https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp Made with the best of intentions en-us 2017-02-02 15:12:45 UTC 2025-08-08 01:42:26 UTC hello@padlet.com bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151167131 Transcription is the process in which a gene's DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule. ]]> 2017-02-02 15:15:35 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151167131 aw20242 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151169442 Translation is the process in which the mRNA is converted by a ribosome, outside the cell, to produce an amino acid chain, later after the chain is completed it will fold in on it self to make a specific protein. Let's start at the beginning of translation. It all starts with mRNA. The mRNA contains codons that need to be matched by anti-codons found in the tRNA. The ribosome then surrounds the mRNA and tRNA enters the P site of the ribosome. This is where tRNA enters the ribosome with a amino acid already on it. The tRNA has a certain set of anti-codons that must match the codons in the mRNA. So if the codon in the mRNA is CGA the necessary anti-codon is GCU and if the t RNA does not have this exact anti-codon  the ribosome will reject the tRNA. Once the right match is found they move to the A site where the bond is made and an amino acid chain is made. After the chain is finished it gets terminated or detached and exits the E site. Then the amino acid chain will fold on it self to make a certain protein that then functions in the body. ]]> 2017-02-02 15:20:25 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151169442 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151458147

Transcription begins when RNA polymer binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or through helper proteins). ]]> 2017-02-03 15:10:00 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151458147 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151458456  RNA polymerase is the main transcription enzyme. RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands (the template strand) as a template to make a new, complementary RNA molecule. ]]> 2017-02-03 15:10:47 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151458456 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151458705 Transcription ends in a process called termination. Termination depends on sequences in the RNA, which signal that the transcript is finished.]]> 2017-02-03 15:11:21 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151458705 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151460857 2017-02-03 15:16:24 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151460857 aw20242 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151464750 Here is a model along with a video about the process of translation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ]]> 2017-02-03 15:25:33 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151464750 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151466714 2017-02-03 15:30:23 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151466714 aw20242 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151467319 This is the process of changing the composition of  the amino acid. These hings can occur in mutations, such as point mutation that causes a single nucleotide to change or substitute. How ever we have these mutations all the time but they don't hurt us because of how many proper proteins we make. ]]> 2017-02-03 15:32:03 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151467319 aw20242 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151978506 We already mentioned point mutations but there are many more, for example, the nonsense mutation.  This mutation causes a base pair switch but it also sends a signal to the cell to stop making a protein all together. Insertion adds a 
DNA base pair  and causes the protein to not work properly. Deletion does the opposite instead of adding it subtracts DNA. Duplication results in a gene copping two or more times which might result in the protein not functioning properly.  Frame shift makes all the pairs shift down which screws up all the pairs for coding making a non-functioning protein. Finally repeat expansions cause short sequences to repeat causing a weird protein to form making it function improperly. These modifications cause proteins to screw up and malfunction,. ]]> 2017-02-06 21:11:05 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/151978506 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152026591  Helicase unwinds the DNA. Helicases are enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes. There are DNA and RNA helicases. DNA helicases are essential during DNA replication because they separate double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied.]]> 2017-02-07 03:37:03 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152026591 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152026799 2017-02-07 03:39:01 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152026799 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152027101 An RNA molecule transcribed from the DNA of a gene, and from which a protein is translated by the action of ribosomes. The basic function of the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is to determine the amino acid sequence in proteins]]> 2017-02-07 03:41:40 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152027101 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152027288 2017-02-07 03:43:07 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152027288 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152027455 A TATA box is a DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded. It is a type of promoter sequence, which specifies to other molecules where transcription begins. ]]> 2017-02-07 03:44:55 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152027455 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152027648 2017-02-07 03:46:13 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152027648 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152027967 Transcription occurs in a membrane-bound nucleus while translation occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm.

Transcription is a procedure necessary for translation. Once the mRNA is created it leaves the nucleus, and protein synthesis, or translation, occurs in the cytoplasm. The mRNA carries a coded message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The coded message is then translated into messenger RNA.]]> 2017-02-07 03:48:33 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152027967 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152028266 2017-02-07 03:50:56 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152028266 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152163354 A nucleotide is one of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA. A nucleotide consists of a base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid.]]> 2017-02-07 15:11:03 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152163354 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152164661 The strand of DNAwhich is used during transcription to make mRNA. The mRNA made thus has the sequence of the antisense strand of DNA, and it codes for a sense strand of polypeptide (which eventually becomes a protein or part of a protein)]]> 2017-02-07 15:14:08 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152164661 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152166476 the addition of amino acids by the formation of peptide bonds. Elongation is just what it sounds like: a chain of amino acids grows longer and longer as more amino acids are added on. This will eventually create the polypeptide.]]> 2017-02-07 15:18:38 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152166476 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152167939  a transcription factor(or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.]]> 2017-02-07 15:21:57 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152167939 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152168792 2017-02-07 15:23:55 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152168792 bw20087 https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152349670 2017-02-08 02:13:14 UTC https://padlet.com/lisle202/255euauyn5fp/wish/152349670