MS2417121145

IDLAN AQIFF BIN ZURAIMI

MS2417120617

MS2417121247

ADAM ZAFIR BIN ROZMAM

MS2417120822

Test tube

Rubber band

Labelling paper

Test tube rack

Black sugar paper (6cm × 12cm)

Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane

Dichloromethane

0.01 M KMnO4

4% bromine in dichloromethane

A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

1. Cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon that undergoes substitution reaction in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light.

Sunlight provides energy for the homolytic cleavage of halogens to form free radicals.

No reaction occurs.

2. Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that undergoes addition reaction, with or without the presence of light.

3. Toluene contains a benzene ring (aromatic) group that undergoes electrophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a catalyst, such as FeBr3.

Reaction equation:

In sunlight or the dark, toluene does not react readily with bromine unless a catalyst is present.

B) Oxidation with cold alkaline solution of KMnO4 (Baeyer's Test)

Baeyer's Test is an oxidation test for alkenes, so only cyclohexene shows positive results.

Rea

Insufficient time for the reaction to reach completion may lead to inaccurate assessment of products

Adhere to the recommended reaction times to avoid overreaction or formation of unwanted by-products.

1. Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes

Application: Industrial Synthesis of Chlorinated Methanes

Description: Free radical halogenation is employed industrially to produce chlorinated methanes such as dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), chloroform (CHCl₃), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). In this process, methane undergoes chlorination in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light, leading to the substitution of hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms.

Chemicals Involved:

Methane (CH₄): The simplest alkane, serving as the starting material.

Chlorine (Cl₂): Reacts with methane under UV light to produce chlorinated methanes.

Significance: Chlorinated methanes are vital solvents and intermediates in chemical manufacturing. For instance, dichloromethane is widely used as a solvent in paint removers and degreasing agents, while chloroform serves as a precursor in the production of refrigerants.

Industry: Chemical Manufacturing

Visual Representation:

Image Source: Save My Exams

2. Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes

Application: Hydration of Alkenes to Produce Alcohols

Description: The acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes involves the electrophilic addition of water across the carbon-carbon double bond, resulting in the formation of alcohols. This reaction is pivotal in the industrial synthesis of alcohols from alkenes.

Chemicals Involved:

Alkene (e.g., Ethene): The starting material containing a carbon-carbon double bond.

Water (H₂O): Adds across the double bond in the presence of an acid catalyst.

Acid Catalyst (e.g., H₂SO₄): Facilitates the addition reaction.

Significance: The hydration of alkenes is a key method for producing alcohols, which are essential solvents and intermediates in the manufacture of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products.

Industry: Chemical and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Visual Representation:

2. Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, undergoes addition reaction, with or without the presence of a catalyst.

3.Toluene contains a methyl group that undergoes free radical reaction in the presence of sunlight.

4.Baeyer’s Test is an saturation test for alkenes, so only cyclohexene shows positive results.

2. Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, undergoes addition reaction, with or without the presence of a catalyst.

3.Toluene contains a methyl group that undergoes free radical reaction in the presence of sunlight.

4.Baeyer’s Test is an saturation test for alkenes, so only cyclohexene shows positive results.