https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4 Pol S102-1013: Introduction to American and California Government and Politics Assignment en-us 2023-04-15 01:17:49 UTC 2025-11-02 02:48:03 UTC hello@padlet.com aquinn7928 https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555085612 The U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama ruled that based on the equal protection guaranteed citizens under the Fourteenth Amendment "the enforced segregation of black and white passengers on motor buses operating in the City of Montgomery violates the Constitution and laws of the United States." The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the District Court's ruling on November 13, 1956, and Montgomery's buses were desegregated.]]> 2023-04-15 01:33:28 UTC https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555085612 aquinn7928 https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555088358 This image is one of many examples of a segregated bus in 1950's Alabama, with white patrons sitting in the front and black patrons forced to sit in the back. These days, an image of a mandated racially segregated public space anywhere would be seen as barbaric and unethical, yet it was the reality for thousands in Jim Crow south just sixty years ago. Desegregating buses was the first step on a long march towards achieving similar equality throughout American socio-political complexes]]> 2023-04-15 01:39:13 UTC https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555088358 aquinn7928 https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555089429 For refusing her seat aboard a Montgomery public bus, boycotts of the city by Black patrons ensued. This lasted for 13 months until the supreme court ruled that segregated buses are unconstitutional.]]> 2023-04-15 01:42:01 UTC https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555089429 aquinn7928 https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555090167 After six months of protests, arrests, and press conferences by the Freedom Riders, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) finally outlawed discriminatory seating practices on interstate bus transit and ordered the removal of "whites only" signs from interstate bus terminals by November 1. Activists vowed to step up the pressure to enforce the ruling. While pockets of racist resistance persisted for several years, even segregationist Birmingham, AL had conceded the issue by January 1962.]]> 2023-04-15 01:44:03 UTC https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555090167 aquinn7928 https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555091689 In 1961, seven black people boarded buses with six white people in Washington, D.C., and took the fight for civil rights to the Deep South. Organized by the Congress of Racial Equality, the riders met heavy resistance from mobs and politicians/police who enabled them, the freedom riders committed themselves to non violence.]]> 2023-04-15 01:48:12 UTC https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555091689 aquinn7928 https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555093341 This article gives a good rundown on the freedom rides of 1961, and exactly how their activism affected the systems they were trying toi bring down. They learned of the psychological power of nonviolent protest from the example of Ghandi, and would opt out of fines to instead spend time in prison to drain the system of resources. ]]> 2023-04-15 01:52:20 UTC https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555093341 aquinn7928 https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555100056 The aftermath of a firebombing attack on a greyhound bus used by the freedom riders in Alabama, 1961. The reality put forth by these images - that such acts could occur on American soil, motivated solely by racial hate - were instrumental in showing the American public the reality of racial tensions in the south, and the need for reform throughout social and political spheres across the U.S. to promote the fundamental principles of freedom, equality, and justice that are ingrained in our constitution.]]> 2023-04-15 02:10:31 UTC https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555100056 aquinn7928 https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555103826 The culmination of civil rights efforts to promote gender, racial, and ethnic equality resulted in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1964, Congress passed Public Law 88-352 (78 Stat. 241). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing. It Its a benchmark in civil rights legislation, and continues to serve as a beacon of hope and as an example for contemporary social justice activists continuing the struggle for equality. ]]> 2023-04-15 02:19:21 UTC https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555103826 aquinn7928 https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555110058 Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal. It was the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. While generally accepted, passing of the act was not an easy process. The House of Rules Committee prevented the act from initially passing in the House of Representatives. n the Senate, Southern Democratic opponents attempted to talk the bill to death in a filibuster. In early 1964, House supporters overcame the Rules Committee obstacle by threatening to send the bill to the floor without committee approval. Through convincing republicans to rally together to overcome the democrat opposition, the bill was passed 73 to 27. ]]> 2023-04-15 02:36:23 UTC https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555110058 aquinn7928 https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555112093 Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964, accompanied by members of his cabinet and civil rights leaders (most notably, Martin Luther King, Jr.). The image of civil rights leaders meeting with politicians within the Nation's Capital, is extremely empowering. It demonstrates that change is possible, and nonviolent protest is an extremely effective means of passing favorable legislation. It took the hard work and dedication of thousands in order to make this happen, from the initial bus boycotts to the freedom rides, and everything in between. ]]> 2023-04-15 02:42:00 UTC https://padlet.com/aquinn7928/24sh3xghpqzzyng4/wish/2555112093