Class:Mammalia 
Order:Primates 
Family:Callitrichidae 
Genus:Leontopithecus
Species:rosalia

]]> 2018-05-31 12:26:54 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/264765047 Overall Platyrrhine Characteristics vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/264915349 Types
Spider Monkey, Howler Monkey, White Faced Saki, Bald Uakari, Night Monkey, Tamarin Monkey, Atlantic Titi, Marmoset Monkey, Capuchin Monkey.
Physical
Broad noses, side facing, widely separated nostrils, long tails, one child born at a time, and contain vomersonasal organ. A vomersonasal organ is an organ that is located close to the vomer and nasal bones. It contains sensory neurons that detect chemical stimuli.
Behavioral
They reproduce one baby born at a time, they are arboreal, and spend most of the day hunting and looking for food and sleep at night. Usually live in large groups that break into smaller troops. They are mostly herbavorous. Mostly eat leaves, fruit, nuts, gums, and small prey like insects.   
Habitat requirements
The Platyrrhine are split up inot four different families Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Antelidae.All of these monkeys are normally found in their habitats located in Central and South America. They live in the trees of rainforests and eat insects, leaves, fruit, or any resources they can find.
 https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_5.htm
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/New_World_monkey
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/New_World_monkey
http://pages.nycep.org/rosenberger/downloads/pdf/NWM_Rosenberger_Hartwig.pdf]]> 2018-06-01 00:38:52 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/264915349 vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265014135 2018-06-01 12:32:53 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265014135 vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265014471 2018-06-01 12:34:37 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265014471 Tremacebus Harringtoni vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265244145 Age of fossil: 20 million years ago
Time period: early Miocene
Fossil:Skull
http://digimorph.org/specimens/Tremacebus_harringtoni/]]> 2018-06-03 20:48:20 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265244145 Killikaike blakei vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265245031 Age of Fossil: 16.4 million years ago
Time period: Middle Miocene
Fossil: Skull
https://cryptomundo.com/cryptozoo-news/new-skulls/]]> 2018-06-03 21:00:08 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265245031 Neosaimiri fieldsi vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265245259 Age of fossil: 9-14 million years ago
Time period: Middle Miocene
Fossil: Right upper first molar
https://www.morphosource.org/index.php/Detail/MediaDetail/Show/media_id/7431]]> 2018-06-03 21:02:56 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265245259 Protopithecus brasiliensis vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265245622 Age of fossil: Less than 500,000 years ago
Time period:Pleistocene time period
Fossil: Complete Skeleton
http://pages.nycep.org/rosenberger/pdfs/Halenar%20and%20Rosenberger%20JHE%2013%20(Cartelles).pdf]]> 2018-06-03 21:06:37 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265245622 Branisella boliviana vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265245887 Age of fossil:26 million years old
Time period: Miocene Time period 
Fossil:Jaw and teeth

]]> 2018-06-03 21:09:00 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265245887 Paralouatta varonai vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265245992 Age of fossil: less than 500,000 years ago
Time period: Pleistocene Time period
Fossil: Carium and Mandible
http://fossilmatter.blogspot.com/2015/05/varonas-fossil-monkey-paralouatta.html]]> 2018-06-03 21:10:28 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265245992 vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265246200 2018-06-03 21:14:07 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265246200 How taxonomy shows relatedness (All Monkeys vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265249540 Taxonomy alone can give people information regarding the relatedness among different species, depending on how similar they are. For example, in the New World Monkeys, the Capuchin, Atlantic Titi, and Spider Monkey all have the same taxonomy up to their families. The kingdom is Animalia, the Phylum is Chordata, the class is Mammalia, and the Order is Primate. After that the classification can vary. ]]> 2018-06-03 21:58:04 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265249540 Evidence of Evolution in Platyrrhines vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265251062 Biochemistry
In a study on the new world monkeys, it was found that the new world monkeys do not show the 23 bp deletion in MHC-G intron 2 molecules. This deletion was shown in all of the primates from around this time. The fact that they do not show the 223 bp deletion that is shown in the old world monkeys, shows that all of the new world monkeys descended from a common ancestor that at one point broke away from the old world monkeys.
DNA and RNA
When the DNA of new world monkeys was examined, scientists found that the new world monkeys had three or more genes that all coded for beta-microseminoprotein, which is better known as PSP94. This showed that they evolved and were different from old world monkeys because the old world monkeys only had one gene coding for PSP94. Because all the new world monkeys have three or more genes, it further supports that all monkeys had common ancestor and are all related to each other. The scientists conducting this test concluded that this mutation occurred at the time of separation between new and old world monkeys.
Chromosomal Analysis
All of the new world monkeys share similar traits within their chromosomes. For example, they show similarities in the fission of certain chromosomes. They all show the seven fissions in five chromosomes. They are in 1,3/21,8,10,and 14/15. They also show 4 fusions. These are all found in all new world monkeys. This shows that the new world monkeys all came from a common ancestor and that they all recently started to become distinct different species.
Fossil record
Numerous fossils of new world monkeys have been found all the way from South America to Central America. All of the fossils show relatively the same bone structures for all of the monkeys. Majority of the fossils found are in the tertiary or quaternary sediments in South or Central America. The first fossil of a new world monkey is form 11 million years ago found in the Amazons, even though it was concluded that monkeys first came over to South America some 37 to 40 million years ago.

