• There is a spectrum of health research types, each requiring different levels of engagement.

• There is a spectrum of participation, ranging from information to partnership.

• There is a spectrum within the process. PPI can impact on the nature of the research question through to the conduct of the study and helping to implement outcomes.
2. PPI should not be forced upon people, a step by step, incremental approach should be considered.
3. Resourcing of PPI is important and can involve the following broad costs:

• The cost of researchers’ time.

• People engagement costs.

• Education and awareness costs.

4. Education and training around the processes of PPI is vital both for researchers and public/patients.
5. Organisations should ideally provide assistance with involving patients/public

Source: Irish Health Research Forum (IHRF). April 2015 Document on: Public and Patient Involvement (PPI) in Research. Accessed on March 1st 2017 at http://bit.ly/2lcZ3YE

Source: Byrne, E. & Alexander, P.M., (2006) Questions of Ethics: Participatory Information Systems Research in Community Settings, ‘Service-Oriented Software and Systems’, Bishop, J. and Kourie, D. (eds), Proceedings of SAICSIT, Erinvale Lodge, Somerset West, South Africa. October 9-11, pp117-126 (available on  https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elaine_Byrne)

knowledge) are articulated in relation to dialogism and dialectics. The interpretive potential of the dialectical relationship between empathy and distanciation is discussed and illustrated in the novel visualization approaches in participatory learning and action. The article concludes with a critical discussion of the conflation of social justice concerns with claims to validity. It is argued that participatory research approaches enhance validity because they address the participative, social and relational nature of human action.
Source: http://qix.sagepub.com/content/14/4/546