]]> 2018-06-03 22:20:46 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265251062 Conclusions Evolution of Platyrrhines vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265258959 Speciation Type
The New World Monkeys follow the gradualism process of evolution, proven with many pieces of evidence New World Monkeys follow gradualism because it takes a long gradual time for these evolutionary changes to occur. In addition, there are continuous changes in the species that make the evolution gradual without punctuated equilibrium. One way that that gradualism is shown, is in forests. Spider and Wolly monkeys evolved from the growing of the forest in between them. This is gradual because this forest grow gradually and doesn't grow in a quick time. In addition, nonrandom mating in Capuchin and Spider monkeys takes a long time to have effect and cause evolution. The genetic variation takes a long time to have an effect. Also, genetic drift, such as in the L-M opsin gene of the spider and capuchin monkey, occurs over a long period of time. Lastly, continuous environment changes like global warming, human interference, new predators and prey, and other changes will continue to happen on earth. This will impact the New World Monkeys because they will change and evolve from these things over time. All of the above represent gradualism.
https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Phyletic_gradualism
Coevevolution
Spider Monkeys have evolved to gain a characteristic that allows their sense of smell to determine what fruit is repined to perfection. When these fruits are ripened to their liking, the monkeys will eat them. At the same time the monkeys were evolving, these tropical fruit trees were also adapting to their needs. The plants have evolved to ripen only when their seeds are ready to be properly dispersed for maximum reproduction. This helps both the monkeys with their nutrition and the fruits with their dispersal.
https://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/17600/20151018/coevolution-monkeys-distinguish-ripened-fruit-based-odor-researchers.htm
Evolutionary Mechanisms
Microevolution
Spider Monkeys dont have thumbs. They have four curved fingers that wrap around, which helps with life in the forest to Grab onto trees and other objects. This is microevolution because Spider Monkeys are the only New World Monkeys without thumbs. This evolution has only occurred in spider Monkeys because it benefits them in their environment.
http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/monkeycomparisons.html
http://www.softschools.com/facts/animals/spider_monkey_facts/311/
Genetic drift
The Spider Monkey and the Capuchin monkey have a different allele frequency from the rest of the New world monkeys for the L-M opsin gene, Photopigment generations in their DNA. the L-M opsin gene codes for what the monkeys can see. Specifically in Capuchin and Spider Monkeys. This shows genetic drift because the allele frequencies greatly changed in these two new world monkeys. Furthermore, the spider monkey specifically had even more allele outliers in the L-M opsin gene region except for eons 1 and 6. Thus shows more genetic drift in Spider Monkeys in the L-M opsin gene region. This would not would not have a huge impact if this population not even bigger because the colors that the monkeys see, do not greatly affect how well they live. If in some instance it did, and this population got bigger, this could hurt the population because it will become less genetically fit to survive.
https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/27/2/453/970602
Emigration
In white headed Capuchin Monkeys, after around 4 years males start to leave their troops that they were born into. On the other hand, females tend to stay with the same group. This results in male genes in capuchins leaping their troops and being dispersed. throughout the Capuchins around the region in which they live in. This could result in significant genetic diversity between troops of capuchin. The make capuchins will be dispersing their genetic make up between troops once they spread randomly to different troops. This will create troops of capuchins to be genetically different because the males are migrating to different troops. Females that stay will help retain the unique features between troops because their genes won't leave their troops.
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cebus_capucinus/]]> 2018-06-04 00:17:18 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265258959 Karyotype vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265269039 The new world monkeys show similarity to humans by their number of chromosomes. Some examples of new world monkeys are silvery marmoset, pygmy marmoset, goeldis marmoset,and common squirrel monkey. The Silvery marmoset, pygmy marmoset, and the common squirrel monkey have 44 chromosomes and the Goeldis marmoset has 46. Humans have 46 chromosomes and one X chromosome and Y chromosome. These karyotypes show close similarities to Humans. The monkeys have either 44 or 46 chromosomes causing humans and monkeys to have a similarity in ancestry. One difference between the new world monkeys and humans would be that humans only have one X chromosome, while the monkeys have X1 and X2 chromosome.  
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC1963484_1471-2148-7-S2-S11-3&req=4
]]> 2018-06-04 01:45:39 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265269039 Darwin Theories vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265276448 Directional Modification
The type of natural selection that is shown by the new world monkeys is directional modification. The best way that this is shown is throughout all of the unique traits that the individual species have obtained. For example, emperor tamarins have developed unique mustaches because the females are attracted to them. Or how the Black Spider monkeys have their long arms that allow them to swing from trees to escape from predators. Or The white headed capuchin and its small structure that allows them to escape and hide from predators but not too small that they can still protect defend themselves.
Decent with modification  
The new world monkeys have descended form a common ancestor and have since then divided into over 100 species throughout the 5 main families. Each individual species has adapted to their environment for the optimal opportunity of survival. Descent with modification is shown with the diversity of the new world monkeys. ]]> 2018-06-04 02:47:28 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265276448 PHYLOGENETIC TREE vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265479361 The phylogenetic tree below shows how the new world monkeys diverged from being old world monkeys, just as old world monkeys did when great apes lost their tails.
https://www.macalester.edu/~montgomery/SpiderMonkeyVertTree.JPG
]]> 2018-06-04 19:33:12 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265479361 vb436 https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265484012 2018-06-04 20:00:28 UTC https://padlet.com/vb436/27etfyagsi38/wish/265484012